Oregon
Motorcycle & Moped Manual
2024 - 2025
DRIVER AND MOTOR VEHICLE SERVICES
Visit us at our web site
www.OregonDMV.com
Published by
Oregon Department of Transportation
Driver and Motor Vehicle Services
1905 Lana Avenue NE
Salem, Oregon 97314
Graphics/Layout
DMV Related Questions: (503) 945-5000
ODOT does not discriminate on the basis of disability in
admission or access to our programs, services, activities,
hiring, and employment practices.
To report any complaints or concerns related to
discrimination, contact our Oce of Civil Rights:
Oce of Civil Rights Complaint Form (form 734-5008)
(https://www.oregon.gov/odot/Business/OCR/SiteAssets/Pages/
OCR_DIS_CMPLNT_FORM/734_5008_Accessible.pdf)
ODOT.TitleVI@odot.oregon.gov
1-855-540-6655
is information can be made available in an alternative
format by contacting a local DMV eld oce.
e majority of the content of this manual is directly
from the American Association of Motor Vehicle
Administrator’s Motorcycle Operator Manual, with inserts
from Motorcycle Safety Foundation, Team Oregon and
particulars of Oregon law.
iv
e purpose of the Oregon Motorcycle & Moped Manual is to help riders prepare for
Oregon endorsement tests by providing a summary of the rules of the road and safe
riding practices.
is manual condenses and paraphrases selected language in the Oregon Revised
Statutes. It also provides safety recommendations not included in law. is manual is
not a source of law and should not be relied upon or cited as legal precedent in a court of
law or other administrative or legal proceeding. Local governments may have additional
ordinances not covered in this manual.
Please check DMV’s website OregonDMV.com for updates, oce locations and hours, fees
and additional information.
v
Contents
Section One ................................................................................. 1
Riding in Oregon ..........................................................................1
Motorcycles and Mopeds ...........................................................1
Riding Mopeds, Autocycles, Mini-Motorcycles,
Pocket Bikes, ATVs and O-Road Motorcycles .........................4
Section Two ................................................................................ 6
Factors Aecting Rider Performance .............................................6
Eects of Alcohol and other Impairing Drugs ...........................6
Other Factors Aecting Rider Performance ...............................8
Section ree .............................................................................11
Before You Ride ..........................................................................11
Selecting and Wearing Protective Gear ....................................11
Know Your Motorcycle ..........................................................14
Required Motorcycle Equipment ............................................ 16
Section Four ..............................................................................18
Vehicle Control Skills .................................................................. 18
Getting Started .......................................................................18
Shifting Gears ........................................................................20
Stopping .................................................................................21
Turnin g ...................................................................................22
vi
Section Five ...............................................................................24
Street Strategies ...........................................................................24
Rider Risks and Responsibilities .............................................24
SIPDE .....................................................................................25
Intersections ...........................................................................26
Sharing the Road.....................................................................28
Increasing Visibility ................................................................ 32
Section Six .................................................................................35
Roadway Management ................................................................35
Crash Avoidance .....................................................................35
Handling Hazardous Surfaces .................................................38
Section Seven ............................................................................. 41
Special Riding Situations .............................................................41
Section Eight .............................................................................45
Passengers, Cargo and Group Riding ..........................................45
Carrying Passengers and Cargo ...............................................45
Group Riding .........................................................................47
Section Nine ..............................................................................49
ree-Wheel Motorcycles ............................................................49
Common Operating Characteristics of ree-Wheeled
Motorcycles and Motorcycles with a Sidecar ............................49
Unique Operating Characteristics of Triple-Track
Motorcycles ............................................................................ 51
Unique Operating Characteristics of a Motorcycle
with a Sidecar ......................................................................... 52
1
ONE
Section One
Riding in Oregon
Motorcycles and Mopeds
Motorcycles and mopeds are dened as vehicles designed to travel with no more
than three wheels in contact with the ground and with a seat or saddle for use by
the rider.
A moped must have an independent power source that is a power drive system
that functions directly or automatically and does not require clutching or
shifting by the operator after the system is engaged. A moped cannot be capable
of speeds of more than 30 mph on level ground AND, if the moped’s power
source is a combustion engine, it cannot be larger than 50 CCs. Mopeds also
include cycles designed as bicycles, if they are equipped with a power source
meeting the legal denition.
Mandatory Rider Education
If you need to obtain a motorcycle endorsement and you do not have a valid
motorcycle endorsement or license from another state, the District of Columbia,
a United States Territory or Canadian Province, you must complete an approved
motorcycle rider education course.
Team Oregon is the only approved motorcycle rider education provider in Oregon.
You can nd information and sign up for courses at www.team-oregon.org.
Following are approved Team Oregon courses and the tests that a completion
card waives at DMV:
• Basic Rider Course is approved for riders 16 years of age and older and waives
both the motorcycle knowledge and skills tests.
• Intermediate Rider Course is approved for riders 21 and older and waives only
the motorcycle skills test.
• Basic Online Classroom is approved for riders 16 years of age and older and
waives only the motorcycle skills test.
• Intermediate Online Classroom is approved for riders 21 and older and waives
only the motorcycle skills test.
Riders who complete an approved motorcycle rider education course may qualify
for a discount on the insurance premium for their motorcycle.
2
ONE
Riding Unendorsed
Riding a motorcycle without a motorcycle endorsement is a Class A trac
violation.
Studies show that 30% of motorcycle riders involved in fatal crashes in 2019 were
riding without a valid motorcycle endorsement.
1
Mandatory Insurance
Oregon’s insurance law requires every driver to insure their vehicle, including a
motorcycle or moped, if it is operated on any highway or on premises open to the
public. e minimum amount of liability insurance required is:
• Bodily injury and property damage liability — $25,000 per person; $50,000
per crash for bodily injury to others; and $20,000 per crash of damage to
property of others.
• Uninsured motorist coverage — $25,000 per person; $50,000 per crash for
bodily injury.
Instruction Permits
Moped – ere is no instruction permit available for a moped.
Motorcycle – In order to be issued a Motorcycle Instruction Permit you must:
• Have a valid driver license from Oregon.
• Be at least 16 years of age.
• Have parental/guardian consent if under age 18.
• Pass the motorcycle knowledge and vision tests.
A motorcycle permit is valid for one year. e permit allows you to learn how
to safely operate a motorcycle on public streets and highways. You should learn
balance and control of the motorcycle o the street.
Restrictions on a Motorcycle Instruction Permit:
• Rider must be accompanied by, and under the supervision and visual
observation of, a rider on a separate motorcycle who is at least 21 years of age
and who has a valid motorcycle endorsement.
• Rider must operate during daylight hours only.
• Passengers are prohibited.
• Rider must wear a DOT compliant helmet.
ree-Wheel Motorcycles – ere is no instruction permit available for a three-
wheel motorcycle.
1 National Center for Statistics and Analysis (2021, April). Motorcycles: 2019
data (Trac Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 112). Washington, DC:
National Highway Trac Safety Administration.
3
ONE
Endorsements
Moped – You may operate a moped with any class of driver license. No
endorsement is required.
If you are riding a moped or cycle that has an independent power source and
can go over 30 mph on level ground, unassisted, you must have a motorcycle
endorsement.
If you are riding a moped or cycle equipped with a combustion engine power
source of more than 50 CCs, you must have a motorcycle endorsement.
Motorcycle – In order to be issued a motorcycle endorsement:
• You must have a valid driver license from Oregon.
• You must be at least 16 years of age.
• You must have parental/guardian consent if under age 18.
• You must complete a Team Oregon motorcycle rider education course.
Depending on the Team Oregon course completed, you may be required to
take and pass the DMV motorcycle knowledge test.
If you have a valid out-of-state motorcycle license or endorsement, you must
surrender your license or endorsement from another state, District of Columbia,
a United States Territory or Canadian Province. You are not required to take a
Team Oregon course or take the motorcycle knowledge test with DMV.
ree-Wheel Motorcycle – is restricted endorsement allows you to operate
only three-wheel motorcycles.
In order to be issued a three-wheel restricted motorcycle endorsement you must:
• Have a valid driver license from Oregon.
• Be at least 16 years of age.
• Have parental/guardian consent if under age 18.
• Take and pass the DMV Motorcycle Knowledge test.
If you have a valid out-of-state three-wheel restricted motorcycle license or
endorsement, you must surrender your license or endorsement from another state,
District of Columbia, a United States Territory or Canadian Province. You are
not required to take a Team Oregon course or take the motorcycle knowledge test
with DMV.
Motorcycle endorsement fees and issuance requirements may vary. Please visit
our website at OregonDMV.com for more information.
4
ONE
Testing at DMV
Vision – You must take and successfully pass a vision screening to add a
motorcycle endorsement to your Oregon Driver License.
Knowledge – e knowledge test is based on information in this manual and the
questions are multiple choice. e test is $7.00 and you must answer 20 questions
correctly to pass.
You cannot use a DMV manual or any notes to help you answer test questions.
Talking, writing, note taking, cell phone use, operation of any electronic devices
or allowing someone else to take a test for you is considered cheating.
Skills – DMV does NOT administer motorcycle skills tests. e motorcycle skills
test is waived when you take and successfully pass an approved Team Oregon
course.
If you have a valid motorcycle endorsement from another state, you are not
required to take the motorcycle knowledge or skills tests.
Riding Mopeds, Autocycles, Mini-Motorcycles, Pocket Bikes, ATVs
and Off-Road Motorcycles
Riding Mopeds
Moped operators in Oregon generally obey the same rules of the road as
motorcycle operators.
Motorcycles and mopeds, while similar in appearance, dier in the way they
operate. Motorcycles are heavier and more powerful. Mopeds may have a top
speed, unassisted, of no more than 30 miles per hour while on a level surface.
Since they are not built the same, mopeds and motorcycles should not be used for
some of the same purposes. Mopeds are designed for traveling short distances at
low speeds. Oregon law allows a moped to use bicycle lanes or paths if the moped
is being pedaled. When under its own power, a moped must use regular trac
lanes. It is against the law to carry passengers when operating a moped.
Autocycles
Autocycles handle much dierently than motorcycles or mopeds. ese vehicles
operate more like a car because they are equipped with three wheels, a non-
straddle seat and a manufacturer-installed three-point safety belt or safety
harness.
An autocycle may be operated with any class of driver license. A motorcycle
endorsement is not required. Operators and their passengers must wear a DOT
compliant helmet if the autocycle is NOT enclosed. An enclosed cab is dened as
having a structural upper frame and roof certied by the vehicle manufacturer,
meeting the §49 CFR 571.216a standards. Autocycles may not ride more than
one abreast in a lane.
5
ONE
Mini-Motorcycles, Pocket Bikes, ATVs and Off-Road Motorcycles
A mini-motorcycle, pocket bike, go-kart or all-terrain vehicle (ATV) is not
legal for use on public roads in Oregon. To be legal on public roads, motorized
vehicles, including motorcycles, need to meet the U.S. Department of
Transportation’s vehicle design safety and equipment requirements and U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emission standards. For a quick
reference guide, visit our website at: www.oregon.gov/odot/Forms/DMV/6619.pdf.
