If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
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S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N
C O U R T O F A P P E A L S
ADVANCE THERAPY & REHAB INC.,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
FOR PUBLICATION
March 2, 2023
9:40 a.m.
v
No. 359673
Wayne Circuit Court
AUTO-OWNERS INSURANCE COMPANY,
LC No. 21-007153-AV
Defendant-Appellant.
Before: K. F. KELLY, P.J., and MURRAY and SWARTZLE, JJ.
SWARTZLE, J.
A person coordinates health-insurance coverage under a preferred provider organization
(PPO) policy with personal-protection insurance (PIP) coverage under a no-fault policy. The
former is the primary insurance for covered medical expenses, and the latter is secondary. Does
our Supreme Court’s decision in Tousignant v Allstate Ins Co, 444 Mich 301; 506 NW2d 844
(1993), require that, as argued by the no-fault insurer here, the insured person must maximize the
amount covered by the primary PPO insurer before seeking coverage from the secondary no-fault
insurer? As explained below, Tousignant’s holding depended on the fact that the primary health
insurer in that case was a health maintenance organization (HMO). Finding no requirement in the
law that the insured must maximize the amount covered by the primary PPO insurer—or, said a
different way, minimize the amount that the secondary no-fault insurer must pay—we affirm the
trial court’s denial of defendant’s motion for summary disposition.
I. BACKGROUND
The facts relevant for this appeal are brief: Andre Yglesias was injured in an automobile
accident, and he sought treatment for his injures from plaintiff. At the time of the accident,
Yglesias had coordinated his health insurance through CIGNA, with his no-fault insurance through
Auto-Owners Insurance Company.
CIGNA offered a PPO plan through Yglesias’ employer. As typical with PPOs, the
CIGNA plan provided Yglesias with coverage for services by both in-network and out-of-network
medical providers. Services by in-network providers had a lower annual deductible ($2,000) and
higher coverage percentage (80%) than similar services by out-of-network providers ($6,000 and
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60%, respectively). Yglesias sought treatment from Advance Therapy & Rehab Inc., an out-of-
network provider, and he assigned to the provider the right to recover payment for his treatment.
Advance Therapy sent CIGNA the bill for Yglesias’ treatment, but CIGNA did not pay it
because the provider was out-of-network and Yglesias had not yet met the applicable deductible.
CIGNA did, however, apply the amount of the bill to that deductible. Advance Therapy then
sought payment from Auto-Owners.
Auto-Owners refused to pay the bill, even though Yglesias elected to receive “Excess
Medical” coverage under the no-fault policy. The provision states, in relevant part:
2. MEDICAL EXPENSE
When the Declarations state Personal Injury Protection:
a. “Excess of Other Insurance”, or
b. “Excess Medical”
the medical expense benefits provided to the named insured or a relative in
accordance with Chapter 31 of the Michigan Insurance Code do not apply until
either:
a. Treatment has been sought and received from all sources of health and accident
coverage available to the named insured or relative in accordance with the
prescribed guidelines of the health and accident coverage providers:
(1) for determination of covered treatment; and
(2) for securing covered treatment; and
(3) for payment for covered treatment; or
b. all available health and accident coverage providers:
(1) determine there is no authorized health care provider qualified to provide
treatment; and
(2) determine there is no prescribed guidelines for obtaining treatment from any
health care provider; and
(3) deny coverage for treatment.
Advance Therapy sued Auto-Owners in the district court, and Auto-Owners moved for
summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10). Auto-Owners argued that under our Supreme
Court’s ruling in Tousignant, Auto-Owners did not have an obligation to pay Advance Therapy’s
bill because Yglesias elected to seek an out-of-network provider instead of trying to mitigate his
out-of-pocket expenses by using an in-network provider. The district court denied Auto-Owner’s
motion. Auto-Owners sought leave to appeal with the circuit court, but such leave was denied.
This Court then subsequently granted leave to appeal. Advance Therapy & Rehab Inc v Auto-
Owners Ins Co, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered April 1, 2022 (Docket No.
359673).
II. ANALYSIS
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This Court reviews “the circuit court’s affirmance of the district court’s denial of
defendant’s motion for summary disposition . . . de novo.” First of America Bank v Thompson,
217 Mich App 581, 583; 552 NW2d 516 (1996). When deciding a motion for summary disposition
under MCR 2.116(C)(10), we consider the evidence submitted in a light most favorable to the
nonmoving party. Payne v Payne, 338 Mich App 265, 274; 979 NW2d 706 (2021). “Summary
disposition is appropriate if there is no genuine issue regarding any material fact and the moving
party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Sherman v City of St Joseph, 332 Mich App 626,
632; 957 NW2d 838 (2020) (citations omitted).
