1

THE AILA STYLE GUIDE

(IN-HOUSE)

Gender-Neutral Language ......................................................................................................... 4

Abbreviation/Acronyms ............................................................................................................ 4

Abbreviations for particular words ....................................................................................... 4

Use of “the” preceding abbreviation/acronym ...................................................................... 5

Use of periods ....................................................................................................................... 6

Apostrophes and Quotation Marks ..................................................................................... 12

En Dashes and Em Dashes .................................................................................................. 12

Section Symbols (§), Paragraph Symbols (¶), and Currency Symbols ($, €, £, ¥) ............. 12

Symbols Such as @, #, %, &, etc. ...................................................................................... 14

Capitalization .......................................................................................................................... 15

Titles ................................................................................................................................... 15

Specific persons, officials, groups, government offices, or government bodies ................ 16

Internet and web .................................................................................................................. 18

Academic degrees, courses, and subjects ........................................................................... 18

Racial and ethnic designations ............................................................................................ 19

Time and Date ......................................................................................................................... 21

Commas .................................................................................................................................. 21

2

Use of Apostrophes ................................................................................................................. 22

Use of Hyphens, En dashes, and Em dashes ........................................................................... 22

Hyphens .............................................................................................................................. 22

En dashes ............................................................................................................................ 24

Em dashes ........................................................................................................................... 25

Quotations ............................................................................................................................... 26

“In-line” quotes ................................................................................................................... 26

Block quotes........................................................................................................................ 27

Run-in lists .......................................................................................................................... 32

Vertical lists ........................................................................................................................ 33

Citations .................................................................................................................................. 34

The INA and Other Statutes ................................................................................................ 34

Regulations (CFR and Fed. Reg.) ....................................................................................... 35

Constitutions ....................................................................................................................... 35

Cases (federal courts) .......................................................................................................... 35

Cases (administrative courts) .............................................................................................. 35

Presidential proclamations, executive orders, etc. .............................................................. 37

Agency memoranda, press releases, etc. ............................................................................. 37

Correspondence: letters and emails .................................................................................... 39

Books and reports ............................................................................................................... 40

Dictionaries ......................................................................................................................... 40

Articles in compilation book ............................................................................................... 40

3

Articles in magazines, journals, newspapers, and other periodicals ................................... 41

Material appearing on website ............................................................................................ 41

Use of short cites, supra, infra, id. ...................................................................................... 42

Signals – see, see also, see generally, etc. .......................................................................... 43

Quoting, citing, etc. parentheticals ..................................................................................... 44

Citing to specific page(s), footnote(s), etc. ......................................................................... 44

4

GENDER-NEUTRAL LANGUAGE

AILA supports the use of non-gender-specific language and gender-inclusive pronouns

where possible. When the gender of a person is not identified, “they,” “their,” and “them”

replace “he, “she,” “his, “her,” “him,” and constructions like “he or she” and “his or her.”

Anyone who believes that is kidding themself.

When referring to an individual, respect their pronouns if known to you.

ABBREVIATION/ACRONYMS

Abbreviations for particular words

With minor exceptions, AILA follows the BlueBook abbreviation of certain words, which are

contained in various tables of the BlueBook. If you do not have access to the BlueBook, ask

Names of periodicals: Tables T6, T13, and T10, but abbreviate “University” as “U.” Also,

omit the words “a,” “at,” “in,” “of,” and “the” (but retain the word “on”). Furthermore, if the

title consists of only one word after those words have been omitted, do not abbreviate the

remaining word.

Names of looseleaf and bound services/reporters: Table T15

Court names: Table T7, except that BIA uses no periods. See below for additional

jurisdictional entities that do not use periods.

Explanatory phrases appended to citations: Table T8

Legislative documents: Table T9

U.S. states, cities, and territories: Table T10.1, but see rules below, which supersede if

Publishing terms: Table T14. Note that the abbreviation for an edition of a book is “ed.”

[not capitalized] and likewise the abbreviation for editor is “ed.” For more, see TITLES OF

WRITTEN, AUDITORY, VISUAL, AND OTHER ARTISTIC WORKS.

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Subdivisions: Table T16

amend.

art.

ch.

cl.

no.

p., pp.

tit.

vol.

United States Citizenship and Immigration Services is abbreviated USCIS. Never CIS.