Motorcycles originally manufactured for o-road use generally do not meet the
emission standards for on-road use and cannot be registered for highway use in
Oregon. For information about converting an o-road motorcycle to street use,
visit the Transportation Safety Oce’s website at: www.oregon.gov/ODOT/TS/
Pages/Vehicle-Equipment.aspx.
Out of state? Call 503-945-5000
If you are temporarily living out of state, you may complete an approved
motorcycle rider education course in that state. You must apply for a motorcycle
endorsement within two years from when you complete the course, unless the
course completion card expires sooner.
ese courses are approved by DMV:
• Motorcycle Safety Foundation (MSF) Basic Rider Course;
• Idaho Skills Training Advantage for Riders (STAR);
• California Motorcyclist Safety Program (CMSP) Motorcyclist Training
Course;
• Total Control Riding Clinic;
• Motorcycle Ohio Rider Enhancement (MORE);
• Puget Sound Safety - Motorcycle Education Program (PSS-MEP); and
• Washington Motorcycle Safety Training (WMST).
6
TWO
Section Two
Factors Affecting Rider Performance
Riding a motorcycle demands your full attention. Responsible riders pay
attention to the riding environment, identify potential hazards, look for escape
routes and make good decisions.
Your ability to trust your judgment and to be aware of changing conditions or
potential hazards is inuenced by how mentally t and alert you are.
Alcohol is a major contributor to motorcycle crashes, particularly fatal crashes.
Studies show that, in Oregon, 46% of all riders killed in motorcycle crashes
during 2021 had been drinking.
2
Riding “under the inuence” of alcohol or other
drugs poses physical and legal hazards for every rider.
Effects of Alcohol and other Impairing Drugs
It is important to understand the eect of alcohol, marijuana and other drugs to
see that they don’t mix with riding. Alcohol and other drugs impair your:
Judgment – Alcohol and other impairing drugs aect those areas of your brain
that control judgment. You may not be able to make good decisions about trac
conditions or how you can protect yourself.
Vision – Alcohol and certain types of drugs can blur your vision, slow your
ability to focus and cause double vision.
Reaction Time – Alcohol and other impairing drugs slow your ability to process
information and impact your ability to react quickly to a situation.
2 National Center for Statistics and Analysis (2023, June). Motorcycles: 2021
data (Trac Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 112). Washington, DC:
National Highway Trac Safety Administration.
Riding under the influence of alcohol or other drugs
poses physical and legal hazards for every rider.
7
TWO
Don’t Drink and Ride
e safest and most responsible choice is to
not drink and ride. Your ability to think
clearly and ride safely is aected by as
little as one drink. Once you start, your
judgment is aected and your ability to
say “no” gets weaker.
If you plan on drinking, leave your
motorcycle at home and nd other
transportation so you won’t be tempted to
ride impaired. Or, call ahead to where you plan
on drinking and ask if there is a secure place for
you to store your motorcycle overnight so you can nd an
alternative way home – such as a taxi or designated driver.
ere are no shortcuts to removing alcohol from your body. None of the
“remedies” you may have heard about – cold showers, hot coee, or physical
exercise – will remove alcohol faster. e only proven remedy to removing alcohol
is time. Remember – your body can process about one drink an hour.
Other Impairing Drugs and Riding
Marijuana and other cannabis products slow your reaction time, interfere with
your concentration, impact your perception of time and distance and aect your
ability to ride safely. Its negative eects are most evident when individuals handling
multiple tasks are confronted with something unexpected. Your response and
performance at these times need to be quick and accurate.
Many prescription, over-the-counter and illegal drugs may also aect your ability to
ride safely. If you are not sure if it is safe to take a drug and ride, ask your doctor or
pharmacist about any side eects.
Never drink alcohol while you are taking other drugs. ese drugs could multiply
the eects of alcohol or have additional eects of their own. ese eects not only
reduce your ability to operate your motorcycle, but could cause serious health
problems, even death.
Combining drinking and drug use with the operation of a motor vehicle can have
fatal consequences. Motorcyclists are more likely than automobile drivers to be
killed or severely injured in crashes.
Section Two
Factors Affecting Rider Performance
Riding a motorcycle demands your full attention. Responsible riders pay
attention to the riding environment, identify potential hazards, look for escape
routes and make good decisions.
Your ability to trust your judgment and to be aware of changing conditions or
potential hazards is inuenced by how mentally t and alert you are.
Alcohol is a major contributor to motorcycle crashes, particularly fatal crashes.
Studies show that, in Oregon, 46% of all riders killed in motorcycle crashes
during 2021 had been drinking.
2
Riding “under the inuence” of alcohol or other
drugs poses physical and legal hazards for every rider.
Effects of Alcohol and other Impairing Drugs
It is important to understand the eect of alcohol, marijuana and other drugs to
see that they don’t mix with riding. Alcohol and other drugs impair your:
Judgment – Alcohol and other impairing drugs aect those areas of your brain
that control judgment. You may not be able to make good decisions about trac
conditions or how you can protect yourself.
Vision – Alcohol and certain types of drugs can blur your vision, slow your
ability to focus and cause double vision.
Reaction Time – Alcohol and other impairing drugs slow your ability to process
information and impact your ability to react quickly to a situation.
2 National Center for Statistics and Analysis (2023, June). Motorcycles: 2021
data (Trac Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 112). Washington, DC:
National Highway Trac Safety Administration.
Riding under the influence of alcohol or other drugs
poses physical and legal hazards for every rider.
8
TWO
Other Factors Affecting Rider Performance
Distracted Riding
A distraction is anything that takes your attention away from riding. Rider
distractions may occur anytime and anywhere. Distracted riding can cause
collisions, resulting in injury, death or property damage. Taking your eyes o the
road or hands o the motorcycle presents obvious riding risks. Mental activities
that take your mind away from riding are just as dangerous. You must maintain
your attention on the riding task. You are completely and solely responsible for
operating your motorcycle in a safe manner.
Health
ere are many health conditions, even minor issues, that can aect your riding.
Check with your doctor if a health condition could interfere with you operating a
motorcycle.
Emotions
Emotions can interfere with your ability to think, create mental distractions,
increase risk-taking, create a lack of attention and interrupt your ability to
process information. You may not be able to give all your attention to operating a
motorcycle if you are overly worried, excited, afraid, angry or depressed.
Fatigue
Fatigue can aect your control of the motorcycle. To minimize potential for
fatigue, be sure to be properly rested and take frequent rest breaks when riding long
distances. Experienced riders seldom try to ride more than about six hours a day.
Weather
Riding a motorcycle requires a great amount of mental alertness and physical
skill. Sometimes changes in your environment can aect your visibility. Physical
changes may occur as well, such as rain or wind, which may aect your riding
performance. Responsible riders know how to adjust or compensate for factors that
aect rider performance.
Cold Weather
In cold weather riding, protect yourself by wearing proper protective gear like a
windproof jacket and insulated layers of clothing. An additional windproof outer
layer can prevent cold air from reaching the skin.
Cold weather can signicantly impact your reaction time. To compensate for the
slower reaction time, reduce your speed and increase your following distance and
space on your sides.
TWO
9
TWO
Hypothermia
Riding for long periods in cold weather may lower your body temperature and
cause hypothermia.
Symptoms of hypothermia may include:
• Deterioration in physical coordination.
• Irrational, confused behavior.
• Sluggish movement.
• Shivering.
• Muscle tension.
• Shallow, slow breathing.
If a chill is experienced, leave the roadway at your rst opportunity and nd
shelter. Drink warm liquids, do some exercise to warm yourself and change out of
wet clothes.
Extreme Hot Weather
In extreme hot weather, wear protective gear that breathes. It is important to wear
a jacket and long pants to protect you in a collision and to prevent dehydration.
Drink plenty of water, stop and remove unnecessary heavy clothing and dry your
hands if they become slippery due to perspiration.
Symptoms of heat stroke may include:
• robbing headache.
• Feeling dizzy or light-headed.
• Muscle weakness or cramps.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Rapid heartbeat, which may be strong or weak.
• Rapid, shallow breathing.
10
TWO
Test Your Knowledge
1. What is the only proven remedy to remove alcohol from your body? (Page 7)
A. Hot coee.
B. Time.
C. Physical exercise.
2. Prescription drugs: (Page 7)
A. Always help you ride safer.
B. Are safe to use while riding.
C. Can aect your ability to ride safely.
3. To compensate for the slower reaction time in very cold weather, you should:
(Page 8)
A. Ride close to other vehicles.
B. Speed up.
C. Increase your following distance.
11
THREE
Section Three
Before You Ride
A responsible rider makes a point to:
1. Wear protective riding gear.
2. Be familiar with the motorcycle.
3. Inspect the motorcycle.
4. Be free of impairments (alcohol and drugs).
Selecting and Wearing Protective Gear
Anytime you ride a motorcycle:
• You must wear a helmet compliant with U.S. Department of Transportation
(DOT) standards.
• You should wear face and eye protection.
• You should wear motorcycle protective riding gear (gloves, long pants, jacket
and sturdy footwear).
Helmet Use
Oregon requires you to wear a motorcycle helmet whenever you ride a
motorcycle, moped or unenclosed autocycle as either an operator or passenger.
Here are some facts to consider:
• Helmets protect you from the elements (wind, bugs, debris, etc.).
• A DOT-compliant helmet does not restrict vision or mask important sounds.
• Crashes are unpredictable and may happen at any time, even on short rides or
within minutes of starting the ride.
• Regardless of speed, a helmet will reduce the chances of severe or fatal head
injuries.
12
THREE
Full-Face
Helmet
Three-Quarter
Helmet
Half
Helmet
Helmet Selection
Protection should be the rst consideration when buying your motorcycle helmet.
ere are three primary types of helmets: full-face, three-quarter, and half. A
full-face helmet gives the most head protection since it covers all of the head and
face. is design has a ip-up face shield that protects the eyes. A three-quarter
helmet aords riders good head protection and is constructed with the same basic
components, but doesn’t oer the face and chin protection of full-face helmets. If
you wear a three-quarter helmet, you should use an approved snap-on face shield
or goggles. Half helmets provide the least amount of protection.
Whichever style you choose, make sure that the helmet:
• Is DOT compliant. You can tell if a helmet is DOT compliant if it has a label
attached to the helmet that
states the manufacturer’s name
and/or brand, model, and
says DOT, FMVSS No.218,
CERTIFIED.
• Has no obvious defects such as
cracks, loose padding or frayed
straps.
• Fastens securely.
Helmet Fit
A helmet should t comfortably, but snug all the way around. A helmet that is
too loose can lift in the wind or come o your head in a fall. One that is too
tight can create sores or cause headaches. When choosing a helmet, try on several
brands and sizes to get an idea of t and comfort.
Here are a few tips for the best t:
• Cheek pads should touch your cheeks without pressing uncomfortably.
• ere should be no gaps between your temples and brow pads.
