Introduction

Revised on July 2024 (Special Materials)

FIRE DEPARTMENT ● CITY OF NEW YORK

CONSOLIDATED STUDY MATERIAL FOR THE

CERTIFICATE OF FITNESS EXAMINATION FOR

INDOOR PLACE OF ASSEMBLY SAFETY PERSONNEL (F-03)

TEMPORARY PLACE OF ASSEMBLY SAFETY PERSONNEL

(CITYWIDE)(F-04)

All applicants are required to apply and pay for an exam online

before arriving at the FDNY. It can take about 30 minutes to

complete.

Simplified instructions for online application and payment can be found

here:

http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/fdny/downloads/pdf/business/fdny-

business-cof-individuals-short.pdf

Create an Account and Log in to:

http://fires.fdnycloud.org/CitizenAccess

This book is provided to the public for free by the FDNY.

The F-03 C of F test covers the entire booklet, and the F-04 C of F test

covers most of this booklet except “section 2- special fire safety

precautions for theaters”.

Note: The F-03 and F-04 were previously the F-94 Certificate of Fitness:

fireguard for places of public assembly and fireguard for film studios.

This book is provided to the public for free by the FDNY.

TABLE OF CONTENT

EXAM SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR F-03/F-04 CERTIFICATE OF

FITNESS .......................................................................................... I

STUDY MATERIAL AND TEST DECRIPTION ...................................... V

INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 1

Definition ....................................................................................... 4

PART I. INDOOR PLACE OF ASSEMBLY SAFETY PERSONNEL ......... 15

1. THE DUTIES OF PLACE OF ASSEMBLY SAFETY PERSONNEL ..... 15

1.1 Fire safety and evacuation plan...................................................................... 15

1.2 Pre-event visual check ........................................................................................ 16

1.3 During the event .................................................................................................... 19

2. SPECIAL FIRE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS FOR THEATERS ............. 21

2.1 Daily visual checks. .............................................................................................. 21

2.2 During the performance. .................................................................................... 22

2.3 Regular visual checks. ........................................................................................ 23

PART II. TEMPORARY PLACE OF ASSEMBLY SAFETY PERSONNEL . 24

3. THE DUTIES OF TEMPORARY PLACE OF ASSEMBLY SAFETY

PERSONNEL .................................................................................. 24

3.1 Orientation ............................................................................................................... 24

3.2 Pre-events visual checks .................................................................................... 25

3.3 Prohibitions.............................................................................................................. 26

3.4 During the event .................................................................................................... 27

PART III. FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM, EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

AND FIRE EXTINGUISHERS ........................................................... 29

4. FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM ...................................................... 29

4.1 Manual or pull station devices ........................................................................ 29

4.2 Safety requirements ............................................................................................. 30

4.3 Sprinkler system .................................................................................................... 33

4.4 Standpipe system .................................................................................................. 34

4.5 Fire alarm system ................................................................................................. 35

5. EMERGENCY PROCEDURES ....................................................... 36

5.1 General emergency procedures ....................................................................... 36

5.2 Fire emergency ....................................................................................................... 36

5.3 Medical emergency ............................................................................................... 38

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5.4 Bomb or other explosion threats .................................................................... 39

5.5 Chemical incident or release ........................................................................... 39

5.6 Active shooter incidents .................................................................................... 39

6. PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS ............................................. 45

6.1 Typical Fire Extinguishers .................................................................................... 48

6.2 Portable Fire Extinguisher Inspections .......................................................... 49

6.3 Portable Fire Extinguisher (PFE) Tags ............................................................. 50

7. LITHIUM-ION BATTERY SAFETY ..................................................... 52

This book is provided to the public for free by the FDNY.

EXAM SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR

F-03/F-04 CERTIFICATE OF FITNESS

Save time and submit application online!

All applicants are required to apply and pay for an exam online before

arriving at the FDNY. It can take about 30 minutes to complete.

Simplified instructions for online application and payment can be found here:

http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/fdny/downloads/pdf/business/fdny-business-cof-

individuals-short.pdf

Create an Account and Log in to:

http://fires.fdnycloud.org/CitizenAccess

Simplified instructions for online application and payment can be found here:

http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/fdny/downloads/pdf/business/fdny-business-cof-individuals-short.pdf

Create an Account and Log in to:

https://fires.fdnycloud.org/CitizenAccess/SAML/NYCIDLogin.aspx

REQUIREMENTS FOR CERTIFICATE OF FITNESS APPLICATION

General requirements:

Review the General Notice of Exam:

http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/fdny/downloads/pdf/business/general-notice-of-exam-cof.pdf

Special requirements for the: F-03/F-04 Certificate of Fitness:

• F-03 C of F is a premises-related certification, and it is designed for the

occupancies with Place of Assembly Certificate of Operation (PA). The F-03 C of

F holders are responsible for maintaining fire safety in any approved place of

assembly (PA) or temporary place of assembly (TPA) activities held in the

premises.

• F-04 Certificate of Fitness holders are responsible to assist in maintaining fire

safety in any TEMPORARY place of assembly event with a TPA permit.

For applicants who want to take the place of assembly C of F tests:

Do you perform your

duties in a specific

occupancy with a Place

of Assembly permit (e.g.,

theater, TV studio,

stadium, terminals)?

No, only work for temporary

place of assembly events at

different locations.

Yes, will work in a specific

premises.

Take F-04 test

Take F-03 test

This book is provided to the public for free by the FDNY.

• The applicants who pass the F-03 Certificate of Fitness exam are allowed to

pay the additional $25 fee to obtain the F-04 Certificate of Fitness without

taking the F-04 exam.

This book is provided to the public for free by the FDNY.

III

Application fee (Cash is NO LONGER ACCEPTED):

Pay the $25 application fee online or in person by one of the following methods:

• Credit card (American Express, Discover, MasterCard, or Visa)

• Debit card (MasterCard or Visa)

• In person: Personal or company check or money order (made payable to the

New York City Fire Department)

A convenience fee of 2% will be applied to all credit card payments.

For fee waivers submit: (Only government employees who will use their COF for

their work- related responsibilities are eligible for fee waivers.)

• A letter requesting fee waiver on the Agency’s official letterhead stating applicant

full name, exam type and address of premises; AND

• Copy of identification card issued by the agency.

REQUIREMENTS FOR ALTERNATIVE ISSUANCE PROCEDURE (AIP)

No AIP available. This certificate of fitness can only be obtained by passing

the computer exam at the FDNY Headquarters.

EXAM INFORMATION

The F-03 exam will consist of 25 multiple-choice questions. The F-04 exam will

consist of 20 multiple-choice questions. All exams administered on a “touch screen”

computer monitor. All tests are time-limit exams. Based on the amount of the

questions, you will have 38 minutes to complete F-03 exams; you will have 30

minutes to complete F-04 exams.

A passing score of at least 70% is required in order to secure a Certificate of Fitness.

Call (718) 999-1988 for additional information and forms.

Please always check for the latest revised booklet at FDNY website before you take

the exam.

http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/fdny/downloads/pdf/business/cof-f04-noe-study-materials.pdf

This book is provided to the public for free by the FDNY.

Exam site: FDNY Headquarters, 9 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY. Enter

through the Flatbush Avenue entrance (between Myrtle

Avenue and Tech Place).

RENEWAL REQUIREMENTS

General renewal requirements:

Review the General Notice of Exam:

http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/fdny/downloads/pdf/business/general-notice-of-exam-cof.pdf

Special renewal requirements for F-03/F-04 COF: None

The FDNY strongly recommends the F-03/F-04 COF holders to renew the COF

on-line. To learn the simplified on-line renewal:

http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/fdny/downloads/pdf/business/cof-simplified-renewal-short.pdf

QUESTIONS?

FDNY Business Support Team: For questions, call 311 and ask for the FDNY

Customer Service Center or send an email to FDNY.BusinessSuppo[email protected]

This book is provided to the public for free by the FDNY.

STUDY MATERIAL AND TEST DECRIPTION

About the Study Material

This study material will help you prepare for the examination for the Certificate of

Fitness for place of assembly safety personnel. The study material includes

information taken from the 2022 New York City Fire Code. This study material

consists of 3 parts. The exam covers the entire booklet and any tables.

Special material provided during the exam: Study Material and booklets are

not allowed to be used during the exam. If required for exam, Reference Material

will be provided to you by Exam room personnel. Exam computer station will

also prompt if reference material is required for your exam.

It is critical that you read and understand this booklet to help increase your

chance of passing this exam. The study material does not contain all of the

information you need to know to work as a safety personnel. It is your responsibility

to become familiar with all applicable rules and regulations of the City of New York,

even if they are not covered in this booklet. You need to be familiar with the Fire Code

Section 403, 404, 906 and the Fire Rule Section 403-01, 403-02 and 404-01 which

regulate the duties of safety personnel for managing the occupants in public

gathering events.

The F-03 C of F test covers the entire booklet, and the F-04 C of F test covers

most of this booklet except “section 2- special fire safety precautions for

theaters”.