Use of “the” preceding abbreviation/acronym

Although a spelled-out term may or may not be preceded by “the”, AILA does not use “the”

before certain abbreviations/acronyms. These include EOIR, DOS, DOL, DOJ, DHS, CBP,

ICE, USCIS, VSC, TSC, NBC, KCC, OFLC.

She is a member of the American Immigration Lawyers Association.

She is a member of AILA.

Precede an abbreviation/acronym with “the” where it sounds more natural.

Appeal is taken to either the AAO or the BIA.

Twenty percent of employees of the CIA did not file their taxes with the IRS.

The law can be found in section 101 of the INA and volume 9 of the FAM.

DHS replaced the INS.

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Use of periods

Generally (see exceptions below), abbreviations are followed by a period.

In re Mercedes-Benz Emissions Litigation, No. 2:16-cv-881 (D.N.J. Jan. 8, 2020).

Use periods for U.S. and D.C. (see below).

7

Abbreviation/acronym as short form of full term

Spell out the full name of a term the first or only time it is used. You may use commonly

understood abbreviations and acronyms without spelling them out first, e.g., DHS, USCIS,

ICE, CBP, IRS, FBI, BIA, AILA, PERM, but avoid using nonobvious abbreviations and

acronyms unless they have been spelled out first.

Torture (CAT). The standards for CAT relief differ from those applicable to

withholding of removal.

Even if the spelled-out term will not be used again, you can follow it with an

abbreviation/acronym where, in your judgment, readers are likely to recognize, or want to

know, the abbreviation/acronym more than the spelled-out term.

The Electronic System for Travel Authorization (ESTA) is an automated system that

determines the eligibility of visitors to travel to the United States under the Visa

Waiver Program.

A lawful permanent resident (LPR)’s tax obligation

When the first use of the abbreviation/acronym is plural, pluralize it within the parentheses.

Lawful permanent residents (LPRs) cannot vote in federal elections

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When the first use of the abbreviation/acronym occurs in a heading, you can either follow the

rules above, or treat the term as if it is first occurring in the body of the text.

1. Unaccompanied Alien Children (UAC)

UAC lack lawful immigration status in the United States. …

States. …

or

1. UAC

Unaccompanied alien children (UAC) lack lawful immigration status in the United

States. …

When you want to introduce an abbreviated form of a long name or title without using

Antitrust Litigation Involving Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Equipment

(hereinafter Air Pollution Control Antitrust Case)

Abbreviation of U.S. city, state, and territory names; foreign country names

In text, do not abbreviate state names unless they follow a city name or are used to designate

political affiliation. When abbreviating the names, use the two-letter postal designation (caps,

no periods).

The state of California

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The District of Columbia is abbreviated D.C. (with periods), except when used as part of a

postal address.

The AILA National Office is located in Washington, D.C.

Violation of a D.C. municipal ordinance

Write to AILA at 1331 G Street NW, Washington, DC 20005.

There is a different immigration system in the U.K.

Abbreviation of United States

Spell out United States, except when used as an adjective.

The United States and Mexico share a border.

The U.S. border with Mexico is nearly 2,000 miles long.

Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575 (1990).

Educational degrees are abbreviated without periods.

BA

BS

MA

JD

PhD

MBA

LLM

LLB

Subject to the exceptions discussed below, capitalize any subsequent elements in a

hyphenated term.

it is a proper noun or proper adjective, or unless it is an article, preposition, or one of the

coordinating conjunctions “and”, “but”, “for,” “nor,” or “or”. Third and subsequent elements

of a hyphenated phrase follow the otherwise applicable capitalization rules.

The Root Causes of Anti-immigrant Sentiment

Developments Post-Kazarian

Exercising Out-of-the-Money Options

When citing or referring to a title, you may change the capitalization as it appears in the

original to conform with these rules. If you do, be consistent throughout.

The record of the hearing shows that the Act required operators to pay for their own

retirees.

It should not require an act of Congress to get this done.

Administrator; Commissioner; Chair, Mayor, President, Secretary, Senator, Congressperson,

other job titles. Capitalize these terms except in their generic sense.

The respondent’s case appeal was denied by the INS Commissioner.

For almost 20 years, the statute has provided that the DHS Secretary make all

necessary determinations.

She was elected Chair last year.

A secretary of state has great power.

Agency; Board; Committee; Department. Capitalize these terms except in their generic sense.