• If the helmet has a neck roll, it should not push the helmet away from the
back of your neck.
• On full face helmets, press on the chin piece. e helmet or face shield should
not touch your nose or chin.
Inside of
Half Helmet
Back of
Half Helmet
Mfr. Name and/or Brand
Model Designation
DOT
FMVSS No. 218
CERTIFIED
13
THREE
Face and Eye Protection
Without face protection, an object could hit you in the eye, face or mouth. A
full-face helmet provides the maximum face and eye protection while riding and
in the event of a crash. A plastic shatter-resistant face shield can help protect your
eyes and face from wind, dust, dirt, rain, insects and pebbles thrown up from
vehicles ahead. ese distractions can be painful and can take your full attention
from the road. Whatever happens, keep your eyes on the road and your hands on
the handlebars.
Windshields will not protect your eyes from wind and debris; neither will
eyeglasses or sunglasses. A windshield is not a substitute for a face shield. Glasses
will not keep your eyes from watering, and they might blow o when you turn
your head while riding. Goggles protect your eyes but won’t protect the rest of
your face like a face shield does. Goggles can also reduce peripheral vision. Tinted
eye protection or shields should not be worn at night or any other time when little
light is available.
Hearing Protection
Long-term exposure to wind noise can cause irreversible hearing damage.
Properly worn hearing protection can reduce wind noise and make your ride
more enjoyable while still allowing you to hear important sounds like car horns
and sirens. You can choose from a variety of styles from disposable foam plugs to
reusable custom-molded devices.
Protective Riding Gear
Riding gear designed for motorcycle riders provides protection in the event of a
crash as well as from heat, cold, rain, debris and hot or moving parts of the
motorcycle. Sturdy synthetic or leather materials provide the best protection.
Wearing brightly colored clothing with retro-reective material will make you
more visible to other roadway users.
• Jackets and Pants should cover arms and legs completely and be made of
durable material. Jeans do not provide adequate protection. Wear a jacket even
in warm weather to prevent dehydration. Many motorcycle riding jackets are
designed to protect without getting you overheated, even on summer days.
• Protective Footwear provides protection for the feet, ankles and lower parts
of the legs. ey should be high and sturdy enough to cover your ankles and
give them support. Leather boots are best. Soles should be made of hard,
durable slip-resistant material. Keep heels short so they do not catch on rough
surfaces. Tuck laces in so they won’t catch on your motorcycle.
Sturdy synthetic or leather materials provide the
best protection.
14
THREE
• Gloves allow a better grip and help protect your hands. Your gloves should be
full-ngered and made of leather or similar durable material.
• Rain Suits designed for motorcycle riding resist tearing apart or ballooning up
at high speeds. You will be much more comfortable and alert than a rider who
is wet and cold. One- or two-piece styles are available. A rain suit with retro-
reective strips or high visibility orange or yellow colors are good choices.
Whatever the weather conditions, always wear protective gear that will keep you
comfortable, enabling you to concentrate on your riding.
Know Your Motorcycle
You should get to know your
motorcycle. Learning how
things work and what parts
need the most attention
could reduce your chances of
being in a crash and extend
the life of your motorcycle.
You should allow extra room
for stopping if you are not
familiar with the motorcycle.
To make sure that your
motorcycle will not let you
down:
• Read the owner’s manual
rst and get to know it.
• Be familiar with the
motorcycle controls.
• Conduct a pre-ride check
of the motorcycle before
every ride.
• Check your tire pressure.
Low tire pressure can
aect steering, stopping
and how the motorcycle handles.
• Keep it serviced and maintained. A motorcycle needs more frequent
inspections and maintenance than a car. A breakdown is more likely to cause
a crash.
Make sure your motorcycle ts you. Your feet should reach the ground while you
are seated on the motorcycle. e clutch and brake levers should be adjusted to
t the reach of your hands. e gear change lever and rear brake pedal may be
adjusted to t your feet and boots for proper operation.
Light Switch
(high/low)
Choke
(varies)
Turn Signal
Switch
Engine Cut
Off Switch
Horn
Button
Electric
Start
Button
Throttle
Ignition Key
(varies)
Clutch Lever
Speedometer
& Odometer
Fuel Supply
Valve
(if equipped)
Gear
Change
Lever
Front Brake
Lever
Tachometer
(if equipped)
Rear Brake
Pedal
Kick Starter
(if equipped)
15
THREE
Motorcycle Controls
ere are six primary controls needed to make the motorcycle move and stop.
You will need both hands and both feet to operate these controls.
• Handlebars – e handlebars are used to steer and turn. ey are also used
to initiate and control motorcycle lean.
• rottle – Is the right handgrip and is operated by rolling the handgrip
toward you to increase speed and away from you to decrease speed. When
released, the throttle snaps back to an “idle” position. To use the throttle
safely and comfortably, keep four ngers around the throttle/handgrip and
the wrist in a at position.
• Clutch Lever – Located in front of the left handgrip. To operate, squeeze
the clutch lever in toward the left handgrip, disconnecting power from the
rear wheel. To reengage power, slowly release the clutch lever while gently
applying throttle.
• Gearshift Lever – Is usually located on the left side of the motorcycle in
front of the footrest and is operated by the left foot. To shift to a higher gear
(upshift), squeeze the clutch lever and then lift the gearshift lever up. To
shift to a lower gear (downshift), squeeze the clutch lever and then press the
gearshift lever down. Motorcycle transmissions shift only one gear per each lift
or downward press. e shift lever must be released before you can shift again.
A typical shift pattern is 1-N-2-3-4-5-(6). Neutral (N) is a half-shift up from
rst or a half- shift down from second; a full upshift or downshift will bypass
neutral. An instrument light indicates when the transmission is in neutral.
• Front Brake Lever – Located in front of the right handgrip and controls the
brakes on the front wheel. To operate, use all four ngers and squeeze the
front brake lever smoothly and progressively.
• Rear Brake Pedal – Located in front of the right footrest and controls
braking on the rear wheel. To operate, press down on the rear brake pedal
smoothly with your right foot.
Other Controls and Equipment
Along with the six primary controls there are a few other controls on most
motorcycles that are important to know and locate. e location and operation
of some of these controls vary from model to model. Refer to your motorcycle
owner’s manual.
• Engine Cut-O Switch – Usually red and located on the right handgrip
and operated by the right thumb. It allows you to shut o the engine without
removing your hands from the controls.
• Fuel Supply Valve – Controls fuel supply to the engine. To run, turn from
OFF to ON. Also may include RESERVE and PRIME positions. It may not
be present on some motorcycles.
• Ignition Switch – Usually located near the instrument cluster, on the gas
tank or under the tank and activated with a key. Positions include ON, OFF,
16
THREE
LOCK and PARK. e LOCK position allows the key to be removed and
engages a steering-lock mechanism. PARK activates the taillight for increased
visibility if you park alongside a roadway at night.
• Choke (if equipped) – Frequently located near the left handgrip, the
instrument cluster or the carburetor. It is important that you consult your
owner’s manual for more information. e choke provides an enriched fuel
mixture to assist in cold engine starts. Turn to OFF position when engine is
warmed.
• Turn Signal Switch – Usually located on the handgrip(s) and operated by the
thumb. Most models do not self-cancel. Check your owner’s manual.
• High/Low Beam Headlight – Located on the left handgrip. On most
motorcycles the headlight activates when the ignition is on.
• Horn – Located on the left handgrip. Operate by pressing with your thumb.
• Electric Start Button – Located on the right handgrip. Operate by pressing
with your thumb.
• Speedometer – Indicates motorcycle road speed. An odometer shows miles
ridden, and a re-settable trip meter can be used to show trip miles or miles
since the last gas stop.
• Tachometer (if equipped) – Indicates motorcycle engine speed in revolutions
per minute (RPM). Never exceed red line RPM.
• Indicator Lights – Located in the instrument cluster. Includes neutral, turn
signals, oil pressure, high beam, side stand down and possibly others.
• Mirrors – Located on the left and right sides of the motorcycle. Some mirrors
are convex. Convex mirrors provide a wider view than at mirrors but make
vehicles look further away than they really are. Adjust them so you can see
the road behind you.
• Side and Center Stands – Supports the motorcycle when parked. Not all
models have center stands. Most stands have return springs that snap up and
hold them in place. Always raise the stand before riding.
Required Motorcycle Equipment
All motorcycles and mopeds must have:
• At least one but not more than three white headlights. Modulating headlights
are allowed during daylight hours. Oregon law requires that the headlight be
on at all times.
• At least one rear license plate.
• At least one red taillight.
• One white license plate light.
• At least one red brake light (stop lamp).
• Front turn signal lights (may be white or amber) if the motorcycle was built
after 1972.
17
THREE
• Rear turn signal lights (may be red or amber) if the motorcycle was built after
1972.
• A red reector on the rear.
• At least one rear view mirror.
• One horn.
• Fenders on all wheels.
• At least one brake operated by hand or foot.
• An exhaust system in good working order, constant operation and meets noise
emission standards determined by the Department of Environmental Quality.
• All lighting must be DOT compliant.
Test Your Knowledge
1. When choosing a helmet, for the best t, make sure the helmet: (Page 12)
A. Loosely ts the top of your head.
B. Tightly ts at the base, loosely at the top.
C. Fits snugly all the way around your head.
2. What type of riding gear provides the best protection when riding a
motorcycle: (Page 13)
A. Denim jeans.
B. Synthetic or leather clothing.
C. Cotton pants.
3. Before every ride, it is important to: (Page 14)
A. Change the oil.
B. Conduct a pre-ride check.
C. Reset the odometer.
18
FOUR
Section Four
Vehicle Control Skills
e following section oers basic riding information on getting started, shifting
gears, stopping, straight-line riding and turning. ese basic skills are important
to learn before moving onto more complex skills.
Training, practice, time and experience are the only ways you can learn how to
safely operate a motorcycle and control direction, speed and balance. Being aware
of your abilities and knowing the rules of the road will help you as you learn how
to operate a motorcycle.
Getting Started
Mounting the Motorcycle
To mount the motorcycle, stand on the left side of the motorcycle. Grasp both
handgrips, squeeze the front brake to keep the motorcycle from rolling, and
swing your right leg over the seat. Sit and straighten the bike; raise the side stand
with your foot and adjust the mirrors.
Starting the Engine
1. Turn the fuel valve and ignition switch ON.
2. Shift to neutral. Do not rely on the indicator light. Rock the motorcycle back
and forth. If the motorcycle rolls freely, it’s in neutral.
3. Turn the engine cut-o switch to ON.
4. Turn the choke ON for cold starts. Many motorcycles require squeezing the
clutch before the starter will operate. is is also a good precaution against
accidentally starting the bike in gear and reduces the load on the starter motor.
5. Press the starter button. Avoid using the throttle; the motorcycle should start
without it. Many motorcycles have a safety mechanism that cuts power to the
motor if the bike is placed in gear with the side stand down; so if you haven’t
brought the side stand up, do it now. If the motor doesn’t start in the rst 5 to
8 seconds, stop and repeat the steps above.