About the Test

All questions on the Certificate of Fitness examination are of the multiple-choice type

with four alternative answers to each question. There are 25 questions in the F-03

test and 20 questions in the F-04 test. Only one answer is most correct for each

question. If you do not answer a question or if you mark more than one alternative

your answer will be scored as incorrect. A score of 70% is required on the

examination in order to qualify for the Certificate of Fitness. Read each question

carefully before choosing your answer. There is no penalty for guessing.

SAMPLE QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following are allowed to be used while taking a Certificate of

Fitness examination at 9 Metro Tech Center?

This book is provided to the public for free by the FDNY.

I. cellular phone

II. study material booklet

III. reference material provided by the FDNY

IV. mp3 player

A. III only

B. I, II, and III

C. II and IV

D. I only

Only reference material provided by the FDNY is allowed to be used during Certificate

of Fitness examinations. Therefore, the correct answer would be A. You would touch

“A” on the computer terminal screen.

2. If the screen on your computer terminal freezes during your examination,

who should you ask for help?

A. the person next to you

B. the firefighters

C. the examiner in the testing room

D. the computer help desk

If you have a computer related question, you should ask the examiner in the testing

room. Therefore, the correct answer would be C. You would touch “C” on the

computer terminal screen.

3. If you do not know the answer to a question while taking an examination,

who should you ask for help?

A. the person next to you

B. the firefighters

C. the examiner in the testing room

D. you should not ask about test questions since FDNY staff can not assist

applicants

You should not ask about examination questions or answers since FDNY staff cannot

assist applicants with their tests. Therefore, the correct answer would be D. You

would touch "D" on the computer terminal screen.

This book is provided to the public for free by the FDNY.

INTRODUCTION

This study material outlines the policies about individuals that are responsible to

assist in maintaining fire safety in indoor and outdoor places of assembly and public

gathering events. The name of the Certificate of Fitness that will be issued by the

Fire Department to those applicants that pass the exam is “place of assembly safety

personnel”. In the past, the Fire Department has commonly referred to these type

individuals as “fire guards”. The title of the Certificate of Fitness has changed to

“place of assembly safety personnel” from fire guard because it more accurately

represents the duties and responsibilities of such individuals.

Place of assembly safety personnel are needed in certain in indoor and outdoor

places of assembly and public gathering places. Their main duties are to “assist the

occupants” in the event of a fire or other emergency. Making sure that the exits are

unobstructed, immediately accessible, and properly identified are the first steps

toward achieving safety in a place of assembly. The main goal is moving the

occupants away from the hazard. Occupants must know not only where exits are,

but also when and how to use them. Most occupants of places of assembly are likely

to exit the same way they entered the building, whether or not it is the nearest or

safest exit. The role of fire safety personnel is to help direct occupants to the nearest

and safest exit.

Most assembly occupancies are required to have a fire safety and evacuation plan

that provides for the safety of building occupants in the event of fire or other

emergency. The plan must consider the following information:

• number of building occupants.

• the type, location and arrangement of building exits.

• the fire and its effects on the people and the building.

• the number, training and capability of staff to direct or perform fire

evacuation or initial fire-fighting duties.

The plan, combined with effective practice, increases the desired life safety outcome.

One concern in an assembly occupancy is the occupant’s lack of familiarity with the

building design. Also, lighting conditions in assembly spaces may interfere with the

occupants’ ability to determine the path of egress travel. In most places of assembly

occupancies, occupants should be directed to the nearest exit. The types of public

assembly occupancies required to have place of assembly safety personnel, the

number of persons required, and duties will be in the fire safety and evacuation plan.

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Requirements

I. When and where are the place of assembly safety personnel required?

The FDNY may require at least one place of assembly safety personnel at the

premises where the Certificate of Occupancy indicates that 75 or more people will

gather indoors or 200 or more outdoors. Some of the types of places of assembly that

may require to have place of assembly safety personnel include, but are not limited to:

 Cabarets

 Dance halls

 Indoor skating rinks

 Bowling alleys

 Museums

 Bingo halls

 Movie theaters

 Television/radio studios admitting an

audience

 Sports arenas

 Circuses

 Performing art theaters (live)

 Stadiums

 Passenger terminals

Any event that needs a temporary place of assembly permit (TPA). For example,

festivals, outdoor concerts, or other similar outdoor public gatherings.

II. How many place of assembly safety personnel will be required?

The fire safety and evacuation plan for your facility will specify when and how many

may be required. For the temporary place of assembly situations, the minimum

number of safety personnel will be indicated on the TPA permit.

The safety personnel should be present during the public gathering event. For TPA

events, the safety personnel are required to arrive at the premises at least 1 hour

prior to the events and remain until all audience members leave. Fire Department

personnel may be on scene to provide additional direction on the number of required

place of assembly safety personnel.

The Certificate of Fitness holder must keep the Certificates of Fitness upon his

or her person, or otherwise readily available for inspection by any

representative of the Department.

The safety personnel should be familiar with the procedures of evacuation and the

evacuation routes for the areas where they are performing their duties. The safety

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personnel must be familiar with the duties for notifying the Fire Department in the

event of fire or other emergency (FC Chapter 4 Section 401.2). Further information

is available at:

• Emergency Planning and Preparedness: [FC Chapter 4 Section 403 & 407]

• Fire Protection System: [FC Chapter 9 Sections 901, 903, 905-907]

• Means of Egress [FC Chapter 10]

This book is provided to the public for free by the FDNY.

Definitions

Assembly Areas - A designated area outside of a building to which building

occupants are directed to report upon implementation of a partial or full evacuation

in accordance with a comprehensive fire safety and emergency plan or a fire and

emergency preparedness plan.

Assembly Group Occupancies- is the use of a building or structure for the gathering

of any number of people for purposes such as public, social or religious functions,

recreation, food or drink consumption, awaiting transportation, or similar group

activities.

Building Occupants - All persons in the building, including employees, building staff

and visitors.

Emergency Health Care Facility - A sheltered area or building either naturally or

artificially so lighted as will promote the health and safety of patients provided

emergency medical care and containing cot(s) and/or litter(s) and emergency medical

equipment and supplies as required by New York State Sanitary Code PART – 18.2.

Evacuation – The emptying of a building or part of building occupants in response to

a fire or non-fire emergency.

FEP - Fire and emergency preparedness plan.

FEP Staff - The individuals identified in a fire safety and emergency preparedness

plan as responsible for the implementation of such plan, including but not limited to

FEP coordinators.

Fire and Life Safety Director - The Certificate of Fitness holder who perform duties

of such position, and who possesses the Certificate of Fitness requisite qualifications

and training, as set forth in the Fire Rules.

Fire Drill - A training exercise by which building occupants are familiarized with

and/or practice the procedures for the safe, orderly and prompt sheltering in place,

in-building relocation, partial evacuation or full evacuation or any combination in the

event of a fire, in accordance with the emergency preparedness plan for the premises.

Fire drill will be conducted at certain intervals based on occupancy type.

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Partial Evacuation - The emptying of a building of some but not all building

occupants in response to a fire or an emergency.

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The NYC Department of Buildings classifies groups of structures upon the use

of occupancy. It is very important to know the difference as each type of

occupancy has its unique fire risks. It is important to know the unique location

where you are working and bring awareness.

Assembly Group Occupancies: is the use of a building or structure for the

gathering of any number of people for purposes such as public, social, or

religious functions, recreation, food or drink consumption, awaiting

transportation, or similar group activities.

Assembly Group A-1 occupancy includes assembly uses usually with fixed seating,

intended for the production and viewing of performing arts or motion pictures. They

include but are not limited to motion picture theaters, concert halls, television and

radio studios with an audience and theaters.

Assembly Group A-2 includes assembly uses intended for food and/or drink

consumption. They include but are not limited to banquet halls, cabarets, casinos,

nightclubs (including dance halls), restaurants, taverns, and bars.

Assembly Group A-3 includes assembly uses intended for worship, recreation, or

amusement. They include but are not limited to art galleries, bowling alleys,

courtrooms, dance studio, funeral parlors, gymnasiums, lecture halls, museums,

houses of worship, school auditoriums and transportation terminals.

Assembly Group A-4 includes assembly uses intended for viewing of indoor sporting

events and activities with spectator seating. They include but are not limited to

arenas, skating rinks, swimming pools, and tennis courts.

Assembly Group A-5 includes assembly uses intended for participation in or viewing

outdoor activities. They include but are not limited to amusement parks, bleachers,

grandstands, and stadiums.

DISASTERS AT PUBLIC GATHERINGS

In summary, there are 5 main overall issues when performing place of assembly

safety personnel duties.

1. Overcrowding and crowd control.

2. Event egress: There were too few exits.

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3. Fire safety measures: Emergency exits were blocked or not functioning

properly. No appropriate signage was present.

4. Medical preparedness: There was no incident plan in place in case of an

emergency.

5. Emergency response: Many events reported poor initial communication or

response time with emergency services.

Afterwards, there are case studies based upon past unfortunate events.

These case studies are being provided for educational purposes, only. The

facts are based upon public reports and not meant to express any legal

opinion or assessment by the FDNY. It is being provided as a “lesson(s)

learned” so Certificate of Fitness holder may learn from past publicly

reported incidents. It should lead to awareness. The format of these case

studies includes fire and non-fire emergencies. It will include a summary of

reported facts and lessons learned.