The AILA Board of Governors

AILA’s USCIS Case Assistance Committee

AILA’s Content Delivery and Analytics Department

The Agency reported that all areas of the country met the standard for nitrogen

dioxide.

The congressional hearings were held on the potential cumulative effects of these

three rules.

Circuit. Capitalize “Circuit” when used with a circuit’s name or number.

We have decided to follow the Fifth Circuit and District of Columbia Circuit in that

regard, rather than this circuit’s unclear precedent.

Code. Capitalize “Code” when referring to a specific code.

At least one court considered the significance of the change between the 1939 and

1954 Codes.

Commonwealth. Capitalize “Commonwealth” if it is a part of the full title of a state, if the

word it modifies is capitalized, or when referring to a state as a governmental actor or a party

Constitution. The students agree that the clause in that constitution is substantially

similar to the Full Faith and Credit Clause of the U.S. Constitution.

Constitutional Clause or Article or Amendment. Capitalize nouns that identify specific parts

of state or the U.S. Constitution when referring to them in textual sentences, but not in

citations.

Of all the amendments in the U.S. Constitution, the Fifth Amendment may be the

most complex.

Accordingly, there was no violation of Article I, Section 8, Clause 17 of the

Constitution.

See U.S. Const. art. I, §8, cl. 17.

Court. Capitalize “Court” only when naming the court in full or when referring to the U.S.

Supreme Court.

The case was referred to immigration court.

The California Supreme Court found no violation in such a case.

The argument in the state supreme court concerning the lack of prior notice was based

solely on state authorities.

When the Court approves the argument, it becomes constitutional doctrine for the

Judge, Justice. Capitalize these words only when giving the name of a specific judge or

justice or when referring to a Justice of the United States Supreme Court.

The immigration judge ordered removal.

In one of the first decisions on point, Judge Cedarbaum rejected a group appointment.

This era of constitutional noninterference ended when the Justices proclaimed a

profound national commitment to the principle that debate on public issues should be

uninhibited.

The justices of the state’s highest court will hear oral arguments on the issue of

capital punishment at the end of the month.

State. Capitalize “State” only if it is a part of the full title of a state, if the word it modifies is

AILA capitalizes the word Administration when referring to a president’s Administration.

Changes were made during the Biden Administration.

Internet and web

AILA does not capitalize internet or web.

Academic degrees, courses, and subjects

She has published widely in the history of religions.

They have a wide variety of courses in gender studies.

He is majoring in comparative literature.

She is pursuing graduate studies in philosophy of science.

Jones is Chair of the Committee on Comparative Literature.

I am signing up for Archaeology 101.

A popular course at the Graham School of General Studies is Basic Manuscript

Editing.

His ballroom dancing classes have failed to civilize him.

Capitalize Black when describing people and cultures of African origin, and the terms

Hispanic and Latino when referring to groups of people. Do not capitalize white or brown in

reference to race or culture, however.

Martin Luther King, Jr. championed voting rights for Blacks in the South.

Biden’s share of votes by Latinos decreased by eight percentage points compared to

Hillary Clinton’s.

The non-college white population, while declining as a share of the electorate,

remains quite large.

NUMERALS AND ORDINALS

three- and ten-year bars

five-, ten-, and twenty-dollar bills

The 9th, 10th, and 11th of February

In the last three months, the court granted 22, 6, and 8 asylum applications,

respectively.

Spell out Tenth and Eleventh when referring to the Tenth and Eleventh Circuit Courts of

Appeals in text.

Ordinals ending in 2 or 3 (2d, 2nd, 3d, 3rd)

In text where a numeral is required, use “nd” and “rd” where the last numeral is 2 or 3,

respectively.

2nd, 3rd, 72nd, 73rd, 102nd, 103rd, etc.

In citations, use “d”.

2d, 3d, 72d, 73d, 102d, 103d, etc.

2003).

$250 (Not $250.00)

TIME AND DATE

Days of the month are expressed in numerals, not ordinals.

October 1, 2016; October 1 (not October 1st)

For a range of dates, use either an en dash or the from/to construction

October 16–18

from October 16 to 18

COMMAS

AILA uses the serial comma, also known as the Oxford comma. Where there is a series of

three or more items or phrases, place a comma before the conjunction joining the last two.

See also and see generally are not followed by a comma. See CITATIONS, below.

Follow e.g. and i.e. with a comma.