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FOUR
Stopping the Engine, Dismounting and Securing the Motorcycle
1. Turn the engine cut-o switch to OFF. Turn the ignition OFF. Turn the fuel
valve OFF if your motorcycle has one. Make sure all lights are o.
2. To dismount, put the side stand down. Lean the motorcycle onto the side
stand, while grasping both handgrips squeeze the front brake and swing your
right leg over. Turn the handlebar fully toward the side stand for stability.
3. After dismounting, remove the ignition key and engage fork lock or other
security device.
Riding Posture
To properly control a motorcycle:
• Posture – Keep your back straight and head and eyes up. Sit so you can use
your arms to steer the motorcycle rather than to hold yourself up.
• Hands – Hold the handgrips rmly. Start with your right wrist at. is will
help you to control the throttle.
• Knees – Keep your knees close to the gas tank when the motorcycle is
moving.
• Feet – Keep your feet on the footrests when the motorcycle is moving and
avoid pointing your toes down. Keep your feet near the controls so you can
easily and quickly use them.
20
FOUR
Friction Zone
Since most motorcycles have a manual
transmission, you will need to use the
“friction zone” to start
the motorcycle moving
and prevent stalling. e
friction zone is the point on
the clutch where the engine’s
power begins to transmit to the rear
wheel. As you reach the friction zone, roll
on the throttle and the motorcycle will start moving forward. Do not fully release
the clutch lever until your motorcycle is moving and stable.
Shifting Gears
ere is more to shifting gears than simply getting the motorcycle to pick up
speed smoothly. Learning to use the gears when downshifting, turning or
starting on hills is important for safe motorcycle operation.
• To upshift to a higher gear:
○ Roll o, or close, the throttle as you
squeeze in the clutch lever.
○ Lift the shift lever. Use rm pressure.
○ Release the shift lever after each shift is
completed.
○ Ease the clutch out as you roll on the
throttle.
• To downshift to a lower gear:
○ Roll o or close the throttle as you
squeeze in the clutch lever.
○ Press down rmly (but don’t stomp) on
the shift lever.
○ Ease out the clutch to avoid skidding the
rear tire.
When coming to a stop, you should shift down through the gears as you slow.
Always try to shift gears gradually; an abrupt change in power to the rear wheel
can cause a skid.
Starting on an Incline
Here are some important tips to remember when starting on a hill:
• Use the front brake to hold the motorcycle while you start the engine and
shift into rst gear.
• Change to the foot brake to hold the motorcycle while you operate the
throttle with your right hand.
Friction Zone
(6)
5
4
3
2
N
1
21
FOUR
• Open the throttle a little bit for more power.
• Release the clutch gradually.
• Release the rear brake when the motorcycle starts to pull forward. is means
the clutch is beginning to transmit power.
• Continue to release the clutch gradually. If you release it too quickly, the front
wheel may come o the ground, the engine may stop, or both.
• Continue to open the throttle gradually, as needed.
It is more dicult to start the motorcycle moving on an upgrade than on at
ground. ere is always the danger of rolling backwards into a vehicle behind you.
Stopping
Your motorcycle has brakes
on the front and rear wheels.
Always use both brakes every
time you slow or stop. When
used correctly, the front brake
can provide 70% or more of your
total stopping power.
Using both front and rear brakes
shortens stopping distance.
To stop your motorcycle, squeeze
the front brake lever and press
down on the rear brake pedal smoothly until stopped. Grabbing at the front
brake or jamming down on the rear can cause the brakes to lock, resulting in
control problems.
Normal Stopping in a Curve
If you need to stop while leaned over in a curve, apply smooth gradual pressure
to both brakes as you start reducing your lean angle. e more you reduce the
lean the more traction you will have to stop. You can apply more brake pressure
as your motorcycle straightens up. If you apply too much brake pressure or do so
suddenly, a skid can occur.
Integrated Braking Systems
Some motorcycles have integrated braking systems that link the front and rear
brakes together by applying a single brake control. (Consult the owner’s manual
for information on the use of these systems.)
Rear
Front
Both
Stopping Distance
22
FOUR
Turning
New riders must be aware of the diculty of negotiating turns and curves. Riders
often try to take curves or turns too fast. Reduce speed before entering the turn
and maintain this speed. ese four steps will help you learn the skills for turning:
SLOW – Reduce your speed before
the turn. is can be done by
rolling o the throttle as
needed and, if necessary,
applying both brakes.
LOOK – Look through
the turn to where you
want to go. Turn just your
head, not your shoulders,
and keep your eyes level
with the horizon.
ROLL – Roll on the throttle to maintain steady speed or gradually accelerate
through the turn. is will help keep the motorcycle stable.
PRESS – To turn, the motorcycle must lean. To lean the motorcycle,
countersteer – press on the handgrip in the direction of the turn. Press forward
on the left handgrip – lean left – go left. Press forward on the right handgrip –
lean right – go right. e higher the speed or the sharper the turn, the greater the
lean angle.
Turning Techniques
In normal turns, the rider and the motorcycle should lean together at the same
angle.
In slow tight turns, counterbalance by leaning the motorcycle only and keeping
your body straight.
Normal
Turning
Slow
Turning
23
FOUR
Test Your Knowledge
1. How should you position your hands on the handgrips? (Page 19)
A. Keep the left wrist down.
B. Keep the right wrist up.
C. Keep your right wrist at.
2. What is the “friction zone”? (Page 20)
A. Point on the clutch where the engine’s power begins to transmit to the rear
wheel.
B. Point when the clutch warms up.
C. Point on the throttle where the engine’s power begins to transmit to the rear
wheel.
3. To bring your motorcycle to a stop: (Page 21)
A. Squeeze the front brake lever gradually and drag your feet until stopped.
B. Grab the front brake lever and rmly press down on the rear brake pedal
until stopped.
C. Squeeze the front brake lever and press down on the rear brake pedal
gradually until stopped.
4. What are the four steps for turning? (Page 22)
A. Slow, Look, Roll, Press.
B. Search, Evaluate, Decide, Execute.
C. Evaluate, Accelerate, Brake, Roll.
24
FIVE
Section Five
Street Strategies
Rider Risks and Responsibilities
You need to develop a set of street riding strategies that allows you to gather
critical information to make good decisions and avoid problems.
Rider Responsibilities
Accept the responsibilities associated with operating a motorcycle:
• You must have a motorcycle endorsement or instruction permit.
• You must follow the laws and rules of the road.
• You must share the road with other users (i.e. people walking or biking, large
vehicles, etc.)
• Always ride alcohol- and drug-free.
• Always wear protective gear.
Risk Awareness
Riding a motorcycle involves some risks not encountered when driving other
types of vehicles. Some of these risks include:
• Vulnerability – Motorcycles provide less protection in a crash and do not
have the stability of cars. is is why you should always wear protective gear.
• Visibility – Motorcycles are not as visible as other types of vehicles because of
their size. Other motorists may not be looking for motorcycles in trac. is
places you at risk.
Motorcycles are not as visible as other vehicles
because of their size. This puts you at risk!
25
FIVE
Risk Management
To manage risk you must be aware of the potential risks and then have a plan to
reduce the risks.
SIPDE
Good experienced riders remain aware of what is going on around them. ey
improve their riding strategy by using SIPDE, a 5-step process used to make
appropriate judgments, and apply it correctly in dierent trac situations:
• Scan
• Identify
• Predict
• Decide
• Execute
Let’s examine each of
these steps.
Scan
Search aggressively ahead, to the sides and behind to avoid potential hazards even
before they arise. How aggressively you search, and how much time and space you
allow, can eliminate or reduce harm. Focus on nding potential escape routes.
Identify
An aggressive scan allows you to identify potential hazards and conicts before
you reach them.
• Vehicles and other motorcycles—may move into your path and increase the
likelihood of a crash.
• People walking or rolling and animals—are unpredictable, and may make
short, quick moves.
• Stationary objects—potholes, guardrails, bridges, roadway signs, hedges or
trees may inuence your riding strategy.
Predict
After identifying a potential hazard or conict, you will need to quickly predict
what it will do. Before making your move, ask yourself: How critical is the
situation? What are my choices? What are the consequences? Do I need to take
action? is stage of SIPDE will develop as you gain experience and skill.
Decide
Determine what you need to do based on your prediction. You must decide when,
where and how to take action. You must constantly make decisions to deal with
constantly changing road and/or trac conditions.
S I P D E
26
FIVE
Execute
Carry out your decision.
• Communicate your presence with lights and/or horn.
• Adjust your speed by accelerating, stopping or slowing.
• Adjust your position and/or direction.
When you encounter multiple hazards, adjust your speed to permit them to
separate. en deal with them one at a time as single hazards. Decision making
becomes more complex with three or more hazards.
In potentially high-risk areas, such as intersections, shopping areas and school or
construction zones, cover the clutch and both brakes to reduce the amount of
time it takes you to react.
Intersections
e greatest potential for multi-vehicle crashes is
at intersections. At intersections, drivers entering
your right of way is the most common cause of
motorcycle and vehicle crashes. Cars that turn
left in front of you, including cars turning left
from the lane to your right, and cars on side
streets that pull into your lane, are the biggest
dangers. Your use of SIPDE at intersections is
critical. In 2021, there were 3,052 two-vehicle
fatal crashes involving a motorcycle and another
type of vehicle.
3
In 43% of these crashes, the
other vehicles were turning left while the
motorcycles were going straight, passing, or
overtaking other vehicles.
Increase your chances of being seen at intersections by riding with your headlight
on. Ride in a lane position that provides the best view of oncoming trac. For
example, if a car is stopped to your right, slow down and move to the left. Provide
a space cushion around the motorcycle that permits you to take evasive action.
When approaching an intersection where a vehicle is preparing to cross your path:
• Slow down.
• Select a lane position to increase your visibility to that driver.
• Cover both brakes to reduce the time you need to react.
• Cover the clutch lever to prevent stalling. As you enter the intersection, move
away from the vehicle.
3 National Center for Statistics and Analysis (2023, June). Motorcycles: 2021
data (Trac Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 112). Washington, DC:
National Highway Trac Safety Administration.
27
FIVE
• Do not make radical movements, as drivers might think you are preparing to
turn.
• Be prepared to take action.
Blind Intersections
If you approach a blind intersection, move to the
portion of the lane that will bring you into another
driver’s eld of vision at the earliest possible moment.
In this picture, the rider has moved to the left portion
of the lane – away from the parked car – so the driver
on the cross street can see them as soon as possible.
e key is to see as much as possible and remain visible
to others while protecting your space.
If you have a stop sign or stop line, stop there rst. en edge forward and
stop again, just short of where the cross-trac lane meets your lane. From that
position, lean your body forward and look around buildings, parked cars, or
bushes to see if anything is coming. Just make sure your front wheel stays out of
the cross lane of travel while you’re looking.
Traffic Signals
Many trac signals are triggered
by inductive loops or wires
buried under the pavement.
When a vehicle goes over
them, the metal disrupts the
current, which sends a signal to the
trac signal control box. A computer
directs the signal to change at the
appropriate time.