DISASTERS OCCURING IN OUTDOOR LOCATIONS

Port Said Stadium Disaster, Port Said, Egypt. 2012

Disaster Summary

At least 79 people were killed and over 1,000

injuries were reported after an Egyptian football

match between Al-Masry and Al-Ahly clubs. Al-

Masry fans threw bottles and fireworks at the Al-

Ahly players. The Al-Masry fans armed with

knives, swords, clubs, and stones, and

subsequently attacked the Al-Ahly fans, who

tried to escape by running away. The deaths

were caused by stab wounds, brain hemorrhages,

and concussions while some were deliberately

thrown off the stands or died in the stampede.

The steel exit doors were bolted shut and dozens

were crushed to death in the stampede. Over 1,000 injuries were reported, some from

the panic in the crowd as fans tried to escape.

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Lessons Learned

 Control of hazardous materials.

 Event access points.

 Fire safety measures.

 Emergency responses.

Love Parade Stampede, Duisburg, Germany. 2010

Disaster Summary

21 people who died at the Love Parade music

festival tragedy because they were crushed in a

mass panic and suffocated when they bottle-

necked in a tunnel. Over 500 people were injured.

The capacity of the enclosed section was

estimated to be 250,000, but there was 1.4

million people attending the festival. The

entrances to the music festival were too narrow,

and the emergency exits were too few or were

blocked.

Lessons Learned

 Crowd control is important. As well as not exceeding capacity.

 Communication with EMS is important.

 Incident plan is important in emergencies.

 Event access points:

Wide routes are very important in evacuating attendees in the event of an

emergency, Fire Guards are important in evacuations.

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Ellis Park Stadium Disaster, Johannesburg, South Africa. 2001

Disaster Summary

43 people were crushed to death and 158 injuries at an

overcrowded stadium. The accident was caused when an

estimated 30,000 extra fans tried to cram into the

already full 60,000 capacity stadium by shoving and

breaking through the fence around the facility or climbed

over gates. Guards were unable to stop the crowd from

pouring into the already full stands. People outside tried

to push into Ellis Park stadium and were trapped against

barbed wire. Movement of a mass people cause a major

crush incident.

Lessons Learned

 Overcrowding issues have serious consequences.

 Locations must follow the allowable number of people into an event. Exceeding it

will clearly endanger occupants.

 Emergency responses issue

Failed to clearly identify and designate areas of responsibility. Poor decision-making

by security personnel.

 No operational commend center was failure point.

Route 91 Harvest Festival, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. 2017

Disaster Summary

On the third day of the country music festival, a lone shooter open fired on a crowd

of 22,000 concertgoers from his 32

hotel window at the Mandalay Bay Hotel and

Casino. The festival was held on the 17.5-acre open-air Las Vegas Village. He fired

more than 1,000 rounds lasting about10 minutes which ended up killing 60 people

and wounding at least 413 others. The chaos and panic of the event caused the total

number of injured concertgoers to rise to 867 people.

There were 50 Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department officers, one Clark County

fire prevention inspector and 16 EMS personnel with three ambulances that provided

medical care on-site. An initial notification of a mass casualty incident varied among

the numerous response agencies. Since the event was on a Sunday evening, most

response leaders were at home getting ready for bed when they learned of the news

by phone calls, social media, and direct messages from colleagues. One hour later,

the shooter took his own life before law enforcement officers knocked down the door

to his hotel room. The motive for the shooting was officially undetermined by the

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Federal Bureau of Investigations. This incident is considered one of the deadliest

mass shootings by a single person in American history.

Lessons Learned

 In emergencies with large crowds, panic can quickly escalate.

 An active shooter with a rifle can cause massive damages.

 Medical attention for large active shooter events has immediate life-saving

capacities.

 In large stadiums, many individuals can be injured very quickly due to active

shooters.

DISASTERS OCCURING AT INDOOR LOCATIONS

Lame Horse Fire, Perm, Russia. 2009

Disaster Summary

The fire started when sparks from fireworks

ignited the low ceiling and its willow twig

covering. The fire quickly spread to the walls

and damaged the building's electrical wiring,

causing the lights to fail. When the

evacuation started, some people left via rear

exits. The vast intake of oxygen turned the

club's hall into a large fire tube and boosted

the spread of fire. As fumes and smoke

overtook the air, panic erupted, and patrons

stampeded toward the exit. One leaf of the

club's double doors was sealed shut, and

the public was unaware of the backdoor exit

behind the stage not shown by emergency lighting. At least 153 people died in the

blaze, most killed by carbon monoxide gas and smoke.

Lessons Learned

 Fire safety measure:

Use of pyrotechnics should be only in approved facilities. No proper signs and

direction for exiting. The second leaves of two sets of double doors were locked shut.

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Station Nightclub Fire, West Warwick, RI, USA.

2003

Disaster Summary

More than two-thirds of the 462 people in attendance

were either killed or injured (100 dead, 230 injured).

A live band that was using fireworks as part of its act

ignited foam insulation that had been installed

around and over the stage. The flames quickly moved

to the ceiling, creating billows of smoke and a

panicked race for the front door.

Lessons Learned

 Fire safety measure:

The club did not have an automatic fire sprinkler system to extinguish the fire.

Club was at capacity, but was not overcrowded. Most of the victims died at the

primary entrance where the rush of frantic spectators created a logjam at the front

door. No proper signs or directions to direct the panic people to use exit routes

other than the front door.

Uphaar Cinema Fire, Delhi, India. 1997.

Disaster Summary

The fire broke out after the transformer at

the parking level burst in the theatre’s

basement car park, and 20 cars in the

parking lot caught fire, eventually spreading

through the cinema. 59 people died and 103

were seriously injured in the subsequent

stampede; most of the victims were trapped

on the balcony and were suffocated as they

tried to reach dimly marked exits to escape

the smoke and fire, and found the doors locked.

Lessons Learned

 Emergency responses issue:

Cinema management was blamed for losing precious time in alerting the fire

services. When the fire broke out, the movie was not stopped, nor any

announcement made to evacuate the audience.

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 Fire safety measure:

The proper distance between the transformer room and the car park was not

maintained. Exit signs were not battery-operated and once the lights went out,

panic-struck people had to grope in the dark for exits, many of which were blocked

by seats.

Colectiv Nightclub Fire - Bucharest, Romania. 2015.

Disaster Summary

The fatal fire occurred in an occupied nightclub during a free concert by the illegal

use of pyrotechnics indoors. The flammable polyurethane acoustic foam on one of the

pillars near the stage was ignited and spread quickly to the ceiling eventually causing

the pillar to collapse. At first concertgoers thought that the flames were part of the

show and did not immediately react. Once the fire grew across the ceiling between

200-400 concertgoers panicked and rushed to the only working exit door of the venue

causing a stampede. Only one side of the double exit door was operational causing it

to be too narrow for adequate egress. Many tried to break down the other half of the

egress door while others smashed windows to escape. Many concertgoers at this

point were suffering from burns and respiratory distress. The fire killed 64 people

and injured 146 others causing it to be the deadliest fire in their country’s history.

Lessons Learned

 The club had only one means of egress (door was 31 inches wide) and no fire

suppression system.

 Only one fire extinguisher was provided for a 4,570 square foot nightclub.

 The club was authorized for only 80 seats but allowed in more concertgoers causing

an overcrowding condition.

Iraqi Wedding Hall – Hamdaniya, Iraq September 2023

Disaster Summary

The lethal fire broke out at an occupied wedding venue during the bride and groom’s

first dance. As the dance began, a ring of pyrotechnic machines on the floor released

sparks into the air. The walls and ceiling panels were made of highly flammable

Ecobond that violated safety instruction requirements caught fire and burst into

flames. Guests stampeded towards the exit doors as flaming decorations and pieces

of the ceiling began to rain on them. Minutes later the ceiling collapsed obstructing

egress causing injuries and deaths. A blackout occurred shortly after ensuing mass

chaos and panic. The fire killed 94 individuals and injured 150 people. 30 people

have been identified by family members, but the rest are too badly burned and will

require DNA identification. 14 individuals were arrested in connection with the

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incident due to the hall not meeting safety measures and no fire extinguishers were

present.

Lessons Learned

 No fire extinguishers were present at the venue.

 Sufficient egress for the amount of people present (1,300 people) was not provided.

The Dark Knight Rises, Aurora, Colorado, USA 2012

Disaster Summary

On July 20, 2012, a mass shooting occurred inside a movie theater during a

midnight screening of the film The Dark Knight Rises. According to police the shooter,

James Holms bought a ticket to the movie, entered the theater and sat in the front

row. About twenty minutes into the movie, he left his seat and exited the theater

through an emergency exit door by the movie screen which led to direct access into

the parking lot at the back of the shopping complex. He propped open the doorway

using a plastic tablecloth holder. 400 people were inside the theater. Holmes went to

his car, changed into tactical gear and a gas mask, and retrieved his guns. He

returned through the same exit door. He threw a canister containing smoke and/or

gas that partially obscured the audience members vision and caused eye and throat

irritation. Ambulances were delayed due to congestion and panic at scene causing

delays in critical care. Holmes fired 76 shots in the theater which killed 12 people

and injured 70 others (58 being from gunfire).