Our Legislature has provided that a person can elect to coordinate health-insurance
coverage with no-fault coverage. See MCL 500.3109a(1). The parties acknowledge that the
vehicle collision in question happened prior to the effective date of the recent amendments to the
no-fault act, so we apply the prior version. With that said, neither party has argued that the
amendments have any impact on the operative question here.
Auto-Owners argues on appeal that, when a person elects to coordinate primary health-
insurance coverage with secondary no-fault PIP coverage, our Supreme Court’s decision in
Tousignant requires that the person mitigate any out-of-pocket expenses by seeking treatment that
would be maximally covered by the primary insurer. It is undisputed that Yglesias elected to
coordinate his benefits between CIGNA and Auto-Owners. “When no-fault coverage and health
insurance are coordinated, the health insurer is primarily liable for the insured’s medical
expenses.” Farm Bureau Gen Ins Co v Blue Cross Blue Shield of Mich, 314 Mich App 12, 21;
884 NW2d 853 (2016).
Contrary to defendant’s argument, however, Tousignant does not require an insured person
to mitigate damages through in-network treatment when out-of-network treatment is covered by
the primary insurer. Key to the Tousignant decision is that the insured had health insurance
through an HMO. Generally speaking, an HMO provides relatively inexpensive premiums,
deductibles, and charges for medical services, but in exchange, the choices with respect to
providers of medical services are strictly limited. In contrast, a PPO generally provides more
choices with respect to providers of medical services, but the out-of-pocket costs to the insured are
higher.
In Tousignant, the insured person had coordinated health insurance and no-fault policies,
and she was subsequently injured in a vehicle accident. Tousignant, 444 Mich at 305-306. Her
health-insurance policy was with Health Alliance Plan (HAP), an HMO. Id. at 304. When she
received treatment for her injuries from a provider that was outside of HAP’s network, HAP
refused to pay her expenses. Id. at 305-306. Her no-fault insurer also refused to pay the expenses.
The insured sued her no-fault insurer, arguing that “coordination does not require that a no-fault
insured seek all medical care from the health insurer.” Id. at 306.
Our Supreme Court concluded, however, “that the legislative policy that led to the
enactment of § 3109a requires an insured who chooses to coordinate no-fault and health coverage
to obtain payment and services from the health insurer to the extent of the health coverage
available from the health insurer.” Id. at 307 (emphasis added). HAP was an HMO, and this
meant that the insured had to seek treatment from HAP’s specifically designated providers;
otherwise, she had no health coverage through HAP. Id. at 309 n 11. Moreover, there was no
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suggestion by the insured that the services she received outside of HAP’s network were not
available from one of HAP’s designated providers. Id. at 312-313. Accordingly, because the
insured chose to obtain services from a provider outside HAP, and there was no claim that HAP
would not or could not have provided the necessary services, there was no basis for finding that
HAP would not have provided coverage, and therefore there was no basis for finding that the no-
fault insurer had to step in and pay the unpaid expenses. Id.
Critically, there is nothing in Tousignant that requires an insured to minimize the cost to a
secondary no-fault insurer by maximizing the amount that the primary health insurer will cover.
Rather, when an insured chooses to coordinate the two policies, the insured must seek to recover
expenses obtainable from the primary health insurer before turning to the secondary no-fault
insurer. Id. at 308. With respect to an HMO, this means, in effect, that an insured must seek
necessary services that are available within the HMO network before seeking reimbursement from
a coordinated no-fault insurer.
CIGNA did not provide coverage to Yglesias as an HMO, but instead as a PPO. This
distinction is material, as CIGNA’s PPO policy did provide coverage for out-of-network services,
even though such coverage was subject to a higher deductible and lower reimbursement rate than
services received in-network. When Yglesias submitted the bills to CIGNA, CIGNA did not refuse
to pay them because the services provided were out-of-network. Rather, CIGNA acknowledged
that the services were covered, but the insurer did not pay the bills because Yglesias had not yet
reached the applicable deductible. Instead, CIGNA applied the amount of the bills to Yglesias’
deductible. Thus, Yglesias did, in fact, seek “to obtain payment” from CIGNA “to the extent of
the health coverage available” from the insurer, and CIGNA did, in fact, provide such coverage
(through the credit to Yglesias’ deductible). Id. at 307.
Under the coordination-of-benefits provision, Auto-Owner’s policy with Yglesias covered
PIP-related expenses in “excess of other insurance.” Before this coverage applied, Yglesias was
required, among other things, to receive treatment from a provider that was covered by CIGNA
and seek payment for such treatment from CIGNA. As explained, Yglesias did this.
Accordingly, the circuit court did not err by denying Auto-Owners’ application for appeal,
nor did the circuit court err by denying Auto-Owners’ motion for reconsideration, as there was no
palpable error with respect to the district court’s denial of Auto-Owner’s motion for summary
disposition.
Affirmed. As the prevailing party, Advance Therapy may tax costs. MCR 7.219.
/s/ Brock A. Swartzle
/s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly
/s/ Christopher M. Murray