Most motorcycles contain enough metal to trigger the light, but you should know
where the most sensitive spots are. Look for the cut in the pavement, lled with
tar. Depending on the shape, the most sensitive spots are:
• Diamonds – just inside one of the points.
• Rectangles – up front, in the middle.
• Circles – about ¼ of the way in.
Other detection systems may use cameras, infrared sensors, or microwaves to
sense the presence of a vehicle. If a trac control device, controlled by a vehicle
detection device, fails to detect your motorcycle and does not change to green
after one complete cycle, Oregon law permits a motorcycle to proceed with
caution through an intersection even if the trac control device still displays red.
You must wait for a complete cycle and stop for any people walking or rolling
before proceeding.
Blind Spots
28
FIVE
Sharing the Road
Space Management
It is extremely important to maintain an adequate “cushion of space” between
vehicles.
Increasing the following distance between vehicles will provide you with:
• Time to react.
• Space to maneuver.
A responsible rider recognizes that space is the best protection against potential
hazards.
Lane Positions
Oregon law gives you the right to use a full trac lane when you ride a
motorcycle or moped. In some ways, the size of the motorcycle can work to your
advantage. Each trac lane gives a motorcycle at least three paths of travel, as
indicated in the illustration.
Your lane position should:
• Increase your ability to see and be seen.
• Avoid others’ blind spots.
• Avoid surface hazards.
• Protect your lane from other drivers.
• Communicate your intentions.
• Avoid windblast from other vehicles.
• Provide an escape route.
In general, there is no single best position for you to be seen and to maintain a
space cushion around the motorcycle. No portion of the lane need be avoided –
including the center, if weather and roadway conditions permit.
Position yourself in the portion of the lane where you are most likely to be seen
and you can maintain a space cushion around you. Move from one side of the
lane to another to increase your distance from other vehicles. A responsible rider
changes position as trac situations change. Ride in path 2 or 3 if vehicles or
other potential hazards are on your left. Remain in path 1 or 2 if hazards are on
your right. If vehicles are present on both sides of you, the center of the lane, path
2, is usually your best option.
1 2 3
Use the whole width of the lane to help other
roadway users see you better.
29
FIVE
e oily strip in the center portion that collects drippings from cars is usually no
more than 2 feet wide. Unless the road is wet, the average center strip permits
adequate traction to ride on safely. You can operate to the left or right of the oily
strip and still be within the center portion of the trac lane. Avoid riding on big
buildups of oil and grease usually found at busy intersections or tollbooths.
Following Another Vehicle
Motorcycles need as much, or more, distance to stop as cars. It is recommended
that motorcycle operators try to maintain a four-second following distance
behind the vehicle ahead. is allows you space to stop, swerve, and to keep a
reasonable space cushion.
A larger cushion of space is needed
if your motorcycle will take longer
than normal to stop. For example
if you are riding 40 mph or more,
if the pavement is slippery, if you
cannot see through the vehicle
ahead or if trac is heavy and
someone may squeeze in front of
you, open up a ve-second or more
following distance.
Keep well behind the vehicle ahead even when you are stopped. is will make it
easier to get out of the way if someone behind you is not slowing down. It will also
give you a cushion of space if the vehicle ahead starts to back up for some reason.
To estimate your four-second following distance:
• Pick out an object, such as a pavement marking, sign, pole or other stationary
point on or near the road ahead.
• When the rear bumper of the vehicle ahead passes the object, count o the
seconds: “one-thousand-one, one-thousand-two, one-thousand-three, one-
thousand-four.”
• If you reach the object before you reach “four,” you are following too closely.
• Reduce speed and then count again at another stationary point to check the
new following interval. Repeat until you are following no closer than four
seconds.
Remember that most drivers don’t look at
their side view mirrors nearly as often as they
check their rear view mirror. If the trac
situation allows, the center portion of the
lane is the best place for you to be seen by
the drivers ahead and to prevent lane sharing
by others.
4 Seconds
30
FIVE
Being Followed
Speeding up to lose someone following too closely can end up with someone
tailgating you at a higher speed.
A better way to handle tailgaters is to get them in front of you. When someone
is following too closely, change lanes and let them pass. If you can’t do this, slow
down and open up extra space ahead of you to allow room for both you and the
tailgater to stop. is will also encourage them to pass. If they don’t pass, you
will have given yourself and the tailgater more time and space to react in case an
emergency does develop ahead.
Passing and Being Passed
Passing and being passed by another vehicle is not much dierent from a car.
However, visibility is more critical. Be sure other drivers see you, and that you
see potential hazards.
Motorcycle and moped riders must follow the same rules in passing as drivers of
automobiles. It is against the law for motorcyclists to pass between moving
vehicles using an occupied lane on a multi-lane highway or a one-way street. It is
also against the law to pass on the right if you must drive o the paved part of the
road or use the shoulder to go around another vehicle. Oregon law allows one
motorcycle or moped rider to pass another using the same lane.
Passing
• Ride in the left portion of the lane at a safe
following distance to increase your line of sight
and make you more visible. Signal and check for
oncoming trac. Use your mirrors and turn your
head to look for trac behind.
• When safe, move into the left lane and accelerate.
Select a lane position that doesn’t crowd the car you
are passing and provides space to avoid hazards in
your lane.
• Ride through the vehicle’s blind spot as quickly as
possible while maintaining the required speed limit.
• Signal again, and complete mirror and head checks
before returning to your original lane and then
cancel your signal.
• When passing parked cars, stay towards the left
of your lane. e greatest danger is drivers pulling
away from the curb without checking for trac
behind. Cars pulling out and making sudden U-turns are also dangerous.
ey may cut you o entirely, blocking the whole roadway and leaving you
with no place to go.
Center
31
FIVE
Being Passed
When you are being passed from behind or by an
oncoming vehicle, stay in the middle portion of your
lane. Riding any closer to them could put you in a
hazardous situation.
Do not move into the portion of the lane farthest from
the passing vehicle. It might invite the other driver to cut
back into your lane too early.
Changing Lanes
Check your mirrors and your blind spot before changing lanes. Be sure to execute
a complete head check. is means turning your head in the direction you intend
to go to check your blind spot for trac approaching to the side and behind you.
Lane Sharing
Vehicles and motorcycles need a full lane to operate safely. To discourage others
from sharing your lane, you may choose to ride in the center portion of your lane.
Oregon law allows motorcycles to ride two abreast in a single lane. However, this
is not a recommended safety practice. Sharing a lane with a car while passing
them is commonly known as “lane splitting” and is not legal in Oregon. Lane
splitting can leave you vulnerable to the unexpected and reduces your space
cushion. Do not ride between rows
of stopped or moving motor vehicles.
is is illegal in Oregon and can be
dangerous.
Merging Vehicles
Do not assume that drivers merging
on an entrance ramp will see you.
Minimize the potential for danger by
giving them plenty of room. Change
lanes if one is open. If there is no room
for a lane change, adjust speed to open
up space for the merging driver.
Vehicles Alongside
Avoid riding in the blind spot of a
vehicle. Responsible riders recognize
that vehicles traveling in the adjacent
lane may unexpectedly change direction forcing the rider into a potentially
dangerous situation. Vehicles in the next lane also block your escape if you come
upon a hazard in your own lane. Adjust your speed until a proper and adequate
space cushion has been established between vehicles.
Center
Blind Spots
32
FIVE
Escape Routes
An escape route is an alternate path of travel that you can take if a hazard develops
in your path. No matter what the conditions, always use SIPDE and plan an
escape route. In the illustration below, the rst rider has three escape routes open
should they need to take an alternate path. e second rider has an escape route
open to the left. e third rider does not have a clear escape route and should
increase their space cushion. e third rider has nowhere to go if they need to take
an alternate path of travel, which leaves them vulnerable to potential hazards.
Increasing Visibility
In crashes with motorcyclists, drivers often say that they never saw the motorcycle.
From ahead or behind, a motorcycle’s outline is much smaller than a car’s. Also,
it’s hard to see something you are not looking for, and many drivers are not
looking for motorcycles. More likely, they are looking through the narrow, two-
wheeled silhouette in search of vehicles that may pose a problem to them.
Even if a driver does see you coming, you aren’t necessarily safe. Motorcycles may
appear farther away, and may appear to be traveling slower than they actually are.
It is common for drivers to pull out in front of motorcyclists, thinking they have
plenty of time. Too often, they are wrong. However, you can do many things to
make it easier for others to recognize you and your motorcycle.
1 2 3
Being seen is your responsibility! Bright colors and
retro-reflective materials are the best choices for
keeping you visible to surrounding traffic both day
and night.
33
FIVE
Clothing
Most crashes occur in broad daylight. Wear bright colored clothing to increase
your chances of being seen. Remember, your body is half of the visible surface
area of the rider-motorcycle unit.
Retro-reective, bright colored clothing is best. Bright orange, red, yellow or green
jackets or vests are your best option for being seen. Brightly colored helmets can
also help others see you. After dark, retro-reective material on a vest and on the
sides of the helmet will help drivers coming from the side spot you. Retro-reective
material can also be a big help for drivers coming toward you or from behind.
Headlight
Oregon law requires that you have your headlight on at all times. Keeping your
headlights on is the best way to help others see your motorcycle.
Signals
Oregon law requires the use of signals, either hand
or electrical, before making a turn or changing lanes.
Motorcyclists may use hand signals during the day. At
night, or in limited visibility conditions, turn signal
lights are required for motorcycles.
e signals on a motorcycle communicate to other
drivers your intentions. Always use signals when turning
or changing lanes. Using your signals will increase visibility. Always turn your
head to check your blind spot before changing lanes.
Most motorcycle turn signals are not self-canceling. Be sure to cancel the signal
after making your turn. is will allow other drivers to know your intentions and
prevent anyone from entering into your path.
You should also be familiar with hand signals, as shown in the gure, and be able
to use them if the motorcycle’s turn signals are not working correctly.
Left turn
Left arm extended,
palm open
Right turn
Left arm raised up,
palm open
Stop
Left arm straight down,
palm facing back
34
FIVE
Brake Light
Your motorcycle’s brake light is usually not as noticeable as the brake lights on a
car. If the situation permits, help others notice you by ashing your brake light
before you slow down.
It is especially important to ash your brake light before:
• You slow more quickly than others might expect (for example, turning o a
high-speed highway).
• You slow where others may not expect it (for example, in the middle of a
block or at an alley).
If you are being followed closely, it’s a good idea to ash your brake light before
you slow. e tailgater may be watching you and not see something ahead that
will make you slow down. is will hopefully discourage them from tailgating
and warn them of hazards ahead they may not see.
Horn
Be ready to use your horn to get someone’s attention quickly. Keep in mind that a
motorcycle’s horn isn’t as loud as a vehicle’s; therefore, use it, but don’t rely on it.