Lessons Learned

 Prompt notification to emergency first responders, results in faster response onsite

by personnel.

 Where possible, ensure access to first responder emergency vehicles to provide life-

saving care.

Proper responses, different results

Electric Cinema Fire, London, UK. 2012

Event Summary

Around 200 people were evacuated from a cinema after it caught fire on a busy

shopping street. Up to 60 firefighters battled the blaze and 12 fire engines were sent

to the scene. The staff acted quickly, calling emergency services who were on site

immediately, and all members and guests were safely evacuated with no injuries.

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Lessons Learned

 Swift actions by the cinema staff helped prevent a major catastrophe from

occurring by making a prompt phone call to emergency services.

 Members and guests were evacuated, and no fatalities were reported.

Fine Line Music Cafe Fire, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. 2003

Event Summary

Fine Line fire, which left $1.8 million in property damage, was started when a band's

pyrotechnics ignited a fire in the ceiling, as it was at The Station Nightclub Fire. But

unlike The Station, The Fine Line was prepared for the emergency, not overcrowded

and fitted with proper emergency exits. Once the fire was discovered, management

and staff evacuated patrons from the building to safety. 120 patrons were escorted to

safety within two minutes. There were no injuries.

Lessons Learned

 Overcrowding was not an issue at this café making it easy to evacuate the

occupants.

 Emergency exits were not blocked and in proper working order.

 Safety preparedness saves lives.

Lunt-Fontanne Theater (Broadway), New York, New York, USA. 2015

Event Summary

A medical emergency temporarily stopped a Broadway musical performance. A

woman collapsed about three minutes into the performance. The staff at the theater

made an announcement over the PA system announcing that there is a medical

emergency in the theater. All performers were asked to congregate backstage while

paramedics rushed to the theater and assisted the woman in distress. The incident

lasted about twenty minutes and then the show was able to continue without further

interruption.

Lessons Learned

 A vigilant member in the audience spotted a woman having a medical emergency.

 Contact was quickly made with emergency services personnel.

 Quick response by paramedics helped the woman receive medical attention and

the show was only delayed for twenty minutes.

 Fast medical response can save lives.

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PART I. INDOOR PLACE OF ASSEMBLY SAFETY PERSONNEL

1. THE DUTIES OF PLACE OF ASSEMBLY SAFETY PERSONNEL

Place of assembly safety personnel are to assist with “the occupants” in the event of a

fire or other emergency. Verifying that the exits are unobstructed, immediately

accessible, and appropriately identified is only the first step towards achieving safety

in a place of assembly. Two duties of the place of assembly safety personnel are: (1)

maintaining the safety of the occupants during a gathering; and (2) assisting in

implementing the evacuation plan in the event of an emergency.

Place of assembly safety personnel are important in preventing injury and fatalities

from fires at places of assembly. They should know how to:

1) keep exit paths clear;

2) be able to identify potential problems;

3) how to report the fire or other types of emergencies to the FDNY;

4) and how to keep crowds orderly and safe during an emergency.

1.1 Fire safety and evacuation plan

To be an effective place of assembly safety personnel, it is recommended that you

have a working knowledge of Fire and Emergency Preparedness Plan (FEP). This

comprehensive fire and emergency action plan is required by the NYC Fire Code and

states that fire and life safety (FLS) staff consisting of an FLS director, and such other

staff is necessary for such building and/or occupancy. The personnel should be

provided with an initial and refresher orientation. This orientation should be received

from the fire and life safety director/ coordinator, or other on-site personnel. The fire

safety personnel must be present during regular business hours and one or more of

the members of the FLS staff hold a Certificate of Fitness for place of assembly with

knowledge of fire safety.

If any fire safety director or other building employees are responsible for

implementing the fire and emergency preparedness plan or training FLS staff is

provided in the building, the place of assembly safety personnel must follow their

instruction for the emergency procedures. In the event of a fire, or fire alarm, the

place of assembly safety personnel must direct the evacuation of the area with

directions received and the evacuation plan.

If a fire safety director or other building employees are responsible for applying the

fire and emergency preparedness plan or training, the FLS staff must follow the

instructions for the emergency procedures. In the event of a fire, or fire alarm

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activation the place of assembly personnel must direct the evacuation of the area in

response with the directions received and the evacuation plan.

Safety personnel should know the location of exits and how to communicate with

FDNY and the occupants in case of an emergency.

1.2 Pre-event visual check

Pre-event visual checks are important to reduce the potential risks associated with

public assembly events. The pre-event visual check should be conducted by the

designated person (e.g., your supervisor, or you) before the occupancy is to be used

or occupied. If any defects are discovered, the building owner or the designated

responsible person (e.g., your supervisor, or you) should be aware of it and should

make arrangements to have the defects corrected IMMEDIATELY. If an issue that

cannot be resolved immediately, such as an electrical issue, an impairment of a

sprinkler or standpipe systems are found further action will need to be addressed as

written in the Fire Code. Otherwise, if the issue is not resolved the event may be

canceled. Additional fireguards may be required, an FDNY watch line (a fire company

remains on scene to evaluate if flow of water is needed) or other drastic measures will

need to occur before the event can begin.

The following safety requirements should be met:

(1) All physical features are installed or arranged according to the approved place

of assembly drawing.

(2) Door hardware and physical components of the means of egress are always

maintained in good working order.

(3) All required means of egress and access to each exit, exit access and exit

discharge, are being maintained free from obstructions and impediments in

the event of fire or other emergency.

(4) No storage of combustible material and combustible waste in corridors.

(5) Maximum capacity is posted (placard required).

(6) Emergency exit lighting is present and operational.

(7) Exit signs are posted.

(8) Seats should be securely fastened to the floors. For temporary seating, the

seats must be secured together in an approved layout.

(9) A functioning fire alarm and sprinkler system, if available. If any required fire

protection system is out of service, additional F-01 fire guard(s) is/are required.

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The acronym ESCAPE may be used as a reminder for doing the pre-event inspection:

E - Exits – All exits are unblocked, unlocked, and properly marked

S - Storage – The occupancy is clean, orderly and there is no excessive storage. No

storage of combustible material and combustible waste in corridors.

Hazardous materials are stored, handled or used only in the designated

areas and are away from any ignition sources.

C - Capacity – The number of persons occupying the building or space does not

exceed the posted capacity. Capacity certificates are properly posted.

A - Aisles – All aisles are free and clear at all times.

P - Protection – Smoke, fire alarm, sprinkler systems, and fire extinguishers are in

proper working order.

E - Emergency exit lighting – All exit signs and emergency exit lighting are working

properly.

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Examples of unacceptable situations

Blocked Exit

Locked Exit

Obstructed Aisle

Obstructed Manual Pull Station

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1.3 During the event

As a place of assembly safety personnel, your responsibilities include:

(1) You should be aware of possible overcrowding. Monitor the amount of people in

your area of assembly. If you notice that your responsible area is excessively

crowded, you should inform your supervisor immediately and follow his/her

instruction.

(2) You should monitor your areas of assembly and confirm that the exit paths are

always clear. Required aisles must be unobstructed. People are NOT allowed

to stand, in an aisle.

(3) You should look for situations that could lead to challenges in the event of

emergency.

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An example of a Checklist is shown below.

Checklist for your area of responsibility (Indoor)

List

Mark “x”

if yes

Note

Pre-event

Do you know the locations of the exits,

stairways and evacuation routes?

□

If no, obtain such information before

starting your duty.

Do you know how to notify the FDNY in

case of emergency?

□

If no, obtain such information before

starting your duty.

Do you know how to notify your supervisor

in case of overcrowding and emergency?

□

If no, obtain such information before

starting your duty.

4. Exits and stairways

- Are they free of

obstructions? Are exit doors/gates free of

locks? Do self-closing doors all close, and is

lighting in exit corridors adequate and fully

operational?

□ If no, correct and comply

5. Storage- Is the area clean, orderly and no

excessive storage? Are the hazardous

materials stored, handled, or used only in

the designated areas and are away from any

ignition sources?

□ If no, correct and comply

6. Capacity certificate placard- Is it posted?

□

If no, correct and comply

7. Aisle – Are aisles free and clear at all times?

□

If no, correct and comply

8. Protection

–

 Are any fire extinguishers provided and

are they operational?

□ If no, correct and comply

 Are fire alarm pull stations provided and

operational in my area of responsibility?

□

If yes, where are they located?

______________________

If not required, what procedures will be

used to notify the building occupants of

a fire?

_______________________

9. Emergency exit lighting – Are they

operational?

□ If no, report to your supervisor

10. Lithium-Ion Battery operated mobility

devices (E-bikes & E-scooters) other than

Management.

□ If yes, report to your supervisor

During-event visual check

Exit and aisles – Are the exits and exit paths

staying clear? Are all marked exits unlocked

and unobstructed at all times?

□ If no, correct and comply

Potential hazards- any situation that could

lead to challenges in the event of an

emergency?

□ If yes, correct and comply

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Emergency Notification Procedures:

• Call 911.

• Notify the building occupants by ____________________________.

