SAFETY
Safety Report
2021 Edition
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A Coordinated, Risk-based Approach
to Improving Global Aviation Safety
The air transport industry plays a major role in global economic activity and development. One of the key
elements to maintaining the vitality of civil aviation is to ensure safe, secure, efcient and environmentally
sustainable operations at the global, regional and national levels.
A specialized agency of the United Nations, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) was established
in 1944 to promote the safe and orderly development of international civil aviation throughout the world.
ICAO promulgates Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) to facilitate harmonized regulations in
aviation safety, security, efciency and environmental protection on a global level. Today, ICAO manages
over 12 000 SARPs across 19 Annexes and ve Procedures for Air Navigation Services (PANS) to the
Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention), many of which are constantly evolving in
tandem with latest developments and innovations. ICAO also serves as the primary forum for cooperation
in all elds of civil aviation among its 193 Member States.
Improving the safety of the global air transport system is ICAO’s guiding and most fundamental strategic
objective. The Organization works constantly to address and enhance global aviation safety through the
following coordinated activities:
• Policy and standardization;
• Monitoring of key safety trends and indicators;
• Safety analysis;
• Specic programmes to address safety issues; and
• Implementation support.
The ICAO Global Aviation Safety Plan (GASP) presents the strategy in support of the prioritization and
continuous improvement of aviation safety. The GASP sets the goals and targets, and outlines key safety
enhancement initiatives (SEIs) aimed at improving safety at the international, regional and national levels.
This edition of the safety report provides accident statistics and analysis for the year of 2020 as well as
the updates on safety indicators associated with the goals and targets set in the GASP. Results of analysis
from the 2016–2020 reports are used as benchmarks for comparison, however it should be noted that
data presented in this report may not exactly match earlier editions due to updates during the intervening
period.
Foreword
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© 2021, International Civil Aviation Organization
Published in Montréal, Canada
International Civil Aviation Organization
999 Robert-Bourassa Boulevard
Montréal, Quebec, Canada
H3C 5H7
www.icao.int
Disclaimer
This report makes use of information, including air transport and safety-
related data and statistics, which is furnished to the International Civil
Aviation Organization (ICAO) by third parties. All third party content was
obtained from sources believed to be reliable and was accurately reproduced
in the report at the time of printing. However, ICAO specically does not
make any warranties or representations as to the accuracy, completeness,
or timeliness of such information and accepts no liability or responsibility
arising from reliance upon or use of the same. The views expressed in this
report do not necessarily reect individual or collective opinions or ofcial
positions of ICAO Member States.
Note: The ICAO regional aviation safety group (RASG) regions are used in
the report and are listed in Appendix 1. This document focuses primarily
on scheduled commercial ights. The scheduled commercial ights data
was based on the Ofcial Airline Guide (OAG) combined with internal ICAO
preliminary estimates.
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Contents
Executive Summary ..........................................................................................................................5
Accident Statistics and Analysis – Scheduled Commercial Air Transport ...............................................8
Overall Safety Performance Indicator – Global Accident Rate ............................................................8
Accident and Fatality Trend .............................................................................................................9
Accidents Overview by Occurrence Category ................................................................................. 10
High-risk Categories of Occurrences .............................................................................................12
Regional Accident Statistics ..........................................................................................................14
Accidents by RASG Region ............................................................................................................ 16
Appendix 1 .....................................................................................................................................17
Regional Aviation Safety Group (RASG) Regions ..............................................................................17
Appendix 2 .....................................................................................................................................19
List of Scheduled Commercial Accidents in 2020 ........................................................................... 19
Contents
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Executive Summary
The COVID-19 pandemic has posed unprecedented challenges to international air transport. ICAO reports
that passenger totals plunged by 60 per cent with just 1.8 billion passengers taking to the air during 2020,
the rst year of the pandemic, compared to 4.5 billion in 2019. As indicated in Chart 1, the trafc of
ight departures for scheduled commercial operations dropped by 42 per cent with around 22.5 million
departures in 2020, compared to more than 38 million in 2019.
Executive Summary
Chart 1.
|
Global trafc of ight departures : 2016–2020 scheduled commercial operations
Chart 2.
|
Accident records: 2016–2020 scheduled commercial operations
Yearly accident statistics indicate a decrease in both the total number of accidents as well as the global
accident rate in 2020. From 2019 to 2020, there was a 58 per cent decrease in the total number of
accidents, as reported by States. The global accident rate of 2.14 accidents per million departures
in 2020 also decreased by 27 per cent from the 2019 rate of 2.94 accidents per million departures.
