2020 Publication 590-B

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Department of the Treasury

Internal Revenue Service

Publication 590-B

Cat. No. 66303U

Distributions

from Individual

Retirement

Arrangements

(IRAs)

For use in preparing

2020 Returns

Get forms and other information faster and easier at:

• IRS.gov (English)

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•

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Contents

What’s New .............................. 1

Reminders ............................... 2

Introduction .............................. 3

Chapter 1. Traditional IRAs .................. 6

What if You Inherit an IRA? ................. 6

When Can You Withdraw or Use Assets? ....... 7

When Must You Withdraw Assets? (Required

Minimum Distributions) .................. 7

Are Distributions Taxable? ................ 14

What Acts Result in Penalties or Additional

Taxes? ............................ 22

Chapter 2. Roth IRAs ..................... 29

What Is a Roth IRA? ..................... 30

Are Distributions Taxable? ................ 30

Must You Withdraw or Use Assets? .......... 34

Chapter 3. Coronavirus Relief .............. 35

Qualified Coronavirus-Related Distributions .... 35

Taxation of Qualified

Coronavirus-Related Distributions ...... 35

Repayment and Inclusion in Income of

Qualified Coronavirus-Related

Distributions ...................... 36

Chapter 4. Disaster-Related Relief ........... 36

Qualified Disaster Distributions ............. 37

Repayment of Qualified Disaster

Distributions ...................... 38

Repayment of Qualified 2018, 2019, and

2020 Distributions for the Purchase or

Construction of a Main Home ......... 39

How To Get Tax Help ...................... 40

Appendices ............................. 44

Index .................................. 65

What’s New

Coronavirus-related distributions. Recent legislation

contains special rules that provide for tax-favored with-

drawals, income inclusion, and repayments for certain in-

dividuals who were impacted by the coronavirus in 2020.

See Coronavirus Relief, later.

Special rules for qualified disaster distributions and

repayments expanded. The special rules for qualified

disaster distributions and repayments are expanded to

apply to those disasters described in the Taxpayer Cer-

tainty and Disaster Tax Relief Act of 2020. A qualified dis-

aster is now expanded to include a major disaster that

was declared before February 26, 2021, by the President

under section 401 of the Stafford Act and that occurred on

or after December 28, 2019, and on or before December

27, 2020, and continued no later than January 26, 2021.

May 13, 2021

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However, this change does not include a major disaster

that has been declared only by reason of COVID-19.

See Disaster-Related Relief, later, for more informa-

tion.

RMDs not required in 2020. New legislation temporarily

waives the requirement to make required minimum distri-

butions (RMDs) in 2020 in response to the coronavirus

pandemic. Whether that distribution is one in a series of

RMDs or the initial RMD that would be required by April 1

for a taxpayer reaching age 70

/2 in tax year 2019, no

RMD is required. See When Must You Withdraw Assets?

(Required Minimum Distributions), later, for more informa-

tion.

Qualified birth or adoption distribution. Beginning in

tax years after December 31, 2019, you can take a distri-

bution from your IRA without it being subject to the 10%

additional tax for early distributions if that distribution is for

a qualified birth or adoption. For more information, see

Qualified birth or adoption distribution under Exceptions,

later.

Qualified plan loan offsets. A qualified plan loan offset

is a type of plan loan offset that meets certain require-

ments. In order to be a qualified plan loan offset, the loan,

at the time of the offset, must be a loan in good standing

and the offset must be solely by reason of (1) the termina-

tion of the qualified employer plan, or (2) the failure to

meet the repayment terms is because the employee has a

severance from employment. If you meet the require-

ments of a qualified plan loan offset, you have until the

due date, including extensions, to file your tax return for

the tax year in which the offset occurs to roll over the

qualified plan loan offset amount.

This revision is effective for tax years beginning Janu-

ary 1, 2018.

Modification of required distribution rules for desig-

nated beneficiaries. There are new required minimum

distribution rules for certain beneficiaries who are desig-

nated beneficiaries when the IRA owner dies in a tax year

beginning after December 31, 2019. All distributions must

be made by the end of the 10th year after death, except

for distributions made to certain eligible designated bene-

ficiaries. See 10-year rule, later, for more information.

Required minimum distributions (RMDs). For distribu-

tions required to be made after December 31, 2019, the

age for beginning mandatory distributions is changed to

age 72 for IRA owners reaching age 70

/2 after December

31, 2019. The required beginning date for IRA owners

who haven't reached age 70

/2 by the end of 2019 is April

1 of the year following the year of the owner’s 72nd birth-

day. See When Must You Withdraw Assets? (Required

Minimum Distributions), later, for more information.

Future Developments

For the latest information about developments related to

Pub. 590-B, such as legislation enacted after it was

published, go to IRS.gov/Pub590B.

