7
teeth
direction of cut
Types of Blades
direction
of cut
circular blade straight blade
Grain figure: the pattern formed by the
grain on the surface of a longitudinal cut (along the
grain); the character of this pattern
depends on the cross-section of the wood.
Knots: areas of dense, twisted grain that occur where limbs branch apart (literal knots in the grain).
Softwoods: wood of evergreen trees (not necessarily soft).
Hardwoods: wood of deciduous or broad-leafed trees (not necessarily hard).
Rough lumber: wood that has not been machined or processed.
Milled lumber: wood that has been processed (cut, planed, and sanded) into regular dimensions (also called
stock).
Rip-cut: a cut in a board along its long dimension, with the grain.
Crosscut: a cut in a board across its short dimension, across the grain.
Kerf: the groove or cut made by a blade.
Miter: refers to an angle; a miter joint is one in which both pieces are cut at an angle, and a miter gauge is a
guide used to hold the wood at a set angle.
Fence: the metal bar used to guide the wood along a straight path, or against which the wood is held when
making a cut.
Butt joint: 90 degree joint in which the end of one piece abuts the side of another.
Hold-down: a simple clamping mechanism used to hold a piece of wood while cutting.
Jig: any specially constructed mechanism used to facilitate a specific cutting
procedure.
Blade Set: the alternating angled offset of the teeth of a blade.
Kickback: the sudden backward force produced when the blade stalls or
binds in the wood during a cut.
Dado: a groove cut into a piece of flat wood.
Rabbet: a step cut into the end or edge of a piece of flat wood (a half-dado).
Molding or millwork: shaped, decorative profiles cut into wood.
Understanding Power Tools
Obviously, the most dangerous parts of power tools are the moving parts. All of the machinery in the Creating/Making
Lab is powered by electric motors, and the radial forces produced by spinning shafts, pulleys, blades and belts can be
particularly dangerous. This danger arises from two effects of spinning parts: (1) outward forces—wood and
debris can become violent projectiles when thrown by spinning blades, and (2) inward forces—loose clothing,
jewelry, hair, and fingers can be grabbed, wound up, and pulled in and mangled by any spinning machinery.
Always be aware of the danger of these radial forces. Always wear eye protection, never stand in line with circular
blades, and always maintain a safe distance from spinning parts when the tool is operating.
Understanding how saw blades cut will help you cut efficiently, accurately, and safely. There are two basic types of
saw blades: the circular blade and the straight (or band) blade. The blade cuts the wood with a series of sharp teeth
along the cutting edge. Each tooth acts like a chisel that plows into the wood to make the cut, and these teeth are angled
toward the direction that they rotate or slide. This is the direction that the force of the blade is exerted. The teeth point in
the direction in which the saw will push the wood if allowed, or will throw debris.
As one tooth cuts into the wood, it makes a path for the following tooth. As
long as the cut is made properly, each individual tooth is required to remove
only a small amount of wood. No significant friction should ever occur between
the side of the blade and the wood. If the blade and/or the wood is twisted or
becomes misaligned, the side of the blade will foul out against the wood and
create friction. This will cause one of three things to happen: (1) the blade will
heat up and dull or break, (2) the blade will stall out and kickback, or (3) the
blade will throw the wood. If the blade begins to bind, ease off the cut and try
to correct the alignment. If the blade stalls out, hold the wood in place (or the
saw in some cases) and turn off the motor. As you will not have time to react in
the third possibility, preventive measures are critical. If the blade throws the wood, it will either throw it away from the
machine, in which case you must not be in line with the blade, or it will pull the wood away from you toward the blade, in
which case you do not want your hand too close as it will be pulled in after it. Wood that is irregularly shaped, warped, or
split parallel to the cut will be prone to move as it is cut, creating a dangerous situation. Cutting through knots is also
hazardous, as they are dense and brittle. When cut, knots can fragment unpredictably, creating debris that can become