The accidents used for these statistics were reviewed and validated by the ICAO Occurrence Validation
Study Group (OVSG), formerly Safety Indicators Study Group (SISG), and involved scheduled commercial
operations of aircraft with a certied maximum take-off weight (MTOW) of over 5 700 kg as dened in
ICAO Annex 13 —
Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation
.
Number of accide
nts
Accident rate
2.15 2.41
2.57
2.94
2.14
75
88
98
114
48
2016
2017 2018 2019 2020
Traffic (million)34.89
2016
36.50
2017
38.09
2018
38.79
2019
22.47
2020
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Executive Summary
Fi gure 1.
|
Number of fatal accidents by RASG region in 2020
RASG-PA: 0
RASG-AFI: 0
RASG-APAC: 2
RASG-EUR: 1
RASG-MID: 1
In 2020, scheduled commercial air transport accidents resulted in 298 fatalities representing an increase
from 239 in 2019. The number of fatal accidents decreased from six in 2019 to four in 2020. Figure 1
shows the number of fatal accidents by ICAO Regional Aviation Safety Group (RASG) region. Charts 3 and 4
present data related to accidents of scheduled commercial operations.
Chart 3.
|
Fatal accident records: 2016–2020 scheduled commercial operations
18
2
514
5
7
239
298
Fatal accide
nts
Fatalities
50
11
6
4
2016
2017 2018 2019 2020
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Executive Summary
Chart 4.
|
Historical trends for scheduled commercial operations
1
10
100
1
000
2019201820172016201520142013201220112010 2020
Fatal accidents
Accident rate
Departures (million)
Number of accidents
Fatalities
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Accident Statistics and Analysis –
Scheduled Commercial Air Transport
Accident Statistics and Analysis
Chart 5.
|
Global accident rates (accidents per million departures)
Overall Safety Performance Indicator – Global Accident Rate
ICAO’s global accident rate provides an overall indicator of safety performance for air transport operation.
The accident rate is based on scheduled commercial operations involving xed-wing aircraft with a
maximum take-off weight (MTOW) above 5 700 kg. Aircraft accidents are reviewed and validated by the
ICAO Occurrence Validation Study Group (OVSG) using denitions provided in Annex 13.
Data on departures is collated by ICAO’s Air Transport Bureau and comprises scheduled commercial
operations that involve the transportation of passengers, cargo and mail for remuneration. Estimates
are made where data has not been provided by States, and as new data is provided to ICAO, it will be
incorporated into the database. It is worth noting that this may cause small changes to the calculated
rates from year to year.
Chart 5 below shows the global accident rate trend (per million departures) over the previous ve years,
with 2020 having an accident rate of 2.14 accidents per million departures, a decrease of 27 per cent
from the previous year.
Scheduled commercial accidents in 2020 are listed in Appendix 2.
2016
2017 2018 2019 2020
2.15
2.41
2.57
2.94
2.14
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Accident Statistics and Analysis
Chart 6.
|
Accident trend
Ch a r t 7.
|
Fatalities trend
Accident and Fatality Trend
The number of worldwide accidents and fatal accidents on scheduled commercial ights during the
2016–2020 period are shown in Chart 6.
Between the years 2016 to 2019, the trend of the annual number of accidents has increased. The lowest
count recorded was 75 accidents in 2016 and the highest was 114 in 2019. Compared to the previous
year, the number of accidents signicantly decreased in 2020 while the trafc of air transport plummeted
42 per cent due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The number of fatal accidents per year decreased from six in
2019 to four in 2020. Chart 7 shows the number of fatalities associated with the above-mentioned fatal
accidents, which increased from 239 in 2019 to 298 in 2020.
Fatal Accidents
Accidents
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
75
7
5
11
6
4
88
98
114
48
Fa
talities
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
182
50
514
239
298
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24
RE
SE
C
AR
C
98
176
Accident Statistics and Analysis
Chart 8.
|
Total accidents by occurrence category
Accidents Overview by Occurrence Category
ICAO Member States are required to report accidents and serious incidents in accordance with Annex 13
through the ICAO Accident/Incident Data Reporting (ADREP) system. The OVSG validates and categorizes
the accidents for commercial operations, including scheduled and non-scheduled, involving aircraft with
MTOW over 5 700 kg using the Commercial Aviation Safety Team (CAST)/ICAO Common Taxonomy Team
(CICTT) taxonomy for occurrence categories. Detailed information about the CICTT occurrence category
can be found in Appendix 2.