Id. with a further pinpoint is not followed by a comma. See CITATIONS, below.

See id. §1.7.

Id. at 563.

For use of the comma after the month or year in dates, see TIME AND DATE.

I-130s

However, apostrophes may be used to avoid confusion when pluralizing lowercase letters

and abbreviations with two or more interior periods or with both capital and lowercase

letters.

x’s and y’s

M.A.’s; Ph.D.’s

do’s and don’ts.

AILA follows the hyphenation guide in the Chicago Manual of Style, in which hyphens

should be added only if doing so will prevent a misreading or otherwise significantly aid

comprehension. We send an email, not an e-mail.

Compounds formed with prefixes are normally closed, i.e., they do not take hyphens.

noncitizen

posttraumatic stress

Words that might otherwise be misread should be hyphenated.

anti-immigrant

re-creation

co-op

ultra-annoying

A hyphen can make for easier reading by showing structure and, often, pronunciation.

hyphen used to distinguish from a probability test that is realistic)

moral turpitude charge (meaning that the charge is one of moral turpitude; no hyphen

used because there is little chance that this phrase could be understood as referring to

a turpitude charge that is moral)

much-needed clothing

public welfare administration

graduate student housing

Do not use a hyphen with proper nouns used as a compound modifier of another noun.

largely irrelevant data

smartly dressed woman

Compounds of any type that follow the noun they modify usually do not require hyphenation.

The protesters were righteously angry.

The scholar was well read.

Her actions in that moment were ill advised.

Multiple hyphens are usually appropriate for compound modifiers consisting of more than

If the compound modifier consists of an adjective that itself modifies a compound, additional

hyphens may not be necessary.

late nineteenth-century literature

current USCIS-approved forms

When the second part of a hyphenated expression is omitted, the suspended hyphen is

retained, followed by a space (or, in a series, by a comma).

both over- and underfed cats

pre- and postmodern architecture

En dashes

Use an en dash for number ranges.

The years 1993–2000 were heady ones for the computer literate.

the word “from” precedes the first element in a pair expressing a range; similarly, “and”

should be used if “between” precedes the first element. Don’t use an en dash.

An en dash may be used to indicate an unfinished number range or to indicate redacted

letters.

The History of Cartography (1987–) is a multivolume work published by Chicago.

Jack Stag (1950–)

Matter of B–, 21 I&N Dec. 66 (BIA 1996).

For purposes of the rule above, treat an abbreviation as if it is a single word. If such is the

case, you might not have an open compound, and thus will be using a hyphen instead of an

en dash.

non-LPR cancellation of removal

non-U.S. citizen

then-AG Holder

If the compound adjective includes a hyphenated compound, they are joined by a hyphen

The em dash, often simply called the dash, can be used to set off an amplifying or

explanatory element, and in that sense can function as an alternative to parentheses, commas,

or a colon—especially when an abrupt break in thought is called for.

A question mark or an exclamation point—but never a comma, a colon, or a semicolon—

may precede an em dash.

Without further warning—but what could we have done to dissuade her?—she left

the plant, determined to stop the union in its tracks.

the end of quoted material to indicate an interruption, the comma can be safely omitted

before the words that identify the speaker.

The titles of databases are not italicized.

The Foreign Labor Certification Data Center is the location of the Online Wage

Library for prevailing wage determinations.

The book will become available on AILALink next month.

You will need a subscription to Westlaw or LexisNexis to find that case.

abbreviated “3d”.

International Adoption and Other Immigration Options for Children, 2d ed.

Immigration Options for Artists, Entertainers & Athletes, 3d ed.

Electronic book is stylized eBook.

Vertical lists

A vertical list is best introduced by a grammatically complete sentence, followed by a colon.

There are two basic types of lists: (1) unordered, in which the items are introduced by a bullet

or other such marker or by nothing at all, and (2) ordered, in which items are introduced by

numbers or letters. If the list is unordered, and unless the items consist of complete sentences,

a full résumé

three letters of recommendation

all your diplomas, from high school to graduate school

a brief essay indicating why you want the position and why you consider

yourself qualified for it

two forms of identification

If the items are numbered (i.e., the list is ordered), a period follows the numeral. It is

customary to capitalize items in a numbered list even if the items do not consist of complete

sentences. Closing punctuation is used only if items consist of complete sentences.

Generally, bulleted lists are formatted in the same way as numbered lists.