• The designated people (e.g., fire safety director or building owner) for emergency

situations. Their phone numbers are:

Name Phone number

_____________ ___________________

2. SPECIAL FIRE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS FOR PERFORMING ARTS AND

MOTION PICTURE THEATERS (A-1 OCCUPANCIES)

Safety personnel are required for performing arts, motion picture theaters or other

similar indoor public gatherings. Regular inspections are required for theaters. Every

theater admitting an audience must be periodically inspected for fire safety in

compliance with the Fire Department requirements.

2.1 Daily visual checks.

The Certificate of Fitness holder must conduct the daily visual checks in a

performing arts or motion picture theater on any day in which the premises is to be

used and occupied for a performance. Such visual checks must verify compliance

with the following requirements:

(A) Means of egress, including exit access, exits and exit discharges, must be inspected

daily to ensure that they are unobstructed, that there are no impediments to their

immediate use and that door hardware and other devices and components are in

good working order.

(B) Automatic fire doors must be visually checked to ensure that there are no

obstructions to their closing.

and in a bound logbook and readily available for inspection by an FDNY

representative.

(D) Portable fire extinguishers must be visually checked to ensure that they are

readily available for use.

(E) If special effects are to be used during the performance, all the conditions of the

permit, including, where applicable, a fire watch and/or additional portable fire

extinguishers, are in place.

(F) Manual fire alarm boxes inspection records should be up to date and in a bound

logbook and readily available for inspection by an FDNY representative.

(G) The inspection records for skylights and other stage smoke vents are up to date and

in a bound logbook and readily available for inspection by an FDNY representative.

(H) All areas of the theater, including the backstage, under the stage, and outdoor areas

must be visually checked to confirm that there is no accumulation of rubbish or

other combustible waste that, if ignited, could cause a fire or smoke condition.

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All logbooks and records must be kept on the premises for a minimum of three (3)

years and readily available for inspection by an FDNY representative.

2.2 During the performance.

The event coordinator should make an audio announcement not more than 10

minutes prior to the start of each performance or program. This announcement

informs the occupants of the location of the exits to be used in case of an emergency.

As a place of assembly safety personnel, you should verify if the following

requirements are complied with:

(A) The prohibition against smoking in performing arts, motion picture theaters or

other similar indoor public gatherings.

(B) All doors in a performing art theater are to be kept closed.

stand, in an aisle. The space to be occupied by standing audience members

must be separated from the space and be left clear for passage by a rope, tape,

barriers, barricades, fencing or other suitable materials. A height of not less

than 3 feet and not more than 4 feet above the floor, supported by lightweight

posts, all to be constructed and not cause an obstruction in case of panic or

emergency. Such standing areas must be clearly defined by durable markings

on the floor indicating the standing area. For balconies, only one row of

persons is allowed to stand in balconies.

Standing in passageways:

Patrons standing in passageways is a serious problem. Blockages can cause delays

during evacuations and emergencies. There should be 6-10 feet of available space

to exit during an emergency. Patrons should always be asked to move in case of an

emergency. Monitoring of the passageways MUST be done throughout the

performance.

Aisles must be

unobstructed.

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Figure 3.

2.3 Regular visual checks.

A-1 occupancies must be operated and maintained with all FDNY requirements. Out-

of-service fire alarm, sprinkler or standpipe systems MUST be reported immediately

to your supervisor. Also at least one F-01 Fire guard must be present when the

system is out of service. The F-03 certificate will not cover duties for F-01. Your

supervisor will need to make arrangement for an F-01 Certificate of Fitness holder. If

you hold an F-01 Certificate of Fitness, you CANNOT do both duties at the same time.

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PART II. TEMPORARY PLACE OF ASSEMBLY SAFETY PERSONNEL

3. THE DUTIES OF TEMPORARY PLACE OF ASSEMBLY SAFETY PERSONNEL

3.1 Orientation

Safety personnel are required in any event that needs a temporary place of assembly

permit (TPA), for example, festivals, outdoor concerts or other similar temporary

public gathering.

Prior to the temporary place of assembly event, the sponsor and any promoter of the

event must provide a site plan approved by the NYC Department of Buildings.

Your supervisor, you or other designated person should verify that operations and

facilities are designed, installed, operated and maintained in compliance with the

requirements of the site plan and Fire Code.

For Temporary Public Assembly activities, the safety personnel may perform their

duties for different events based on different site plans. Upon the arrival of the safety

personnel to the area, the personnel should be provided with an orientation from the

event coordinator or other on-site personnel familiar with the site plan.

Generally, from the orientation, as place of assembly safety personnel, you should

know:

(1) the location and number of exits.

(2) the procedures of evacuation and the evacuation routes.

(3) the number of occupants.

(4) the locations of fire extinguishers.

(5) if there is a dedicated telephone line to the Fire Department it must be

available for an emergency.

(6) contact with emergency medical personnel.

Normally, the NYC Department of Buildings requires:

(1) every safety personnel posted at an exit must be equipped with a two-way

radio communication (walkie-talkie) in order to communicate with persons

manning a telephone to the Fire Department for an emergency.

(2) every safety personnel posted at an event entrance must be equipped with a

device (e.g., scanner, hand-held counter, ticket) to verify the occupancy count.

(The designated person should monitor the occupants load and actual flow of

the public gathering area.)

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3.2 Pre-events visual checks

The pre-event visual check should be conducted by the designated person (e.g., your

supervisor, or you) before the area is to be used or occupied. The following site

conditions must be visually checked prior to the event:

Exit- All exits are unblocked, unlocked, and properly marked.

Storage- The area should be clean, orderly and no excessive storage. All means of

egress should be free of debris and rubbish. No storage of combustible material

and combustible waste is allowed in the corridors. Hazardous materials are stored,

handled or used only in the designated areas and are away from any ignition

sources.

Capacity Limit- The allowable number of persons in the event.

Aisle – All required aisles are free and clear at all times. Temporary seating must

be secured together in an approved layout.

Protection –The fire extinguishers are provided at a clear and accessible

location(s), and they are operational.

All aisles are free and clear at all times.

The area should be clean, orderly. The

electric wires should be secured by cord

covers in order to

minimize the tripping

hazards.

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Chairs should be ganged.

Temporary, unsecured or un-ganged chairs

may pose a great hazard in event of

emergency.

3.3 Prohibitions

1. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)

The storage, handling and use of portable CNG cylinders are prohibited at outdoor

public gatherings.

2. Flammable Liquids

It is illegal to store, handle or use flammable liquids at outdoor public gatherings,

except in listed generators or other device, equipment or system or operation

approved by the Department. Storage of flammable liquids is prohibited, and all

fueling of generators and other approved devices, equipment and systems must be

conducted before the event is open to the public.

3. Lithium-Ion Battery Powered Mobility Devices (Electric Bicycles and Scooters)

Guests are NOT permitted to charge or store lithium-ion batteries at events.

4. Pyrotechnic use is strictly prohibited without a permit from the FDNY.

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3.4 During the event

As a place of assembly safety personnel, your responsibilities include but not limited

to the following duties.

(1) You should prevent overcrowding by monitoring the amount of people in your

area of assembly. If you notice that your responsible area is excessively

crowded, you should inform your supervisor immediately and follow his/her

instructions.

(2) You should monitor the areas and confirm that the exit paths are always clear.

Required aisles must be unobstructed. People are NOT allowed to stand in an

aisle.

(3) You should look for situations that could lead to challenges in the event of

emergency.

This book is provided to the public for free by the FDNY.

An example of a Checklist is shown below.

Checklist for your area of responsibility (Outdoor)

List

Mark “x”

if yes

Note

Pre-event

1. Do you know the evacuation routes?

□

If no, obtain such information before

starting your duty.

Do you know how to notify the FDNY in

case of emergency?

□

If no, obtain such information before

starting your duty.

Do you know how to notify your supervisor

in case of overcrowding and emergency?

□

If no, obtain such information before

starting your duty.

If you are posted at an exit, are you

equipped with a two-way communication

device (e.g., walkie-talkie)?

□

If no, obtain one before starting your

duty.

5. Exits and stairways- Are they free of

obstructions? Are exit doors/gates free of

locks? Are self-closing doors closed, and is

lighting in exit corridors adequate and fully

operational?

□ If no, correct and comply

6. Storage

- Is the area clean, orderly and no

excessive storage? Are the hazardous

materials stored, handled or used only in

the designated areas and are away from

any ignition sources?

□ If no, correct and comply

7. Capacity limit- Are the allowable number

of persons in the event?

□

If no, obtain such information before

starting your duty.

8. Aisle – Are aisles free and clear at all times.

□

If no, correct and comply

9. Protection

–

 Are fire extinguishers provided? Where

are they? Are they operational?

□

If no, obtain such information before

starting your duty.

10. Lithium-Ion Battery operated mobility

devices (E-bikes & E-scooters)

□ If yes, report to your supervisor

During-event Inspection

Exit and aisles – Are the exits and exit paths

clear? Are all marked exits unobstructed at all

times?

□ If no, correct and comply

Potential hazards- any situation that could

lead to challenges in the event of an

emergency?

□ If yes, correct and comply

Emergency Notification Procedures:

• Call 911.