Charts 8 to 11 provide an accidents overview for scheduled commercial operations by CICTT occurrence
categories in 2020. The occurrence category of turbulence encounter (TURB) accounted for the most
accidents that caused 14 serious injuries to aircrews or passengers. All the fatal accidents involved the
following categories: abnormal runway contact (ARC) with total ten accidents, 98 fatalities, ve serious
injuries, nine aircraft with substantial damage and one aircraft destroyed; runway excursion (RE) with total
nine accidents, 24 fatalities, 77 serious injuries, six aircraft with substantial damage and three aircraft
destroyed; and security related (SEC) with 176 fatalities and 1 aircraft destroyed.
Chart 9.
|
Total fatalities by occurrence category
10
111
2
11
9
3
1
14
1
3
AMAN ARCBIRDCABIN F-NI GCOL LOC-I RAMP RE TURB USOSSCF-NP SEC
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Accident Statistics and Analysis
Chart 10.
|
Total serious injuries by occurrence category
Chart 11.
|
Aircraft damage by occurrence category
AMAN ARCCABIN RAMP RE TURB
4
5
11
77
14
ARCBIRDF-NIGCOL LOC-I RAMP RE TURB USOSSCF-NP SEC
1
1111
2
3
6
3
1
11
9
Destroyed
Substantia
l
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High-risk Categories of Occurrences
ICAO has identied ve high-risk categories of occurrences (HRCs) as global safety priorities in the
2020–2022 edition of the Global Aviation Safety Plan (GASP, Doc 10004):
a) controlled ight into terrain (CFIT);
b) loss of control in-ight (LOC-I);
c) mid-air collision (MAC);
d) runway excursion (RE); and
e) runway incursion (RI).
ICAO uses these HRCs as a baseline in its safety analysis to achieve a continuous reduction of operational
safety risks (Goal 1) and its linked targets and indicators, as presented in the GASP.
Chart 12 below shows that in 2020, the ve HRCs for scheduled commercial air transport operations
represented 8.1 per cent of all fatalities, 50 per cent of fatal accidents, 20.8 per cent of the total number
of accidents and 32.3 per cent of the accidents that destroyed or caused substantial damage to aircraft.
Accident Statistics and Analysis
Chart 12.
|
HRC accident distribution
HRCs
Othe
rs
Fatalities
91.9%8.1%
Fatal Accidents
50.0%50.0%
Accidents
79.2%20.8%
Accidents with Aircraft
Su
bstantially Damaged
67.7%32.3%
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Accident Statistics and Analysis
A breakdown of the ve HRCs in 2020 and the respective distribution of fatalities, fatal accidents
and accidents are shown in Chart 13 below. Accidents related to runway excursion (RE) accounted
for 18.8 per cent of all accidents and 29 per cent of accidents with aircraft substantially damaged
or destroyed in 2020. They also represented half of all fatal accidents with 24 fatalities. There was
one accident related to LOC-I that represented 2.1 per cent of total accidents with no fatalities. There
were no accidents related to controlled ight into terrain (CFIT), mid-air collision (MAC) and runway
incursion (RI) in 2020.
Chart 13.
|
High-risk category accident overview
MAC
RI
RE
CFIT
LOC-I
Accidents
Accidents with aircraft
substantially damaged
Fatal Accidents
Fatalities
29.0%
18.8%
8.1%
2.1%
50.0%
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Regional Accident Statistics
To further analyze the state of aviation safety, the accident data for scheduled commercial air transport
operations is categorized according to RASG region, by State of Occurrence. Table 1 and Chart 14
provide details on the state of aviation safety in different RASG regions for 2020 in the context of global
outcomes. The States included in each RASG region used in this report can be found in Appendix 1.
It is worth noting these statistics are based on ADREP data reported by the State of Occurrence in
2020. Partly due to the small number of departures, some regions experience a large uctuation in the
accident rate from year to year. For this reason, these numbers should be considered in relation to the
total number of accidents to gain an overall perspective.