Test Your Knowledge
1. e biggest danger for a motorcycle in an intersection is: (Page 26)
A. Drivers tailgating you.
B. Drivers turning left in front of you.
C. Improper lane positions.
2. In which portion of the lane should you position yourself? (Page 28)
A. e left portion of the lane.
B. e lane portion where you are most likely to be seen.
C. e right portion of the lane.
3. What is an escape route? (Page 32)
A. An alternate path of travel you can take if a hazard develops.
B. A nearby roadway to take if trac is heavy.
C. A safe place to stop when weather or roadway conditions are poor.
35
SIX
Section Six
Roadway Management
Situations change constantly on the road. As a responsible rider, you know how
important it is to be in full control of the motorcycle. A responsible rider knows
that good road management starts with knowledge and practice of SIPDE.
Cornering and Curves
Many crash-involved riders enter curves too fast and are unable to complete the
curve. Although every curve is dierent, the basic cornering procedure – slow,
look, roll, press – applies to all curves.
Your best path in a curve depends on trac, road conditions and curve of the
road. If trac is present:
• Move to the center of your lane before
entering a curve – and stay there until you
exit. Look all the way through the turn.
• is permits you to spot approaching
trac, adjust for trac “crowding” the
centerline and adjust for debris blocking
part of your lane.
If no trac is present:
• Start at the outside of a curve to increase
your line of sight. Look all the way
through the turn to the exit.
• As you turn, move toward the inside of
the curve, and as you pass the center,
move to the outside to exit. is will
create a straighter line through the curve.
Be alert to whether a curve remains constant,
gradually widens, gets tighter or involves multiple curves. Ride within your skill
level and posted speed limits. Choose a path of travel that creates a straighter line
through the curve as long as trac permits.
Crash Avoidance
No matter how careful you are, there will be times when you nd yourself in a
dicult spot. Your chances of avoiding a crash and possible injury will depend on
your ability to respond quickly and properly. Two critical crash avoidance skills
you will need to learn and practice are stopping quickly and swerving.
With Traffic
No Traffic
36
SIX
Stopping Quickly
Stopping a motorcycle quickly and safely is a skill that requires a lot of practice.
is is accomplished by applying controlled pressure to both the front and rear
brakes at the same time without locking either wheel.
To do this:
• Squeeze the front brake lever and apply pressure to the rear brake pedal
smoothly at the same time. Do not apply maximum pressure to the front
brake lever and rear brake pedal all at once. Gradually increase pressure to the
front brake lever as weight is transferred forward to the front tire.
• Keep your knees rmly against the tank and your eyes up, looking well ahead.
Good riding posture will help you stop the motorcycle in a straight line and
keep your weight from shifting forward.
• If a wheel locks and skids, release pressure on that brake to get the tire
rolling, then immediately reapply the brake with controlled gradual pressure.
Stopping Quickly in a Curve
If you must stop quickly while turning or riding in a curve, one technique is to
straighten the motorcycle, square the handlebars and then stop. ere may be
conditions that do not allow straightening rst, such as running o the road
in a left-hand curve or dealing with oncoming trac in a right-hand curve. In
such situations, it is preferable to apply the brakes smoothly and gradually. As
you slow, you can reduce your lean angle and apply more brake pressure until
the motorcycle is straight and maximum brake pressure is possible. You should
“straighten” or “square” the handlebars in the last few feet of stopping; the
motorcycle should then be straight up.
Anti-Lock Braking Systems (ABS)
Some motorcycles use this technology to prevent wheel lock-up. If your motorcycle
is equipped with anti-lock brakes apply maximum pressure on both the front and
rear brakes as quickly and rmly as you can. You may feel a pulsation in the
brakes; continue to hold brake pressure until you have completely stopped.
Proper braking.
Neither wheel is locked and
motorcycle is in alignment.
Excessive rear brake pressure
locks rear wheel. Motorcycle
is out of alignment and control.
Proper braking.
Neither wheel is locked and
motorcycle is in alignment.
Excessive rear brake pressure
locks rear wheel. Motorcycle
is out of alignment and control.
37
SIX
Handling Skids
Here’s what to do when a skid cannot be avoided:
• Front-Wheel Skids – If the front wheel locks, release the front brake
immediately to get the wheel rolling again, then reapply the front brake
smoothly, with increasing pressure. Front-wheel skids result in immediate
loss of steering control and balance. Failure to fully release the brake lever
immediately will result in a crash.
• Rear-Wheel Skids – A skidding rear wheel is a dangerous condition, caused
by too much rear brake pressure, which can also result in a crash. If the rear
wheel locks, you lose the ability to change direction. If the rear wheel begins to
skid, release the rear brake immediately and reapply the rear brake smoothly.
Swerving
If braking is required, separate it from swerving. Brake before or after – never
while swerving.
Swerving to avoid a crash may be appropriate if stopping isn’t a solution. A swerve
is two consecutive countersteers to execute a sudden change in path or direction.
Be sure you have enough time and space to swerve. To swerve:
• Apply rm forward pressure to the handgrip located on the side you want to
go. In other words, to swerve to the right, press the right handgrip. is will
cause the motorcycle to lean quickly. e sharper the swerve, the more the
motorcycle must lean.
• Press on the opposite handgrip once you clear the obstacle to return to your
original direction of travel.
• Keep your body upright and allow the motorcycle to lean in the direction of
the turn while keeping your knees against the tank and your feet solidly on
the footrests.
Brake, Then SwerveSwerve, Then Brake
38
SIX
Handling Hazardous Surfaces
Slippery Surfaces
On slippery surfaces, you should use added caution. Motorcycles handle better
when ridden on surfaces with good traction. Maintaining balance and control is
dicult on slippery surfaces.
To reduce your risk you can take certain preventative measures:
• Reduce Speed – Slow down before you get to a slippery surface to lessen your
chances of skidding and increase your following distance. Your motorcycle
needs more distance to stop. And, it is particularly important to reduce speed
before entering wet curves.
• Avoid Sudden Moves – Any sudden changes in speed or direction can cause
a skid. Be as smooth as possible if you speed up, shift gears, turn or brake.
• Use Both Brakes – e front brake is still eective, even on a slippery
surface. Squeeze the brake lever gradually to avoid locking the front wheel.
Remember, use gentle pressure on the rear brake.
Surfaces that provide less traction include:
• Wet Surfaces – When it starts to rain, ride in the tire tracks
left by cars and avoid pooled water and highway ruts. Often,
the left tire track will be the best position, depending on trac
and other road conditions.
• Snow- or Ice-Covered Surfaces – Snow melts faster on some
sections of a road than on others. Patches of ice can occur
in low or shaded areas and on bridges and overpasses. It is
recommended you avoid snow- and ice-covered surfaces.
• Shiny Surfaces – Metal covers, steel plates, bridge gratings,
train tracks, lane markings, leaves and wooden surfaces can be
very treacherous when wet.
• Dirt, Sand and Gravel – On curves and ramps leading to and from
highways, dirt, sand and gravel can collect along the sides of the road. Avoid
sudden changes in speed and direction and choose a lane position that
minimizes the risk of injury.
• Oil Spots – Watch for these when you put your foot down to stop or park.
You may slip and fall. Securing the proper footing will help you from losing
your balance or falling.
39
SIX
Railroad Tracks, Trolley Tracks and Pavement Seams
Usually it is safer to ride straight within your lane to cross tracks. Turning to
cross tracks at a 90 degree angle or parallel path can be more dangerous – your
path may carry you into another lane of trac. (See Diagram A.)
For track and road seams that run parallel to your path of travel, move far enough
away from tracks, ruts or pavement seams to cross at a 45 to 90 degree angle.
en, make a quick, sharp turn. Edging across could catch your tires and throw
you o balance. (See Diagram B.)
Grooves and Gratings
Riding over rain grooves or
metal bridge gratings may
cause your motorcycle to
weave. Maintain a steady
speed and ride straight across.
Uneven Surfaces or
Obstacles
Watch out for uneven surfaces such as bumps, broken pavement, potholes or
debris on the road.
Try to avoid obstacles by slowing or going around them. If you must go over the
obstacle, rst determine if it is possible. Approach it as close to a 90 degree angle
as possible. Look where you want to go to control your path of travel. If you have
to ride over the obstacle, you should:
• Slow down as much as possible before contact.
• Make sure the motorcycle is fully upright.
• Rise slightly o the seat with your weight on the footrest to absorb the shock
with your knees and elbows. is will help keep you from being thrown o
the motorcycle.
• Just before contact, roll on the throttle slightly to lighten the front end.
If you ride over an object on the street, pull o the road and check for damage
before riding any farther.
Correct
Diagram B Diagram A
Wrong
Correct Correct
Diagram B Diagram A
Wrong
Correct
Correct
Wrong
40
SIX
Test Your Knowledge
1. How should you keep your body position when stopping quickly? (Page 36)
A. Knees against the tank and eyes up.
B. Knees away from the tank and eyes up.
C. Knees against the tank and wrists up.
2. If you must stop quickly while turning, a good technique is to: (Page 36)
A. Straighten the motorcycle, square the handlebars and then stop.
B. Apply the front brake and increase your lean angle.
C. Apply brakes rst and lean away from the turn.
3. When swerving, it is important to: (Page 37)
A. Brake and swerve at the same time.
B. Swerve in the direction the hazard is traveling.
C. Separate braking from swerving.
41
SEVEN
Section Seven
Special Riding Situations
e following section oers some additional information on special riding
situations you may encounter when riding a motorcycle.
Crowned Roads
A road surface that is higher in the middle
than at the sides is a crowned road. Use
caution and slow down when cornering on
crowned roads because ground clearance is
reduced and the lean angle available is less
than on a at road.
Work Zones
Work zones present a hazard to all drivers but even more so for motorcycle riders.
Lacking four-wheel stability, the motorcycle rider must reduce speed and be
especially mindful of potential hazards.
e following are types of work zone road hazards and what to do if you
encounter them:
• Sand or Gravel on Pavement – Slow down, don’t make sudden turns, and
brake lightly in a straight line if you need to slow more. If you encounter long
stretches of sand or gravel, downshift and keep your speed steady.
• Scored or Grooved Pavement – Keep your head and eyes up. Go slow, don’t
ght the handlebars. Keep a steady throttle.
• Oil or Fresh Tar – Avoid if possible. Go slow and avoid sudden moves.
• Rippled and Uneven Temporary Pavement – Scan the pavement and pick
the smoothest line. Cross slowly and carefully. Be aware of raised edges
between lanes that have been repaved and those awaiting to be paved–
crossing a raised edge at high speeds and a narrow angle could cause you to
lose control.
• Objects in the Road – Scan well ahead. Go around object if possible.
Increase your following distance to allow maneuvering room.
Tire Failure
You will seldom hear a tire go at. You can usually tell from the way the
motorcycle reacts. If the motorcycle starts handling dierently, it may be a tire
42
SEVEN
failure. is can be dangerous. If one of your tires suddenly loses air, respond
quickly to keep your balance. Pull o and check the tires.
If the front tire goes at, the steering will feel “heavy.” A front-wheel at is
particularly hazardous because it aects your steering. You have to steer well to
keep your balance.