• Notify the area occupants by ____________________________.

• The designated people (e.g., fire safety director or event coordinator) for emergency

situations. Their phone numbers are:

Name Phone number

_____________ ___________________

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PART III. FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM, EMERGENCY PROCEDURES AND FIRE

EXTINGUISHERS

4. FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

4.1 Manual or pull station devices.

Fire alarm systems are intended to notify the building occupants to evacuate in the

event of a fire or other emergency. Some fire alarm systems are activated

automatically. Other fire alarm systems must be activated manually. Fire alarm

systems that are manually activated use fire alarm pull stations. The interior

manual pull stations may not directly transmit a signal to the Fire Department.

A telephone call must always be made to 911 or the Fire Department dispatcher.

Do NOT assume that the Fire Department has been notified because you hear a

fire alarm or smoke detector sounding in the building.

Fire alarm pull stations are usually located near the exits throughout the protected

area so that they are conspicuous, unobstructed, and easily accessible. Activating

the pull station is the most effective way to notify the building occupants in

case of a fire emergency. There is at least one manual fire alarm station on each

floor of a building with the exception of apartment buildings. There are two types of

manual fire alarm pull stations. They are called single action and double action

stations.

A. Single action stations: Single action stations require only one step to

activate the alarm. An example of a single action station is shown below. This kind of

alarm station is often found indoors, e.g., in office buildings. When the lever is pulled

down, it allows a switch inside to close. This sends the alarm signal.

Single action stations Activate a single action station

B. Double action stations: Double action stations require two steps in order to

activate the alarm. The user must first break a glass, open a door or lift a cover. The

user then can gain access to a switch or lever which must be operated to initiate an

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alarm. This kind of double action station is often found indoors. Another kind of

double action break glass station requires someone to break a small pane of glass

with a small metal mallet.

Double action station Activate a double action station

The Certificate of Fitness holder must know how to manually operate all alarm

stations on the premises. Once a pull station has been activated, the fire alarm

system cannot be re-set just at the fire alarm manual pull station. A key may be

required to reset the pull station. The alarm must be re-set at a main FACP (Fire

Alarm Control Panel) after the pull station reset to its normal condition. Only when

directed by a Fire Department representative, an S-95 holder, the alarm control panel

can then be re-set.

Certificate of Fitness holders must know the location of all fire protection devices.

Manual stations should never be blocked or obstructed.

4.2 Safety requirements

Several types of safety signs may be posted at various locations inside the building.

The signs are designed to ensure the safety of occupants. For example, these signs

may indicate:

(a) The general fire safety procedures to be followed during a fire emergency.

(b) The location of fire extinguishers and emergency exits.

(d) How to sound the fire alarm in case of an emergency.

(e) That the elevators must not be used in case of a fire unless otherwise

instructed by the Fire Department.

(f) The floor numbers.

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The Certificate of Fitness holder must know all the fire safety requirements including

proper signage. The certificate holder should also make sure that exit signs posted

above doors are always illuminated. Examples of some of these signs are shown

below.

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Typical Safety Signs

Exit Signs

Special Exit Signs

Fire Extinguisher Sign

Elevator Warning Sign

No-smoking Sign

Sprinkler Sign

Stair Signs

(posted by outside of

door)

(posted by door inside of

stairwell)

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4.3 Sprinkler system

A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection requirement specified by FDNY

regulations and laws. It consists of a water supply system that provides adequate

pressure and flows at a rate to a water distribution piping system, which fire

sprinklers are connected. Its purpose is to control the fire and to extinguish the fire.

When the sprinkler system is out of service, it cannot extinguish fires. When

sprinklers are not present, the chances of dying in a fire or the property loss in a fire

will be significantly increased.

The sprinkler heads are normally closed by a disk or cap. This cap is held in place by

a heat sensitive releasing element. During a fire, the sprinkler system is activated,

the disk or cap will fall off.

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A Certificate of Fitness for S-12 for Supervision of Citywide Sprinkler System is

responsible for conducting inspections and ensuring maintenance.

4.4 Standpipe system

A standpipe system is a fire protection system that is designed to provide rapid

access to water if a fire breaks out. Standpipes are installed act like fire hydrants.

Standpipe systems can be combined with sprinkler systems. If the standpipe system

is out of service, fire fighters may not be able to access to the water delivery system

for manual firefighting.

Dry standpipe systems consist of a series of pipes which bring water to various

points in a building. The pipes are dry and empty whenever there is not a need. Wet

systems are “charged,” meaning that they always are filled with water.

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Fire alarm system

Fire alarm systems are required in many premises as part of a fire protection system.

The primary purpose of fire alarm systems within a premises is to warn building

occupants and transmit signals indicating a fire condition to the Fire Department via

an approved central station company. An out-of-service fire alarm system may cause

a delay in building users and the Fire Department being alerted to a fire and then

lead to a risk of serious property loss, personal injury or death.

A fire alarm system is a system consisting of many components which may include:

control panel, pull stations, sprinkler water flow device, smoke detectors and voice

communication.

In general, a fire alarm system is classified as automatic, manually activated, or

both. If a fire condition occurs, the alarm system warns the occupants within the

premises by activating loud sirens, gongs, bells, speakers, horns and flashing lights

(strobes). It also notifies the fire department through the central station. An S-95

Certificate of Fitness for Supervision of Fire Alarm System is responsible for

conducting inspections and ensuring maintenance.

Manual fire

alarm pull

station

Smoke detector

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5. EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

5.1 General emergency procedures

The safety personnel must have a method of communicating to emergency services.

The building owner or the designated person should provide a communication

method for the safety personnel to notify FDNY in case of fire or other types of

emergencies. Notification by phone is the most direct and effective way to notify

the Fire Department. The safety personnel must also sound the fire alarm pull

station when available. Activating the pull station is the most effective way to

notify the building occupants in case of a fire emergency.

To report an emergency event by telephone, the safety personnel must dial 911. After

calling 911, the safety personnel should follow the emergency reporting

protocols provided by your supervisor. For example, the supervisor or the building

owner should be notified. The supervisor or the building owner will also issue

instructions to the safety personnel. The safety personnel must follow the

instructions closely. For example, the responsible person may instruct the safety

personnel how to take the safest evacuation route from the building.

As a public assembly safety personnel, the FDNY highly recommends that you should

be equipped with a flashlight, two-way radio communication device (e.g., walkie

talkie), and a cell phone. If you reach your post and have no cellular service, you

should immediately notify your supervisor. Then, plan to have another form of

communication in case of an emergency. You should be familiar with your facility’s

emergency response plan. You must be trained by the responsible personnel to know

your responsibilities during emergencies.

5.2 Fire emergency

In case of a fire emergency, the most direct and effective way to notify the FDNY is by

calling 911 and activating the manual pull station when available. The fire alarm will

send an alarm signal and it may also notify an approved central station company.

The Fire Department should be contacted directly by phone or another approved

device.

In case of a fire emergency, building occupants may have to be evacuated. If the

safety personnel are responsible for assisting in the evacuation, the safety personnel

should remain composed and in control of the situation. He/she should speak in a

clear and concise manner when assisting with the evacuation. The safety personnel's

instructions and his/her actions play an important role in reducing panic during an

emergency. Occupants should be instructed to be calm and move quickly to the

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nearest exit in an orderly manner. The safety personnel should guide the occupants

not to use the elevators and should identify the stairwells or other routes of egress for

occupants. They should direct them to use only those stairwells or routes of egress

for their safety.

In summary, the procedures should be:

• Call 911. Provide the following information:

o Business name and street address.

o Nature of fire: the extent of the fire (small, large, etc.).

o The exact location of the fire (building and floor or room number), if known.

o Telephone number for return call.

• Notify the building occupants by using the fire alarm pull station, if available.

• Notify the designated building personnel (e.g., fire safety director or building

owner).

• If there is any fire safety director or any FEP staff on duty, follow their

instruction for evacuation. If there is no fire safety director or any FEP staff in

charge, evacuate the area (in-building relocation, partial evacuation, or

evacuation of building occupants) along evacuation routes to assembly areas

designated by the evacuation plan.

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5.3 Medical emergency

In the case of injury or some other medical emergency, inform the designated person

in charge. For the place of assembly events with an attendance of over 5,000 people,

an on-site emergency health care facility may be provided. If an emergency health

care facility is provided on site, the building owner, or the designated person (e.g.,

your supervisor) should provide a communication method for you to notify the facility

for any medical emergency. If there is no on-site emergency health care facility, the

safety personnel should call 911 and also follow the medical emergency reporting

protocols.

In summary, the procedures should be:

• Call 911/notify the emergency health care facility.

• State the immediate medical need and describe:

o Your location and the location of victim(s) (if different from your location),

including the business name, street address and room number if you know.

o Telephone number for return call.

o The number of victim(s) (if different from your location).

o Nature of injury or illness or the victim(s)’s present condition (e.g., bleeding,

breathing erratically, conscious/unconscious, etc).

o Hazards involved.

• Follow the exact instructions of the 911 operators or the instructions of the

onsite medical technician of the emergency facility.

