5
The activation of USNORTHCOM on October 1, 2002, marked the first time a single
military commander has been charged with protecting the U.S. homeland since the days of
George Washington. Its area of responsibility (AOR) includes all air, land and sea approaches to
North America, encompassing the continental U.S., Alaska, Canada, Mexico and the surrounding
water areas out to approximately 500 nautical miles.
Through its first year USNORTHCOM faced the usual hurdles of building a command—
acquiring needed manpower, defining the correct organization and relationships, writing the
necessary plans related to its mission, and conducting training and exercises. USNORTHCOM,
however, also was challenged with “real world” issues as it built its way to full operational
capability. These challenges included, developing communication with other Department of
Defense organizations and external federal agencies, responding to a space shuttle accident,
providing assistance to natural disasters, and providing support to an expanding list of special
national security events and presidential mission support. By the end of its first year,
USNORTHCOM demonstrated it could not only meet its developing capability goals, but also its
operational challenges. Therefore the first commander, Air Force General Ralph E. “Ed”
Eberhart, was able to declare the command had reached full operational capability on the second
anniversary of the terrorist attack on September 11, 2003. He stated, “This is not an end state.
This is, in fact, part of a journey. We’ll never truly reach full operational capability. We are
always going to be striving to be better.”
Defense Support for Civil Authorities
Through 2010 the command has not had to respond to a large scale threat calling for
military intervention and its efforts in this area remain focused on preparation and prevention.
The command was, however, frequently called upon to respond to requests from civil authorities
to provide assistance during and in the wake of national disasters. The Department of Defense
(DOD) already had a doctrine for handling disasters before the creation of USNORTHCOM.
The command refined that doctrine to serve as a mechanism for interaction between DOD and
civil authorities with each disaster it faced. Usually National Guard forces operating under their
state’s government were the primary provider of military assistance. However if those forces
were overwhelmed or a particular need best met by the military was required, USNORTHCOM
employed forces, equipment, and/or expertise upon request. This was a key distinction. The
command had no intention of superseding civil authorities. Rather, the philosophy behind
USNORTHCOM’s participation in defense support for civil authorities was to be prepared at all
times but only to act when requested and to depart just as soon as their support was no longer
required.
The majority of disasters in which the command provided assistance were natural, such
as hurricanes, floods, and wildfires. There were exceptions, most notably the Space Shuttle
Columbia re-entry disaster which scattered debris across parts of Texas and Louisiana in
February 2003; the collapse of an Interstate 35 bridge in Minneapolis occurring in August 2007;
and a massive oil spill created by the failure of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Platform in the Gulf
of Mexico from the spring through the summer of 2010.
It did not take long until the defense support capabilities of the new command were
tested. In fact, the first event came on October 2, 2002, just one day after USNORTHCOM