If the rear tire goes at, the back of the motorcycle may jerk or sway from side
to side.
If either tire goes at while riding:
• Hold handgrips rmly, ease o the throttle and keep a straight course.
• If braking is required, gradually apply the brake of the tire that isn’t at.
• When the motorcycle slows, edge to the side of the road, squeeze the clutch
and stop.
Stuck Throttle
Twist the throttle back and forth several times. If the throttle cable is stuck, this
may free it. If the throttle stays stuck, immediately use the engine cut-o switch
and pull in the clutch at the same time. is will remove power from the rear
wheel, though engine noise may not immediately decline. Once the motorcycle is
“under control,” pull o the road and stop.
After you have stopped, check the throttle cable carefully to nd the source of the
trouble. Make certain the throttle works freely before you start to ride again.
Wobble
A “wobble” occurs when the front wheel and handlebars suddenly start to shake
from side to side at any speed. Most wobbles can be traced to improper loading,
unsuitable accessories or incorrect tire pressure. If you are carrying a heavy load,
lighten it. If you can’t, shift it. Center the weight lower and farther forward on
the motorcycle. Make sure tire pressure, spring pre-load, air shocks and dampers
are at the settings recommended for that much weight. Make sure windshields
and fairings are mounted properly.
Trying to accelerate out of a wobble could make the motorcycle more unstable.
Instead:
• Grip the handlebars rmly, but don’t ght the wobble.
• Close the throttle gradually to slow down. Do not apply the brakes; braking
could make the wobble worse.
• Move your weight as far forward and down as possible.
• Pull o the road as soon as you can to x the problem.
Have the motorcycle checked out thoroughly by a qualied professional.
43
SEVEN
Animals
Dogs sometimes chase motorcycles. Once an approaching dog is spotted, slow
down and downshift until the dog is near your motorcycle then accelerate
away from the dog as it approaches. Keep control of your motorcycle, and look
to where you want to go. Don’t kick at the dog because doing so will make
controlling the motorcycle dicult.
Larger animals such as deer or elk present a dierent problem. ese animals are
unpredictable, and hitting one can be as harmful as colliding with another vehicle.
Use more aggressive SIPDE maneuvers for additional time and space in areas
where larger animals may be present. If one of these animals is encountered on or
near the roadway, slow down and proceed with caution. Pass the animal carefully
at a low speed and continue to check for trac approaching from behind.
Night Riding/Foggy Conditions
Riding at night or in foggy conditions presents additional risks because a rider’s
ability to see and be seen by others is limited. You should adjust your riding
behavior to compensate for limited visibility by:
• Reducing Your Speed – Ride even slower than you would during the day.
• Increasing Distance – Distances are harder to judge at night than during
the day.
• Using the Car Ahead – Use other vehicles’ headlights to see farther ahead
and taillights for clues about curves, bumps or maneuvers. Use your low
beam and stay somewhat back.
• Using Your High Beam – Get all the light you can. Use your high beam
whenever you are not following or approaching a car. Unless in foggy
conditions. Only use your low beam in the fog.
• Be Visible – Wear retro-reective materials when riding at night.
• Being Flexible About Lane Position – Change to whatever portion of the
lane is best able to help you see, be seen
and keep a safe space cushion.
Wind
Strong, steady winds can aect you and
your motorcycle. e eects can occur
anywhere and often happen in open areas,
mountainous terrain and river gorges.
Wind turbulence can occur when you share
the road with large vehicles like trucks,
buses and recreational vehicles.
To respond to wind gusts or windblasts:
• Lean into the wind by applying forward
pressure on the handgrip.
44
SEVEN
• Move away from other vehicles as they approach or as you pass.
• Maximize the space cushion around you.
• Find a safe place to park until conditions improve if the wind becomes too
dangerous.
Test Your Knowledge
1. What can you do to safely corner on a crowned road? (Page 41)
A. Lean your body to the left side of the road.
B. Ride in the right portion of the lane.
C. Use caution and slow down.
2. When riding in strong wind: (Page 43)
A. Move away from other vehicles as they approach or pass you.
B. Ride close to other vehicles to shield you from the wind.
C. Lean away from the wind and lighten your hold on the handgrip.
3. If a dog approaches your motorcycle, the safest thing to do is: (Page 43)
A. Slow down and downshift, then accelerate away from the dog as it
approaches.
B. Speed up to get out of the dog’s reach.
C. Maintain your speed and position your motorcycle as far away from the dog
as you can.
45
EIGHT
Section Eight
Passengers, Cargo and Group Riding
Only skilled, experienced riders should carry passengers or heavy loads or ride in
groups. If you choose to carry passengers or heavy loads or ride in a group, you
will need to know some important information.
Carrying Passengers and Cargo
Before carrying a passenger or heavy loads, know how both could aect
motorcycle operation. e extra weight of a passenger or cargo will aect the
way your motorcycle handles, requiring extra practice, preparation and caution.
For this reason, only experienced riders should attempt to carry passengers or
large loads. Before taking a passenger or heavy load on the street, adjust the air
pressure of both tires and suspension settings to compensate for the additional
weight. Refer to the owner’s manual for more information.
When carrying a passenger, your motorcycle must have:
• Permanent seat(s) to carry both the operator and the passenger. No passenger,
regardless of age, should be seated in front of you.
• Footrests for the passenger.
When riding with passengers:
• Ensure solid handholds for the passenger are available. e passenger can also
hold on to your waist, hips or belt.
• Ride a little slower, especially when taking curves, corners or bumps.
• Start slowing earlier; you may need to use more pressure on the brakes.
• Wait for larger gaps to cross, enter or merge in trac.
• Incorporate a larger cushion of space when stopping or slowing the
motorcycle.
Only skilled, experienced riders should carry
passengers or heavy loads or ride in groups.
46
EIGHT
Instructing Passengers
Your passenger should wear the same protective gear as you. As a routine practice,
instruct your passenger on motorcycling basics prior to starting their trip. Even
if your passenger is a motorcycle rider, provide complete instructions before you
start.
Tell your passenger to:
• Keep both feet rmly planted on the motorcycle’s footrests, even when
stopped.
• Keep legs away from the muer(s), chains or moving parts.
• Hold rmly onto your waist, hips or passenger handgrips.
• Sit as far forward, without crowding, directly behind you.
• Look over your shoulder in the direction of the turn or curve to help you lean
in the direction of the turn or curve.
• Avoid unnecessary conversation and movement when the motorcycle is in
operation.
Tell your passenger to tighten their hold when you:
• Approach surface problems.
• Are about to start from a stop.
• Are about to stop or make a sharp turn.
Carrying Loads
• Keep the Load Low – Secure loads as low as possible. Fasten loads securely,
or put them in saddlebags or side cases. Piling heavy loads on the back of the
seat changes the motorcycle’s center of gravity and may disturb its balance.
• Keep the Load Forward – Place the load over, or in front of, the rear
axle. Tank bags keep loads forward, but use caution when loading hard or
sharp objects. Make sure the tank bag does not interfere with handlebars or
controls. Mounting loads behind the rear axle can aect how the motorcycle
turns and brakes. It can also cause a wobble.
• Distribute the Load Evenly – Load saddlebags or side cases with about the
same weight on each side. An uneven load can cause the motorcycle to pull to
one side. Overloading may also cause the bags to catch in the wheel or chain,
locking the rear wheel and prompting the motorcycle to skid.
• Secure the Load – Fasten the load securely with elastic cords (bungee cords
or nets). Elastic cords with more than one attachment point per side are more
secure. A tight load won’t catch in the wheel or chain. Rope tends to stretch
and knots can come loose causing the load to shift or fall.
• Check the Load – Stop and check the load every so often to make sure it has
not worked loose or moved.
47
EIGHT
Group Riding
Riding with others is one of the many great experiences of motorcycling. Riding
with other motorcyclists can help to increase rider visibility and safety. Responsible
riders do so in a manner that neither endangers nor interferes with the free ow
of trac. Concentration and communication are essential to group riding. You
should gain some riding experience before riding in a group. Riders with diering
skill sets can lead to a less skilled rider getting in over their head and riding
beyond their ability. To enhance safety and reduce the risk of injury when riding
in groups you should:
• Communicate your route before riding.
• Keep the group small (3-5 riders) to avoid losing riders at the end.
• Keep your distance.
• Ride in staggered formation.
• Keep newer riders up front, right behind the leader.
• Move into single-le formation when riding curves, turns, or entering or
leaving a highway.
• Establish hand signals for communication
during the ride.
Staggered Formation
Don’t pair up. e safest way to ride in groups is in
staggered formation. e leader rides in the front on
the left, while the second rider stays at least two to
four seconds behind to the right. A third rider will
ride in the left position two to four seconds behind
the rst rider. e fourth rider will keep a two to
four second distance behind the second rider. is
formation keeps the group close and allows each
rider a safe distance within the group. If your group
is riding at higher speeds, heavy trac, bad weather,
passing vehicles or riding single le around a curve,
maintain at least four seconds following distance.
For speeds greater than 30 mph, a safe following
distance should be four seconds or more to allow
time to make a decision and take action.
Staggered Formation
two to four seconds
two to four seconds
48
EIGHT
Passing in a Group
• Riders in a staggered
formation should pass one at
a time.
• First, the lead rider should
pull out and pass when it is
safe. After passing, the leader
should return to correct
formation position – the left
portion of the lane, and ride
at passing speed to open up
space for rider number two.
• After the rst rider passes
safely, the second rider
should move from the right
position to the left (lead)
position and complete their
pass, pulling into staggered
formation behind the lead.
• e rest of the group follows
this routine. Pass from the
left position and return to the proper formation.
• e lead rider returns to cruising speed when the last rider has completed
the pass.
• If being passed while riding in a group, maintain your lane position.
Test Your Knowledge
1. Extra weight of a passenger or cargo will: (Page 45)
A. Improve the way your motorcycle handles improving the handling
characteristics.
B. Aect the way your motorcycle handles, requiring extra practice, preparation
and caution.
C. Have no additional impact on the motorcycle’s maneuvering abilities.
2. When you tell your passenger you are about to start from a stop, they should:
(Page 46)
A. Tighten their hold.
B. Lean to the right side.
C. Move back in the seat.
Stage 1 Stage 2
49
NINE
Section Nine
Three-Wheel Motorcycles
ree-wheel motorcycles handle dierently from cars and two-wheel motorcycles;
most do not balance and lean like two-wheel motorcycles. Use caution and only
ride once you have learned the necessary skills and experience to safely operate
and control your three-wheel motorcycle.
Common Operating Characteristics of Three-Wheeled
Motorcycles and Motorcycles with a Sidecar
Types of Three-Wheel Motorcycles
Traditional two-wheel motorcycles are considered single-track vehicles. ree-
wheel motorcycles could have either double or triple tracks. Double track
motorcycles are motorcycles with sidecars, while triple track motorcycles (trikes)
can have either two front wheels or two rear wheels.
Differences between Two-Wheel Motorcycles and
Three-Wheel Motorcycles
A three-wheel motorcycle is naturally more stable than a two-wheel motorcycle.