• Alert trained employees (members of the medical response team) to respond to

the victim’s location and stay with the victim(s). Only the trained

responders/employees should provide first aid assistance. If there are no trained

responders/employees on the premises, designate a responsible person (e.g.,

member of Fire Brigade) to stay with the victim(s).

• Arrange for an elevator to be placed on standby.

• Do not move the victim unless the victim’s location is unsafe.

• Control access to the scene.

• Arrange a designated person to meet the ambulance at the nearest entrance or

emergency access point; direct them to victim(s)

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5.4 Bomb or other explosion threats

If you suspect any suspicious packages and are unable to verify its contents, you

should follow the emergency reporting protocols provided by your supervisor. You

should do the following:

• Do not touch/move/open the article.

• Your supervisor or the designated person (e.g., fire safety director or supervisor)

should be notified. Wait for the instruction from the first respondent. If there is

any fire safety director on duty, follow their instructions.

• If you call 911. Provide the following information:

o Your location and the location of suspicious package (if different from your

location), including the business name, street address and room number if

you know.

o Telephone number for return call.

5.5 Chemical incident or release

• In case of a major spill, you must notify the Fire Department by calling 911

immediately. After calling 911, your supervisor or the designated person (e.g.,

fire safety director) should be notified.

• Wait for instructions from the first respondent. If there is any fire safety/

director on duty, follow their instructions.

5.6 Active shooter incidents

Because active shooter attacks are dynamic events, the FDNY cannot put forth a set

of required actions during such incidents. However, the FDNY has compiled a list of

best practice recommendations based on booklets developed by the New York City

Police Department, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, and U.S. Department of

Justice for safety personnel to best respond if an active shooter attack occurs. The

following recommendations are general guidelines.

They are considered as best practice and may be useful in a real-life emergency. It is

NOT the purpose of this training material to provide unbending, absolute rules for

situations in which there are a great many variables. The most appropriate

emergency responses may vary depending on the specific active shooter situation

which occurs within the context of the event, the building design and components.

If an active shooter incident occurs outside the building

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If an active shooter incident is occurring outside the building, as a safety personnel

member, you should:

• call 911 immediately.

• secure the building entrances (including loading docks, garage doors, etc.) to

prevent the shooter(s) from entering the building.

• Notify the designated building personnel (e.g., fire safety director or building

owner).

• relocate all the occupants in the affected area (i.e., the areas that may

experience the immediate impact/effect by the incidents), such as lobby or

window areas, to a safe in-building relocation areas.

• prevent building occupants from evacuating to avoid encountering the outside

threat.

If an active shooter incident occurs inside the building

If an active shooter incident is occurring inside the building, as a safety personnel

member, you should react quickly when gunshots are heard and/or when a shooting

is witnessed by following one of the three tactics: Avoid, Barricade, Confront.

NYPD suggests three survival techniques during an active shooter incident. The

survival techniques can be fluid based on the threat and may not have to be followed

in any specific order. Individual decisions should be made based on the active

shooter’s location(s).

1. Avoid (run/evacuate)

If there is an accessible escape path, attempt to evacuate the premise.

Be sure to guide/assist the occupants with the following issues:

o Have an escape plan and route in mind.

o Visualize the entire escape route before beginning to move, and avoid

using elevators or escalators.

o Evacuate regardless of whether others agree to follow.

o Leave your belongings behind, DO NOT CARRY ANY PACKAGES OR

ITEMS THAT COULD BE CONFUSED AS A WEAPON OR DEVICE.

o Help others escape, if possible.

o Prevent individuals from entering an area where the active shooter may

be.

o Call 911 when it is safe to do so. Provide the pertinent information.

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2. Barricade (hide)

If it is not possible to evacuate, find a place to barricade yourself into where

the active shooter is least likely to find you.

(1) Where to barricade:

o Ideal barricade place should be out of the active shooter’s view, but not

just visual concealment. Soft walls, desks may conceal but provide no

substantial ballistic protection.

o Ideal barricade place should be an area with both visual concealment

and ballistic cover that can provide protection if shots are fired in your

direction. Cover is something of substantial thickness and weight that

will stop a bullet. Office furniture and equipment such as vending

machines, copy machines, and file cabinets can stop many types of

bullets.

o Ideal barricade place should not trap or restrict your options for

movement.

(2) What to do when barricading:

o Lock the door, if applicable.

o Blockade the entrance with heavy furniture, if applicable.

o Silence, not vibrate, your cell phone, pager and/or any other electronic

devices.

o Turn off any source of noise (i.e., radios, televisions).

o Hide behind large items (i.e., file cabinets, copy machines, soda

machines).

o Remain quiet.

3. Confront (fight/take action)

If it is not possible to avoid and/or barricade, as a last resort, and only

when your life is in imminent danger, attempt to disrupt and/or

incapacitate the active shooter:

o Collaborate and act as a group, if possible.

o Act aggressively.

o Throw items and improvise weapons.

o Yell.

o Commit to your actions.

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As a civilian, you are not expected to neutralize an active shooter threat.

However, you should try to implement the actions that could minimize the

injuries to the occupants.

For example, if an active shooter starts shooting in close proximity of your location,

you should protect yourself based on the three tactics suggested by the NYPD. You

may run away from the scene; you may hide/shelter in place, or you may decide to

confront the shooter, as a group if possible, using improvised weapons. Remember all

of these are a personal choice to be decided on by you at that moment.

Call 911 as soon as it is safe to do so. Once you feel it is safe to return to your

designated working location, if safe to do so, return to carry out your suggested

responsibilities.

The following actions are recommended by the FDNY upon active shooter events, IF

YOU FEEL IT IS SAFE TO DO SO:

 Immediately call 911.

The following information, if known, should be provided to the 911 operator:

a. Building address, location of the active shooter or his/her last known

location.

b. Number of shooters, if more than one.

c. Physical description of shooter(s).

d. Name/identity of the shooter(s) (e.g., employee).

e. Number and type of weapons held by the shooter(s).

f. Number of potential victims at the location.

g. If explosions were heard.

*Note: If you cannot speak, leave the line open and allow the dispatcher to listen.

 Notify the designated building personnel (e.g., fire safety director or building

owner).

 Turn on house lights.

 Visitors normally do not use escape routes that are unfamiliar to them. You need

to make sure all emergency exits are clearly posted and utilized in the emergency.

 If there is a Fire Safety Director or any EAP staff on duty, follow their instruction

for evacuation. If there is no Fire Safety Director or any EAP staff in charge, help

the occupants to evacuate to a safe area.

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 Manual Fire Alarm System should NOT be activated for an active shooter

emergency. The manual pull stations should only be activated during fire or

smoke conditions.

 If you are outside, you should report to your assigned evacuation assembly area

and be prepared to assist guests to remain calm while they relocate friends and

family members.

 Cooperate with the first responders.

Interacting with Police Officers

During an active shooter emergency, the FDNY normally will not be in the building to

direct the required actions. The police officers will respond to the 911 call

immediately and go directly to the building. Police officers will proceed directly to the

last known location of the active shooter.

As a place of assembly safety personnel, you should expect:

• Police officers may wear regular patrol uniforms or external bulletproof vests,

Kevlar helmets, and other tactical equipment.

• Police officers may be armed with rifles and shotguns in addition to their

handguns.

• Police officers may shout commands, and may order individuals to the ground for

their safety.

You may need to quickly provide the police officers with the following information, if

known:

• Location of the active shooter or his/her last known location.

• Number of shooters, if more than one.

• Physical description of shooter(s).

• Name/identity of the shooter(s) (e.g., employee).

• Number and type of weapons held by the shooter(s).

• Number of potential victims at the location.

• The special design of the building (are there open space interior partition

materials, etc.)

• Unique tenants (high profile occupants, political officials, armed security, or

disabled person, etc.)

• If explosions were heard.

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The police officers may request you or other safety personnel to operate and control

the building systems to assist in isolating the shooter. It is critical for you to follow

orders of the police officers.

Remember that the first police officers to arrive on the scene may not stop to help

injured persons. Expect teams comprised of additional officers and emergency

medical personnel to follow the initial responding officers. These teams will treat and

remove any injured persons from the areas that have been cleared by the first

responding police officers. They may also call upon able-bodied occupants to assist in

removing the wounded from the premises.

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6. PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

The Certificate of Fitness holder must be familiar with the use of the fire

extinguisher. All fire extinguishers must be installed so that the top of the

extinguisher is not more than 5 ft above the floor and the clearance between the

bottom of the extinguisher and the floor is not less than 4 in. In other words, no fire

extinguisher is allowed to be on the floor.

A stackable and

portable stand is

convenient for

temporary installation.

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In the event of a fire extinguisher has been discharged,

a fully charged replacement is required before work

can resume. The C of F holder is recommended to

be trained for the use of portable fire extinguisher.

Portable fire extinguishers are important in preventing

a small fire from growing into a catastrophic fire,

however, they are not intended to fight large or

spreading fires. The trained Certificate of Fitness

holders should only consider extinguishing fires

when they are limited in size and spread such that

they can readily be extinguished using a portable

fire extinguisher. By the time the fire has spread, fire

extinguishers, even if used properly, will not be

adequate to extinguish the fire. Such fires should be

extinguished by the building fire extinguishing systems

or trained firefighters only. In case of any fire, FDNY

must be notified. Fire extinguishers must be used in

accordance with the instructions painted on the side of

the extinguisher. They clearly describe how to use the

extinguisher in case of an emergency. The Certificate

of Fitness holder should be familiar with the use of

(1) The top of the fire extinguishers must not

be more than 5 ft above the floor.