Use the Control Panel to make changes to your computer:

However, if none of the items in a bulleted list consist of complete sentences, each item can

usually begin lowercase (except for proper nouns). For bulleted lists whose items require

more prominence, capitalization may instead be preferred; choose one approach and follow it

consistently.

The style sheet allows for two types of lists:

items include internal punctuation, semicolons are preferred.) Each item begins with a

lowercase letter, even if the list is a numbered list. A conjunction (“and” or “or”) before the

final item is optional. Such lists, often better run in to the text, should be set vertically only if

the context demands that they be highlighted.

Reporting for the Development Committee, Jobson reported that

CITATIONS

The INA and Other Statutes

No periods in acronyms such as INA or USC.

No space between the section symbol (§) and the statute number.

Regulations (CFR and Fed. Reg.)

Basic style:

8 CFR §214.2(d)(2)(ii).

59 Fed. Reg. 55910 (Nov. 9, 1994). Give the name of the rule or regulation only if the

U.S. Const. amend. XIV, §2.

Cases (federal courts)

Case names are italicized.

Basic style:

Clark v. Martinez, 543 U.S. 371 (2005). If not in U.S. cite to S. Ct. if available.

Zhu v. Gonzalez, 411 F.3d 292 (D.C. Cir. 2005); United States v. Lara, 590 F. App’x

Quarles v. United States, 587 U. S. ____ (2019) (slip op. at 3).

Gibbs v. Frank, No. 02-3924, 2004 U.S. App. LEXIS 21357, at *18–19 (3d Cir. Oct.

14, 2004).

Int'l Snowmobile Mfrs. Ass’n v. Norton, No. 00-CV-229-B, 2004 WL 2337372, at *3,

*7 (D. Wyo. Oct. 14, 2004); Ross v. Weissman, No. 90-345, slip op. at 6 (D. Mass.

Dec. 4, 1990).

Cases (administrative courts)

Case names are italicized.

Matter of Jones, A98 765 432 (IJ Apr. 14, 1990).

Court location and IJ name optional

BIA (published in I&N Dec.)

Matter of Andrade, 19 I&N Dec. 488 (BIA 1987).

BIA (unpublished)

Matter of Ardestani, A026 591 156 (BIA May 12, 1989).

Attorney General opinions

Matter of R–A–, 22 I&N Dec. 906 (AG 2001).

Matter of [name redacted], LIN 02 184 53385 (AAO Sept. 17, 2002).

Matter of [name and file number redacted] (AAO Dec. 23, 2011).

Append AILA Doc. No. or url (optional)

BALCA

Matter of Dearborn Pub. Schools, 91-INA-222 (BALCA Dec. 7, 1993) (en banc)

Matter of HealthAmerica, 2006-PER-1 (BALCA July 18, 2006).

OCAHO

Dhillion v. Regents of Univ. of California, 3 OCAHO No. 429 1993, OCAHO Case

No. 92B00097 (Mar. 10, 1993).

DOL ARB

Presidential proclamations, executive orders, etc.

Cite to Fed. Reg. if therein; otherwise to official whitehouse.gov website. Prior

administration documents are available through the Compilation of Presidential Documents

at govinfo.gov and can be cited to that website.

Exec. Order No. 13780, Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the

Year 2021 (Apr. 16, 2021), www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-

actions/2021/04/16/memorandum-for-the-secretary-of-state-on-the-emergency-

presidential-determination-on-refugee-admissions-for-fiscal-year-2021.

Presidential Memorandum, Donald J. Trump, Memorandum on Securing the Southern

Border of the United States (Apr. 4, 2018), www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/DCPD-

201800218/pdf/DCPD-201800218.pdf.

[Author indicated]

Memorandum from Jeff Weiss, Acting Dir., INS Office of Int’l Affairs, Guidelines

for Children’s Asylum Claims (Dec. 10, 1998), AILA Doc. No. 09042230.

[Author not indicated]

EOIR Memorandum, Operating Policies and Procedures Memorandum 03-06:

Procedures for Going Off-Record During Proceedings (Oct. 10, 2003), AILA Doc.

No. 03121714.

[Policy memorandum]

Status for Liberia (Aug. 16, 2005), AILA Doc. No. 05081642.

State Department cables

DOS Cable, B-1 in Lieu of H, State 00101466 (Oct. 12, 2012), AILA Doc. No.