However, under certain conditions it could tip over or lift one of the wheels o
the pavement. In order to ensure its stability, you will need to pay attention to
your body position, your speed and how you load a three-wheel motorcycle.
ree-wheel motorcycles also steer dierently. Since most three-wheel
motorcycles cannot lean, the front wheel must be pointed in the direction you
want the motorcycle to go (much like using a steering wheel in a car).
Motorcycle w/sidecar
3-wheel/double track
Motorcycle
3-wheel/triple track
50
NINE
Be Familiar with Your Motorcycle
Make sure you are completely familiar with the three-wheel motorcycle before
you take it out on the street. Be sure to review the owner’s manual. Remember
three-wheel motorcycles take up more space than two-wheel motorcycles and you
will need more space to maneuver.
Body Position
Your body position is important for control on a three-wheel motorcycle. You
should be able to reach both handgrips comfortably while leaning and shifting
your weight in turns.
Turning
Approach turns and curves with caution. If you enter a turn too fast, you may
end up crossing into another lane of trac, lifting a wheel or going o the road.
Oversteering could cause the motorcycle to skid and you could lose control.
Hills
When riding uphill on a three-wheel motorcycle, some weight will shift to the
rear causing the front of the vehicle to become lighter. is weight shift reduces
the traction on the front wheel(s) for steering and braking. You should shift some
of your body weight forward to maintain steering control.
When riding downhill, gravity increases the amount of braking force required
to slow or stop the vehicle. It is important, therefore, to begin slowing earlier
for cornering and stopping.
Lane Position
e width of a three-wheel motorcycle is similar to the
width of some automobiles; therefore, unlike a two-wheel
motorcycle, you are limited in lane positioning. Keep toward
the center of the lane and within the lane markings.
Lane positioning when riding in groups is also an important
consideration. Ride single le and always maintain a safe
margin, four seconds minimum, between motorcycles.
Center
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NINE
Swerving
A three-wheel motorcycle is not as maneuverable as a two-wheel motorcycle. It is
important to look well ahead to avoid the need for any sudden turns or swerving.
Swerving is seldom the best option to avoid a collision. If swerving is required,
brake either before or after the swerve, never while swerving. You should not
attempt swerving unless you have proper skills and experience to do so. If you
need to avoid a collision, the best option may be hard braking.
Cornering and Curves
When riding through curves, remember to keep all three wheels within your lane.
Adjust your speed before entering a curve. You may need to lean or shift your
weight in the direction of the turn to avoid causing any of the wheels to leave
the ground and possibly losing control.
Unique Operating Characteristics of
Triple-Track Motorcycles
Turning
Because the weight of a triple-track
motorcycle is distributed almost
equally between the two front or
two rear wheels, these motorcycles
handle the same in left and right
turns.
When turning a triple-track
motorcycle:
• Approach a turn with your head
up, and look through the turn.
Brake, Then SwerveSwerve, Then Brake
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NINE
• Adjust speed before the turn to allow you to safely accelerate through the turn.
• Lean or shift your weight in the direction of the turn.
• Steer the front wheel(s) toward the turn.
• Accelerate gradually as you exit the turn.
Stopping Quickly
An important handling characteristic to be aware of on a triple-track motorcycle
is that the two wheels will have more braking power than the single wheel. is
is because weight does not shift as much to the single wheel on a triple-track
motorcycle during hard braking. More of the weight stays on the two wheels and
makes the brakes more eective. How much braking power varies by triple-track
motorcycle design, consult your owner’s manual.
Carrying a Passenger and Cargo
Only skilled, experienced riders should carry passengers or heavy loads. e
additional weight of a passenger or cargo will change the handling characteristics
of the vehicle.
If a passenger is being carried, the passenger will sit directly behind you. When
carrying cargo, center the load and keep it low in the storage areas so it is
balanced side-to-side. Refer to your owner’s manual for more information.
Unique Operating Characteristics of a Motorcycle with a Sidecar
Stopping
Check your sidecar for brakes. Some
sidecars are equipped with brakes while
others are not. Your stopping distance and
handling will be aected if your sidecar is
not equipped with brakes.
You may need to steer slightly in the
direction of the sidecar when applying the
motorcycle brakes if your sidecar is not
equipped with brakes.
Accelerating
During acceleration, steer slightly in the
opposite direction from the sidecar to
maintain a straight line path.
Stopping:
You may need
to steer slightly
in the direction
of the sidecar.
Accelerating:
You may need
to steer slightly
in the opposite
direction from
the sidecar.
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NINE
Turning
When operating a sidecar-equipped motorcycle, additional consideration needs to
be given to the direction of the turn and amount of weight in the sidecar. When
turning a motorcycle with a sidecar:
• Evaluate the degree of turn required.
• Adjust speed before the turn to allow you to safely accelerate through the
turn.
• Lean or shift your weight in the direction of the turn.
• Maintain speed as you enter the turn.
• Accelerate gradually as you exit the turn.
Turning Left
During a left turn, the sidecar acts as a stabilizer, so the sidecar wheel stays on the
ground. However, if the turn is taken too sharply or at too great a speed, it may
cause the rear wheel of the motorcycle to lift o the ground and the nose of the
sidecar to contact the pavement. is is a dangerous condition that could cause
the sidecar to dig in and ip. e best way to prevent rear-wheel lift is to slow
appropriately before the turn and shift your body weight away from the sidecar.
Turning Right
A right turn taken too sharp or at too great a speed may cause the sidecar wheel
to lift o the ground. e lift will be greater if the sidecar is empty or lightly
loaded. You can avoid this wheel lift by slowing before entering the turn and
shifting more of your weight to the inside of the turn, towards the sidecar.
Stopping Quickly
Stopping quickly in a straight line is the primary technique for avoiding
collisions in trac. Always use the front and rear brakes simultaneously,
adjusting pressure on the levers to apply maximum braking just short of
skidding either wheel. If the wheels skid, ease o some of the pressure and then
reapply to regain steering control.
Making quick stops in a curve is more dicult, especially if the road curves to
the right. Hard braking in a curve to the right tends to lift the sidecar, which
may require additional weight shift to the right to compensate. Stopping
quickly in turns to the left is less dangerous because there is a reduced danger of
tipping over. If you must stop quickly in a curve, maintain your path and brake
smoothly and rmly with increasing pressure while shifting your body weight
more into the turn.
Carrying Passengers and Cargo
Only skilled, experienced riders should carry passengers or heavy loads. e
additional weight of a passenger or cargo will change the handling characteristics
of the vehicle.
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NINE
You must give some thought to where the passengers are seated and the loads
are positioned. e best place for a passenger is in the sidecar. Avoid carrying a
passenger behind you while leaving the sidecar empty. is could increase your
chances for a tip over. If you have two passengers, place the heavier passenger
in the sidecar to improve handling. e passenger sitting behind you should
sit upright at all times. It is helpful, but not necessary, for the passenger to lean
into curves with you. When loaded, your motorcycle will need more time and
distance to stop. You will need to increase your following distance.
When carrying cargo in a sidecar, it should be centered low, over the sidecar axle
and secured rmly in place. If the cargo shifts, handling will be aected.
Test Your Knowledge
1. If you need to avoid a collision while riding a three-wheel motorcycle, the
best option may be: (Page 51)
A. Swerving.
B. Hard braking.
C. Accelerating.
2. Entering a turn or curve too fast may cause the vehicle to: (Page 50)
A. Suddenly speed up.
B. Suddenly stall.
C. Cross into another lane of trac.
3. When riding three-wheel motorcycles in groups, ride: (Page 50)
A. In staggered formation.
B. In single le.
C. Beside other vehicles.
4. When turning a three-wheel motorcycle: (Page 52)
A. Move back on the seat to increase rear wheel traction.
B. Countersteer to reduce lean angle.
C. Lean or shift your weight in the direction of the turn.
55
You must give some thought to where the passengers are seated and the loads
are positioned. e best place for a passenger is in the sidecar. Avoid carrying a
passenger behind you while leaving the sidecar empty. is could increase your
chances for a tip over. If you have two passengers, place the heavier passenger
in the sidecar to improve handling. e passenger sitting behind you should
sit upright at all times. It is helpful, but not necessary, for the passenger to lean
into curves with you. When loaded, your motorcycle will need more time and
distance to stop. You will need to increase your following distance.
When carrying cargo in a sidecar, it should be centered low, over the sidecar axle
and secured rmly in place. If the cargo shifts, handling will be aected.
Test Your Knowledge
1. If you need to avoid a collision while riding a three-wheel motorcycle, the
best option may be: (Page 51)
A. Swerving.
B. Hard braking.
C. Accelerating.
2. Entering a turn or curve too fast may cause the vehicle to: (Page 50)
A. Suddenly speed up.
B. Suddenly stall.
C. Cross into another lane of trac.
3. When riding three-wheel motorcycles in groups, ride: (Page 50)
A. In staggered formation.
B. In single le.
C. Beside other vehicles.
4. When turning a three-wheel motorcycle: (Page 52)
A. Move back on the seat to increase rear wheel traction.
B. Countersteer to reduce lean angle.
C. Lean or shift your weight in the direction of the turn.
Governor’s Advisory Committee on Motorcycle Safety
e Governor’s Advisory Committee on Motorcycle Safety (GAC-MS) is an eight-
member committee devoted to rider safety. e committee focuses on rider education,
unimpaired riding, rider training, and advising ODOT and local governments on best
practices as they pertain to motorcycles in the construction, maintenance, and operations
of highways, roads, and streets.
e GAC-MS is the voice of Oregon’s riders. Riders can comment to the committee on
motorcycle safety issues during regular meetings or send correspondence. e GAC-MS’s
meeting schedule, foundation documents, copies of pamphlets on the riding challenges
unique to Oregon plus a state map of suggested routes can be found on the GAC-MS
website below.
http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/Safety/Pages/GAC-MS.aspx.
56
Better Skills = Safer Thrills
Motorcycles and scooters are fun to ride and get great gas mileage. But riding a
motorcycle or scooter is not like driving a car. Riders are less visible in trac and
more vulnerable in crashes. You need to think like a motorcyclist.
at’s why rider training is important. A basic or intermediate endorsement class
provides the knowledge and skills needed to start riding on the street. Advanced
classes take those skills to a higher level.
Endorsement classes provide 4 to 8 hours of practice riding on our training bikes
plus classroom instruction. Topics include:
• Understanding and selecting riding gear;
• Learning the location and operation of motorcycle controls;
• Getting underway, stopping, turning and shifting;
• Developing hazard awareness and riding strategy;
• Cornering, swerving and maximum braking;
• Handling weather, road surface and other challenges; and
• Understanding conditions that aect vision, attention and judgment.
To register for a class, visit:
team-oregon.org or call 800-545-9944
57
To register for a class, visit:
team-oregon.org or call 800-545-9944
Form 735-6367 (01-24) ©
STK #300265
DRIVER AND MOTOR VEHICLE SERVICES
Drive Safely and Courteously.
It Could Save a Life!
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