(2) The fire extinguishers must be accessible

and unobstructed.

The bottom of the extinguisher

must be at least 4 in above the

floor.

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portable fire extinguishers. When it comes to using a fire-extinguisher just

remember the acronym P.A.S.S. to help make sure you use it properly.

P.A.S.S. stands for Pull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep.

The Certificate of Fitness holder must be familiar with the different types of fire

extinguishers available at the work site. The Certificate of Fitness holder must know

how to operate the extinguishers in a safe and efficient manner. The Certificate of

Fitness holder must also know the difference between the various types of

extinguishers and when they may be used. An example of these instructions is

depicted in the picture.

Class A fires are caused by ordinary combustible materials (such as wood, paper,

and cloth). To extinguish a Class A fire, these extinguishers utilize either the heat-

absorbing effects of water or the coating effects of certain dry chemicals.

Class B fires are caused by flammable or combustible liquids and gases such as oil,

gasoline, etc. To extinguish a Class B fire, the blanketing-smothering effect of

oxygen-excluding media such as CO

, dry chemical or foam is most effective.

Class C fires involve electrical equipment. These fires must be fought with fire

extinguishers that do not conduct electricity. Foam and water type extinguishers

must not be used to extinguish electrical fires. After shutting off the electrical

equipment, extinguishers for Class A or B fires may be used.

Class D fires are caused by ignitable metals, such as magnesium, titanium, and

metallic sodium, or metals that are combustible under certain conditions, such as

calcium, zinc, and aluminum. Generally, water should not be used to extinguish

these fires.

Class K fires are fires that involve vegetable oils, animal oils, or fats in cooking

appliances. This is for commercial kitchens, including those found in restaurants,

cafeterias, and caterers.

A multi-purpose dry chemical fire extinguisher may be used to extinguish multi-

classes fires. Examples of some fire extinguishers are shown below.

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Examples of fire extinguishers

10-B:C (10BC) 3-A:40-B:C(3A40BC)

3-A:40-B:C(3A40BC),

wheeled

6.1 Typical Fire Extinguishers

Symbols may also be painted on the extinguisher. The symbols indicate what kind of

fires the extinguisher may be used on. Examples of these symbols are shown below.

The symbol with the shaded background and the slash indicates when the

extinguisher must not be used. The Certificate of Fitness holder must understand

these symbols. All fire extinguishers should be kept in good working order at all

times.

Fire Extinguisher Identification Symbols

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6.2 Portable Fire Extinguisher Inspections

MONTHLY

The portable fire extinguishers are required to be checked monthly. The owner of the

business is responsible to select a person to do a monthly inspection. This monthly

inspection is called a "quick check".

The QUICK CHECK should check if:

(1) the fire extinguisher is fully charged.

(2) it is in its designated place.

(3) it has not been actuated or tampered with.

(4) there is no obvious or physical damage or condition to prevent its operation.

The information of the monthly inspection record must include the date of the

inspection, the name/initials of the person who did the inspection. This monthly

quick check record must be kept on the back of the PFE tag or by an approved

electronic method that provides a permanent record.

ANNUALLY

At least annually all Portable Fire Extinguishers must be checked by a W-96

Certificate of Fitness holder from FDNY approved company. After each annual

inspection W-96 COF holder will replace the PFE tag. The information of the annual

inspection record must be indicated on the new PFE tag.

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6.3 Portable Fire Extinguisher (PFE) Tags

Installed portable fire extinguishers must have an FDNY standard PFE tag affixed.

This tag will have important information about the extinguisher. By November 15,

2019, all portable fire extinguishers must have the new PFE tags. The FDNY will only

recognize new PFE tags and will be issuing violations to business that have PFE

installed without a proper tag.

The color of the fire extinguishers may be changed by the FDNY every few years. The

FDNY recommends two ways to verify the tag’s legitimacy:

1. Hologram:

A real hologram strip shown on the tag is 3 inches long by ¼ inch wide. Counterfeit

tags will NOT have a high-quality silver hologram. The hologram on a counterfeit tag

will NOT change color as it is moved against the light.

2. QR code

IF you scan the QR code, it should direct you to the updated FDNY approved fire

extinguisher company list. You can use the company list to verify if the company

printed on the list is currently approved by the FDNY.

If your PFE tags cannot be verified via these two methods, contact your supervisor. If

you suspect your PFE is a counterfeit, contact FDNY immediately by e-mail:

Tags.Decal@fdny.nyc.gov

PFE tag (This tag is released for 2021-2023)

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Fire Department also issues standard outdoor fire extinguisher tags. If the fire

extinguishers may be placed outdoors, the COF holder should ask the fire

extinguisher suppliers to provide the outdoor fire extinguisher tags for the fire

extinguishers.

The special features of the outdoor tags:

1. The material is durable and tear resistant.

2. Different printings:

• On the back of the tag, the series number will contain a “D” letter;

AND/OR

• On the front of the tag, an “O” is printed on the top of the tag (this feature

may not be on ALL outdoor tags)

Outdoor PFE tags

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7. Lithium-Ion Battery Safety

Lithium-ion safety

Lithium-ion batteries are rechargeable batteries found in electric bikes, scooters,

cars, laptops, tablets, phones, and many other common household devices.

Lithium-ion battery fires have caused deaths, serious injuries, and devastating

damage to property around the city. It’s important to follow rules for safe storage,

charging, and disposal for these types of batteries.

If you own a lithium-ion powered device or plan to buy one, the FDNY has

important safety tips that you should follow. These tips apply to all devices

toys, high-tech luggage, and even robotic vacuum cleaners.

Immediately stop using or charging battery and call 911 if you notice:

• Fire or

Smoke

• Overheating

• Change in color or shape

• Odd noises

• Leaking

• Strange smell

ALWAYS:

NEVER:

•

purchase and use devices certified

by a Nationally Recognized Testing

Laboratory (NRTL).

• follow the manufacturer’s

instructions for:

• charging and storage.

• correct battery, cord, and

power adapter

• keep exit path clear at all times.

• plug directly into a wall electrical

outlet for charging.

• keep batteries and devices at room

temperature.

• store and/or charge batteries away

from anything flammable.

• keep away from heat sources.

• bring batteries to a NYC Battery

Recycling Center. Visit

nyc.gov/batteries

for more

information.

•

use aftermarket batteries or

chargers.

• use damaged or altered batteries

• plug into a power strip or overload

an outlet.

• overcharge or leave battery charging

overnight.

• charge a battery or device under

your pillow, on your bed, or near a

couch

• leave e-bikes or e-scooters

unattended while charging.

• block your primary way in or out of

a room/space with e-bikes, e-

scooters, wheelchairs, etc.

• place batteries in Trash or

Recycling bin. It is ILLEGAL. Visit

nyc.gov/batteries for disposal

locations and information.

In the event of a Fire,

Leave and CLOSE the door.

Call 911 once you are

in a safe location.

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Charging Lithium Ion

Please be advised these guidelines are for residential occupancies. If you

encounter a situation in a public assembly, you MUST notify your

supervisor. Move yourself and any occupants to a safe location and call

911.

Lithium-ion batteries do not have to be fully charged; partial

charge is the most suitable.

When

charging more than five (5)

personal mobility devices or their

removable batteries, it must be in a

dedicated room with ventilation

and a

self-closing door.

For a total battery capacity of 20 kilowatt-hours (kWh), a 2-foot

separation between charging batteries is required. For a total battery

capacity up to 50 kWh, a 3-foot separation is needed.

Chargers must only be used with a compatible battery pack. The original

equipment manufacturer (OEM) charger interplays with the battery pack

using the battery management system (BMS). The wrong battery/charger

combination may not work safely. For example, the 100% cutoff to

prevent overcharging, which damages batteries, may not work which can

easily create hazardous conditions such as fires, explosions and/or

injuries.

Always check with the manufacturer or retailer of the personal

mobility device, an authorized repair shop or a testing laboratory such

as Underwrites Laboratories (UL) to see if replacement is

recommended or listed and safe for use with that device. Using

unauthorized parts, including batteries and/or chargers, may cause

damage, fire and possibly void your warranty.

Extinguishing Lithium-ion

Water may not prevent a battery from burning and spreading. Battery cells are

known to explode and quickly spread to another battery. It can spread to

another devices.

Fire Extinguishers

do not work

on lithium-ion batteries fires.

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Unexpected Re-ignition.

Reignition is common. Lithium-Ion Batteries are known to unexpectedly re-ignite

(without warning) minutes, hours and even days after all visible fire has been put

out.

Lithium-ion batteries can enter an uncontrollable, self-heating state. This can

result in the release of gas, cause fire and possible explosion.

These batteries may continue to generate heat even when there is no visible sign

of fire. Once heat reaches a certain level fire may reignite on the battery and

surrounding area.