DOL/ETA/OFLC FAQs

OFLC PERM FAQs, Round 14 (May 13, 2019), at 8,

www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ETA/oflc/pdfs/PERM_FAQ-Round-14_051419.pdf.

OFLC FAQs, www.foreignlaborcert.doleta.gov/faqsanswers.cfm, PERM Program,

Multiple Positions, Q&A 2.

Agency policy/procedure manuals

Adjudicator’s Field Manual (AFM) ch. 23.2. On subsequent references to the manual,

use only acronym AFM. E.g., AFM ch. 23.2.

Bills, congressional documents

S. 516, 105th Cong. §2 (1997).

H.R. 422, 106th Cong. (1999).

H.R.J. Res. 124, 105th Cong. (1998).

S. Res. 141, 106th Cong. (1999) (enacted).

1911).

Treaties and other international agreements

Include the agreement’s name; the state parties, if applicable; the subdivision referred to, if

applicable; the date of signing; and a source in which the treaty can be found.

North American Free Trade Agreement, U.S.-Can.-Mex., Dec. 17, 1992 (entered into

Punishment, art. 2(2), opened for signature Dec. 10, 1984, S. Treaty Doc. No. 100-20

(1988), 1465 U.N.T.S. 85 [hereinafter CAT].

Rules, Model Codes, Restatements, Sentencing Guidelines

Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6).

Fed. R. Evid. 410.

Unif. R. Evid. 404(b).

Sup. Ct. R. 17.

1st Cir. R. 6(a).

Correspondence: letters and emails

When citing unpublished letters or emails, identify the document type (e.g., letter, email) and

give the writer and addressee (if any) by name, title, and institutional affiliation. Indicate

where the correspondence is being held in a parenthetical. Emails can include time and date

for specificity.

Letter from Anna Dimitrijevic, Bluebook Ed. Chair, Harvard L. Rev., to Joe

Kurtenbach, Bluebook Bus. Chair, Harvard L. Rev. (Feb. 1, 2020) (on file with the

Brewer, III, Assistant Professor of L., Salmon P. Chase Coll. of L. (Sept. 26, 2019,

06:15 CST) (on file with author).

Books and reports

Place volume #, if any, in front of author name(s).

Page #, if used, directly follows book title; do not use “at” or “p.” Section, paragraph, chapter

numbers, etc., also directly follow title.

Spell out an author’s full name. Two authors: separate with “and” (rather than ampersand).

Three or more: one author with et al.

David Hunter et al., International Environmental Law and Policy 555 (3d ed. 2006).

A Bentham Reader 101 (Mary Peter Mack ed., 1969).

21 Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure §1006

(3d ed. 1998).

Human Rights Watch, World Report 2004: Human Rights and Armed Conflict 148

(2004).

Dictionaries

Good-Faith Bargaining, Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014).

If book is consecutively paginated, page number where article begins directly follows book

title. Do not use “at” or “p.”

David Muusz and Sarah K. Peterson, Using Alternative Wage Surveys for the U.S.

Department of Labor Prevailing Wage Process, in Immigration Options for

Academics and Researchers 119 (3d ed. 2021).

If each article in book starts on its own page 1, cite to page number within article by placing

it at end.

Articles in magazines, journals, newspapers, and other periodicals

Law reviews:

Elizabeth F. Emens, Integrating Accommodation, 156 U. Pa. L. Rev. 839, 894 (2008).

Benjamin Wittes, Without Precedent, Atlantic Monthly, Sept. 2005, at 39, 40.

Scott Martelle, ID Law Keeps Nuns, Students from Polls, L.A. Times, May 7, 2008, at

A14.

For online version, see below—Material appearing on website.

Material appearing on website

If material is an online version of something that is in print, our preference is to cite to the

online source.

material (the name of the article, main identifying heading, or page title), italicized. If the

material is dated, place that in parentheses after the title, followed by a comma, followed by

the url.

Cyrus D. Mehta, The Legal Basis Underpinning the New Automatic Extension of

Challenged (Nov. 22, 2021), http://blog.cyrusmehta.com/2021/11/the-legal-basis-

underpinning-the-new-automatic-extension-of-work-authorization-for-h-4-l-2-and-e-

2-spouses-and-why-it-must-still-be-challenged.html.

CBP, Border Patrol History, www.cbp.gov/border-security/along-us-borders/history.

(subheading Temporary Programs).