Accident Statistics and Analysis
Table 1.
|
Departures, accidents and fatalities by RASG region based on State of Occurrence
Chart 14.
|
Share of trafc, accidents and fatalities by RASG region
based on State of Occurrence
RASG Region
Africa-Indian Ocean (AFI)
Asia Pacic (APAC)
Europe (EUR)
Middle East (MID)
Pan America (PA)
WORLD
Estimated
departures
659 502
8 590 721
4 504 203
694 941
8 021 215
22 470 582
Number of
accidents
4
10
10
4
20
48
Accident rate
(per million departures)
6.07
1.16
2.22
5.76
2.49
2.14
Fatal accidents
nil
2
1
1
nil
4
Fatalities
nil
119
3
176
nil
298
Trafc (%)
Accidents (%)
Fatalities (%)
2.9
8.3
AFI
0.0
38.2
20.8
APAC
39.9
20.0
20.8
EUR
1.0
3.1
8.3
MID
59.1
35.7
41.7
PA
0.0
AFI
APAC
EUR
MID
PA
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Departures (2019)
Departures (2020)
1,130,861
659,502
AFI
12,663,222
8,590,721
APAC
9,826,990
4,504,203
EUR
1,311,340
694,941
MID
13,856,870
8,021,215
PA
38,789,283
22,470,582
WORLD
Accident Statistics and Analysis
Chart 15.
|
Trafc of ight departures 2019–2020
It is also worth noting that the trafc of ight departures in 2020 signicantly decreased from 2019 for
all ICAO RASG regions due to the COVID-19 pandemic as indicated in Chart 15.
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Accident Statistics and Analysis
Accidents by RASG Region
Chart 16 below shows the percentage of accidents and related fatalities for each ICAO RASG region
based on State of Occurrence for scheduled commercial operations in 2020. States included in each
RASG region are listed in Appendix 1.
In 2020, the Africa-Indian Ocean (RASG-AFI) and Pan American (RASG-PA) Regions did not experience
fatal accidents. One fatal accident with three fatalities occurred in the European (RASG-EUR) Region. The
Asia Pacic (RASG-APAC) Region experienced two fatal accidents resulting in more than one third of the
total fatalities. One security related fatal accident occurred in the Middle East (RASG-MID) Region, which
caused nearly 60 per cent of the total fatalities for scheduled commercial operations involving aircraft
with MTOW over 5 700 kg.
The RASG-PA Region experienced the most accidents and the highest number of accidents with aircraft
substantially damaged or destroyed.
Chart 16.
|
Accident overview by RASG region
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Accidents
Accidents with aircraft
substantially damaged
Fatal Accidents
Fatalities
AFIAPACEUR MIDPA
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Regional Aviation Safety Group (RASG) Regions
The assignment of States to RASG regions is based on their membership and is adopted in this report
for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other afliation of
States by ICAO.
Appendix 1
Appendix 1
RASG-PA
RASG-AFI
RASG-APAC
RASG-EUR
RASG-MID
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cabo Verde
Central African
Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Côte d’Ivoire
Democratic Republic
of the Congo
Djibouti
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Eswatini
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Sao Tome
and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Togo
Uganda
United Republic
of Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
RASG-AFI (48)
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Afghanistan
Australia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
China
Cook Islands
Democratic People’s
Republic of Korea
Fiji
India
Indonesia
Japan
Kiribati
Lao People’s
Democratic Republic
Malaysia
Maldives
Marshall Islands
Micronesia
(Federated States of)
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nauru
Nepal
New Zealand
Pakistan
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Philippines
Republic of Korea
Samoa
Singapore
Solomon Islands
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Viet Nam
RASG-APAC (39)
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czechia
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Monaco
Montenegro
Morocco
Netherlands
North Macedonia
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Republic of Moldova
Romania
Russian Federation
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Tajikistan
