Drafting Essential Functions
Last updated: 5/15
What are Essential Functions?
Essential job functions are job duties that an employee must perform.
Essential functions are not incidental job duties, which are extra or
secondary duties. A function may be essential if:
• The position was created for the purpose of performing the
function or job duty;
• There are a limited number of employees available who could
perform the function or job duty; and/or
• The function or job duty is highly specialized and the position
requires a special expertise or ability to perform the job duty.
Essential functions are specific to the individual position, not the position’s
job class. Essential functions are based on the work performed, not the
ability of the employee. It is also critical to separate the function from t he
method of performing the function.
How do I determine which job functions are
truly essential functions?
There are specific questions to ask when determining which functions of a
position are essential.
1. Is it important to the agency’s operation?
2. Is it performed with frequency?
3. Is there insufficient staff to reassign it?
4. Can it be redesigned or performed in another way?
5. Does the function require any specialization or expertise?
6. Would not requiring the function to be performed eliminate the
need for the position?
If any of the above criteria are met, the function is likely essential. An
understanding of the essential job functions aids in the process of
selecting legal and appropriate interview questions. In addition, an
employer may refer to those functions should an employee initiate a
request for a reasonable accommodation or FMLA leave. If a selective is
identified for the position, the selective must be correlated to an essential
function.
The employer has the right to determine the essential functions,
educational training requirements, and the performance standards of the
job, as long as standards and requirements are consistently applied and
are not established specifically to discriminate against people with
disabilities." (Baum, et al., 2004)
Resources
State of Iowa Managers
and Supervisors Manual,
Chapter 3
https://das.iowa.gov/human-
resources/managers-supervisors-
manual
O*NET– Occupational
Information Network
Database that contains
occupational information
and labor market research.
http://www.onetonline.org/
Contact Us
Please contact your
assigned Personnel Officer
or contact the Department
of Administrative Services
general telephone number:
515-281-5889
How do I draft essential functions?
When drafting statements of essential functions, the statements need to
be dynamic and active.
1.
Determine if the employee is working with data, people, or with
goods/items.
2. Determine what function or job duties the person in the
position would perform.
3. Determine the amount of time spent on each function or job
duty.
4. Determine if there are other employees available to perform
that function or job duty or among whom the performance of
that function or job duty can be distributed.
5. Determine the degree of expertise or skill required to perform
the function or job duty.
Refer to the active statement chart below. Select the most appropriate
action verb to begin the essential function statement.
Important information:
A function may be essential regardless of the amount of time spent
performing it if it is critical to the reason for the position. Example: An
Airport Firefighter rarely has to carry a person from a burning airplane,
but being able to perform this function is essential to the job. Essential
Function: Carries people to safety in an emergency such as from a
burning plane.
Works with Data
Works with People
Works with Items
Accesses or Locates (from databases or files)
Advises, or Recommends or Suggests to
Accepts (goods, materials)
Analyzes or Interprets
Aids, Assists, Lifts, Carries
Carries
Checks or Verifies
Approves or Authorizes
Cleans or Sanitizes
Compares and/or Contrasts
Assigns to
Delivers
C ompiles or Gathers
Asks or Requests of
Diagnoses or Troubleshoots
C omputes or Tabulates
Communicates to/with
Drives
Copies or Records
Confers or Coordinates with
Handles
Corrects
Directs
Inspects
Creates (Information)
Encourages
Installs
Deletes
Explains or States to
Mails
Designs or Devises
Facilitates or C onducts
Maintains
Determines or Decides
Hires
Manipulates
Describes
Instructs or Trains
Measures or Weighs
Develops
Interviews
Modifies or Alters
Edits, Revises or Updates
Mentors
Operates, Controls
Enters or Files (data)
Negotiates
Lifts and/or Picks up
Establishes
Notifies
Pulls and/or Pushes
Evaluates
Orders
Purchases or Orders
Forecasts
Persuades, Diverts or Sells
Sets up or Constructs
Formulates
Presents to
Sorts or Separates
Forwards, Releases, Routes, or Transmits
Provides input or feedback, or Responds to
Stamps
Identifies
Reports to
Transports
Investigates or Researches
Schedules
Logs
Serves or Helps
Measures or Weighs
Speaks to
Organizes
Supervises or Leads
Proofreads
Takes instructions or requests from
Prepares (Statistics, summaries)
Prints or Runs (reports)
Reads and Absorbs
Reconciles
Reviews
Submits
Studies
Surveys
Types
Writes
Drafting Essential Functions
The following worksheet is a tool to help you produce the essential and marginal functions of
each job before preparing your job description and PDQ. The Americans with Disabilities Act
(ADA) requires that employees and job applicants can only be evaluated based on his or her
ability to perform essential job functions.
Other duties, which may be beneficial to the employer but not truly essential for the job, are
considered marginal functions.
List each function of the position and indicate whether it is essential or marginal.
E M Function
Good Example: Prepares daily statistical reports for agency director (The essential function, or
significant reason the position exists, is to produce statistical reports used daily by the
director.).
Bad Example: Ability to type and read.
Good Example:
Prepares meals daily for all internal residents
(The essential function, or
significant reason the position exists, is to prepare daily meals for residents.).
Bad Example: Ability to cook food.
Good Example: Copies all monthly invoices (The main reason this position exists is not to
make copies of all invoices. However, this is a marginal function of this position and could be
reallocated to another employee at any time.).
Bad Example: Ability to use a copy machine.
Job Requirements
This tool is to help you identify job requirements. Job requirements are not necessarily essential functions,
but they do describe how the essential functions are accomplished. These should also be reflected on the job
description to better describe the position requirements.
R = Rarely (0-15%)
O = Occasionally (16-45%)
F = Frequently (46-100%)
Physical Demands R O F Mental Demands R O F
Standing ______ ______ ______ Problem Solving ______ ______ ______
Sitting ______ ______ ______ Make Decisions ______ ______ ______
Lifting ____lbs. Supervise
Minimum lbs lifted
Organize
lbs. ______ ______ ______ Read/Write ______ ______ ______
Carrying ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______
Walking ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______
Driving ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______
______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______
______
______
______
______
______
______
______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______
Office Equipment R O F Field/Trade Equipment R O F
Telephone ______ ______ ______ Mower ______ ______ ______
Computer ______ ______ ______ Tiller ______ ______ ______
Fax Machine ______ ______ ______ Ladder ______ ______ ______
Copier ______ ______ ______ Truck/Auto ______ ______ ______
______ ______ ______ Hand/Power Tools ______ ______ ______
______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______
______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______
Working Conditions R O F Other R O F
Indoor ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______
Outdoor ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______
High Temperatures ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______
Low Temperatures ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______
Loud Noises ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______
Fumes/Odors ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______
______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______
