ENDNOTES
1
The incidents included in this report were identied and researched through open source reporting (e.g., media sources and publicly available law enforcement records);
therefore, it is possible that more took place than were discovered at the time of this writing. Further, the limitations of open source information should be considered when
reviewing the ndings contained in this report. Since information for a few of the attackers was limited, it is likely that a larger number than reported here may have displayed the
behaviors, symptoms, and other background elements.
2
This report was prepared for educational and research purposes. The background and behaviors reported herein are of those individuals who: 1) were arrested for the act; 2) died
at the scene; or 3) died immediately following the attack. Actions attributed to individuals who have been arrested, indicted, or charged in these incidents are merely allegations,
and all are presumed innocent until proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt in a court of law.
3
When identifying cases for inclusion in this report, there were several attacks in public spaces worth noting that did not meet one or more of the criteria, or had insucient
information to conrm their inclusion. These attacks included: 1) a man who opened re at a moving company, injuring ve (four from gunre) – there was insucient
information to conrm that this was not a spontaneous altercation or part of a criminal act for monetary gain; 2) a man who opened re in a bookstore, causing minor injuries
to several patrons – the weapon used was a pellet gun; 3) a man who red into a crowd at a concert, injuring six – there was insucient information to conrm it was not a
spontaneous altercation or gang-related; and 4) a recently suspended employee opened re at a large retail store, injuring two employees and a responding police ocer –
though this was a targeted attack at a public space, it did not meet the denition of a mass attack for the purpose of this report, which excludes injuries to rst responders
occurring after the initiation of the attack.
4
In one incident, the attacker used a long gun to inict harm on others and used a handgun to kill himself. As the handgun was not used to harm others, it was not included
amongst the handguns noted here. However, it was counted in the total number of weapons brought to the site.
5
Though illegal drug use within the previous year is one of the disqualifying factors for possessing a rearm under federal law, it was not included as a prohibiting factor here, as
information was not always available to conrm active use within one year of the incident prior to its initiation. In at least one case beyond those counted here, an attacker had
illegal drugs in his system at the time of the shooting, thereby rendering his possession of the rearm illegal under federal law.
6
One additional attacker used a switchblade, which was illegally possessed as state law prohibits such knives.
7
For 2017–19, 89 attacks took place at 95 public sites as several of the attackers caused harm at more than one distinct location. For the 2019 attack that took place at a shopping
center, for the purposes of this report, the site was considered a business.
8
The percentages for the locations in this section were calculated based on the 34 incidents.
9
Attacks at residential locations were only included if the attack took place in a communal area of a residential complex (e.g., an apartment building lobby).
10
The number of resolutions described in this section equals 35 as for one of the incidents with two attackers, one of them was stopped by a bystander and the other by private
security. The percentages presented were calculated using the 34 attacks.
11
For one attack, it was not clear in open sources if the attacker ended the attack on his own or was stopped by a bystander.
12
Analysis to evaluate whether the relationship between domestic violence and substance abuse was statistically signicant involved a two-sided Fisher’s exact test. Histories
of domestic violence and substance abuse were both present in over a quarter of the attackers, while half had no history of either. The relationship was statistically signicant
(p = .002).
13
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018, January 26). Learn about mental health. https://www.cdc.gov/mentalhealth/learn/index.htm.
14
The lower percentage of any mental health symptom may be attributed to the lack of substantive information available in open source of some of the incidents.
15
Perälä, J., Suvisaari, J., Saarni, S. I., Kuoppasalmi, K., Isometsä, E., Pirkola, S., Partonen, T., Tuulio-Henriksson, A., Hintikka, J., Kieseppä, T., Härkänen, T., Koskinen, S., & Lönnqvist, J.
(2007). Lifetime prevalence of psychotic and bipolar I disorders in a general population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(1), 19-28. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.1.19.
16
Paranoia may also be indicative of other types of conditions such as personality disorders, mood disorders (e.g., bipolar disorder), an adverse eect of substance use/abuse, or
even a symptom of an underlying medical condition. For the purposes of this study, it is captured within psychotic symptoms due to the context of the subject’s life and the
information available in open sources.
17
The National Threat Assessment Center. (2019). Protecting America’s Schools: A U.S. Secret Service Analysis of Targeted School Violence. U.S. Secret Service, Department of Homeland
Security. https://www.secretservice.gov/data/protection/ntac/Protecting_Americas_Schools.pdf.
18
See North Carolina State Bureau of Investigations. Behavioral Threat Assessment (BeTA) Unit. Available from https://ncsbi.gov/BeTA.
19
See U.S. Department of Veterans Aairs operates a Workplace Violence Prevention Program (WVPP).
Available from https://www.publichealth.va.gov/about/occhealth/violence-prevention.asp.
20
Percentages for 2019 exceed 100 as three of the attacks involved a combination of weapons, including one involving a rearm and a knife, another committed with a rearm and
a vehicle, and another in which a knife and glass bottles were used to cause harm.
21
Though illegal drug use within the previous year is one of the disqualifying factors for possessing a rearm under federal law, it was not considered in this review as information
was not always available to conrm active use in that timeframe prior to the initiation of the attack.
22
The 95 types of locations include the general category of business/services, not the individual sub-sectors.
23
This percentage, which changed from 85% to 89%, was updated to reect additional information identied since Mass Attacks in Public Spaces - 2018 was released.
United States Secret Service
NATIONAL THREAT ASSESSMENT CENTER
Mass Attacks in Public Spaces - 2019 LIMITED TO OPEN SOURCE INFORMATION 33