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Uzbekistan
RASG-EUR (56)
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Iran (Islamic
Republic of)
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Sudan
Syrian Arab Republic
United Arab
Emirates
Yemen
RASG-MID (15)
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bolivia (Plurinational
State of)
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and
the Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
(Bolivarian
Republic of)
RASG-PA (35)
Appendix 1
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List of Scheduled Commercial Accidents in 2020
Appendix 2
Appendix 2
Local date Model State of Occurrence ICAO Region Fatalities
Occurrence
category
Turkey
Iran, Islamic Republic of
United States
United States
Japan
Finland
Mozambique
Canada
Italy
Canada
Iran, Islamic Republic of
Canada
Canada
Canada
Saudi Arabia
United States
Spain
Turkey
United States
Iceland
Russian Federation
Canada
Turkey
United States
Japan
United States
Pakistan
India
United States
2020-01-07
2020-01-08
2020-01-08
2020-01-10
2020-01-12
2020-01-13
2020-01-16
2020-01-19
2020-01-20
2020-01-20
2020-01-27
2020-01-28
2020-01-28
2020-01-31
2020-02-01
2020-02-01
2020-02-02
2020-02-05
2020-02-07
2020-02-07
2020-02-09
2020-02-24
2020-02-27
2020-03-21
2020-04-12
2020-05-19
2020-05-22
2020-06-14
2020-07-09
Boeing 737-800
Boeing 737-800
Boeing 737-800
Airbus A320-200
Boeing 737-800
Airbus A320-200
Airbus A380-800
Fairchild SA-227-AC
Boeing 767-200
De Havilland DHC8-300
Boeing MD-83
Boeing 737-700
Boeing 737-600
De Havilland DHC8-400
Boeing 747-400F
Airbus A380-800
Boeing 767-300
Boeing 737-800
Mitsubishi CRJ-900LR
Boeing 757-200
Boeing 737-500
Fairchild SA-227-DC
Airbus A321-200
Boeing 757-200
Boeing 737-800
Boeing 737-800
Airbus A320-200
Airbus A320-200
Embraer ERJ170-200
EUR/ NAT
MID
NACC
NACC
APAC
EUR/ NAT
ESAF
NACC
EUR/ NAT
NACC
MID
NACC
NACC
NACC
MID
NACC
EUR/ NAT
EUR/ NAT
NACC
EUR/ NAT
EUR/ NAT
NACC
EUR/ NAT
EUR/ NAT
APAC
NACC
APAC
APAC
NACC
RE
SEC
RAMP
TURB
TURB
RAMP
TURB
LOC-G, RE
RAMP
ARC
RE, ARC, EVAC
GCOL
GCOL
RE
ARC
TURB
SCF-NP, SCF-PP
RE
TURB
SCF-NP
USOS
LOC-G, RE
ARC
ARC
TURB
SCF-NP
ARC
TURB
TURB
176
3
98
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List of Scheduled Commercial Accidents in 2019 (continued)
Local date Model State of Occurrence ICAO Region Fatalities
Occurrence
category
Brazil
South Africa
China
Syrian Arab Republic
India
Spain
Senegal
Japan
United States
Germany
Vietnam
Japan
Bahamas
United States
India
Canada
Bahamas
Somalia
United States
2020-07-09
2020-07-14
2020-07-22
2020-07-23
2020-08-07
2020-08-12
2020-08-18
2020-08-29
2020-09-30
2020-10-14
2020-10-16
2020-10-23
2020-10-24
2020-11-14
2020-11-16
2020-11-26
2020-11-28
2020-12-02
2020-12-23
Airbus A319-100
Boeing 737-800
Boeing 777-200F
Airbus A310 -300
Boeing 737-800
Airbus A320-200
ATR72-200
Boeing 737-800
Boeing 777-200
Airbus A320-200
Airbus A321-200
De Havilland DHC8-400
Embraer ERJ-145
Mitsubishi CRJ-700ER
ATR72-200
ATR42-300
Embraer EMB110
Boeing 737-500
Airbus A320-200
SAM
ESAF
APAC
MID
APAC
NACC
WACAF
APAC
NACC
EUR/ NAT
APAC
APAC
NACC
NACC
APAC
NACC
NACC
ESAF
NACC
TURB, AMAN
TURB
F-NI
AMAN, MAC
ARC, RE
TURB
ARC
Bird
TURB
TURB
ARC
ARC
RE
CABIN
ARC
RE
ARC
LOC-I, WSTRW, USOS
TURB
21
Appendix 2
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CICTT Occurrence Categories
Code Description
Aerodrome
Abrupt Maneuver
Abnormal runway contact
Bird
Cabin safety events
Controlled ight into/towards terrain
Collision with obstacles during takeoff and landing
Evacuation
Fire/smoke (non-impact)
Fire/smoke (post-impact)
Ground collision
Icing
Loss of control in-ight
Loss of control-ground
Airprox/ ACAS alert/ loss of separation/ (near) mid-air collisions
Other
Ground handling
Runway excursion
System/component failure (non-powerplant)
System/component failure (powerplant)
Turbulence encounter
Unknown or undetermined
Undershoot/overshoot
Wildlife
Wind shear or thunderstorm
Appendix 2
ADRM
AMAN
ARC
BIRD
CABIN
CFIT
CTOL
EVAC
F-NI
F-POST
GCOL
ICE
LOC-I
LOC-G
MAC
OTHR
RAMP
RE
SCF-NP
SCF-PP
TURB
UNK
USOS
WILD
WSTRW
More information about the CICTT occurrence categories can be found at http://www.intlaviationstandards.
org/apex/f?p=240:3:9817194220294::NO::P3_X:OC.