Reminders

Tax relief for qualified disaster distributions and re-

payments. Special rules provide for tax-favored with-

drawals and repayments to certain retirement plans (in-

cluding IRAs) for taxpayers who suffered economic losses

as a result of certain major disasters that occurred in 2018

and 2019.

Special rules also provide for tax-favored withdrawals

and repayments from certain retirement plans (including

IRAs) for taxpayers who suffered economic losses as a

result of Hurricane Harvey or Tropical Storm Harvey, Hur-

ricane Irma, Hurricane Maria, or the 2017 California wild-

fires.

Disaster tax relief is also available for taxpayers who

suffered economic losses as a result of disasters declared

by the President under section 401 of the Robert T. Staf-

ford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act during

calendar year 2016.

See Disaster-Related Relief, later, for information on

these special rules.

Simplified employee pension (SEP). SEP IRAs aren't

covered in this publication. They are covered in Pub. 560,

Retirement Plans for Small Business.

Deemed IRAs. A qualified employer plan (retirement

plan) can maintain a separate account or annuity under

the plan (a deemed IRA) to receive voluntary employee

contributions. If the separate account or annuity otherwise

meets the requirements of an IRA, it will be subject only to

IRA rules. An employee's account can be treated as a tra-

ditional IRA or a Roth IRA.

For this purpose, a “qualified employer plan” includes:

•

A qualified pension, profit-sharing, or stock bonus

plan (section 401(a) plan);

•

A qualified employee annuity plan (section 403(a)

plan);

•

A tax-sheltered annuity plan (section 403(b) plan); and

•

A deferred compensation plan (section 457 plan)

maintained by a state, a political subdivision of a state,

or an agency or instrumentality of a state or political

subdivision of a state.

Statement of required minimum distribution (RMD).

If an RMD is required from your IRA, the trustee, custo-

dian, or issuer that held the IRA at the end of the preced-

ing year must either report the amount of the RMD to you,

or offer to calculate it for you. The report or offer must in-

clude the date by which the amount must be distributed.

The report is due January 31 of the year in which the mini-

mum distribution is required. It can be provided with the

year-end fair market value statement that you normally get

each year. No report is required for section 403(b) con-

tracts (generally tax-sheltered annuities) or for IRAs of

owners who have died.

IRA interest. Although interest earned from your IRA is

generally not taxed in the year earned, it isn't tax-exempt

interest. Tax on your traditional IRA is generally deferred

until you take a distribution. Don't report this interest on

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your return as tax-exempt interest. For more information

on tax-exempt interest, see the instructions for your tax re-

turn.

Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT). For purposes of the

NIIT, net investment income doesn't include distributions

from a qualified retirement plan (for example, 401(a),

403(a), 403(b), or 457(b) plans, and IRAs). However,

these distributions are taken into account when determin-

ing the modified adjusted gross income threshold. Distri-

butions from a nonqualified retirement plan are included in

net investment income. See Form 8960, Net Investment

Income Tax—Individuals, Estates, and Trusts, and its in-

structions for more information.

Photographs of missing children. The IRS is a proud

partner with the National Center for Missing & Exploited

Children® (NCMEC). Photographs of missing children se-

lected by the Center may appear in this publication on pa-

ges that would otherwise be blank. You can help bring

these children home by looking at the photographs and

calling 1-800-THE-LOST (1-800-843-5678) if you recog-

nize a child.

Introduction

This publication discusses distributions from individual re-

tirement arrangements (IRAs). An IRA is a personal sav-

ings plan that gives you tax advantages for setting aside

money for retirement. For information about contributions

to an IRA, see Pub. 590-A.

What are some tax advantages of an IRA? Two tax

advantages of an IRA are that:

•

Contributions you make to an IRA may be fully or par-

tially deductible, depending on which type of IRA you

have and on your circumstances; and

•

Generally, amounts in your IRA (including earnings

and gains) aren't taxed until distributed. In some ca-

ses, amounts aren't taxed at all if distributed according

to the rules.

What's in this publication? This publication discusses

traditional and Roth IRAs. It explains the rules for:

•

Handling an inherited IRA, and

•

Receiving distributions (making withdrawals) from an

IRA.

It also explains the penalties and additional taxes that

apply when the rules aren't followed. To assist you in com-

plying with the tax rules for IRAs, this publication contains

worksheets, sample forms, and tables, which can be

found throughout the publication and in the appendices at

the back of the publication.

How to use this publication. The rules that you must

follow depend on which type of IRA you have. Use Table

I-1 to help you determine which parts of this publication to

read. Also use Table I-1 if you were referred to this publi-

cation from instructions to a form.

Comments and suggestions. We welcome your com-

ments about this publication and suggestions for future

editions.

You can send us comments through IRS.gov/

FormComments. Or, you can write to the Internal Reve-

nue Service, Tax Forms and Publications, 1111 Constitu-

tion Ave. NW, IR-6526, Washington, DC 20224.

Although we can’t respond individually to each com-

ment received, we do appreciate your feedback and will

consider your comments and suggestions as we revise

our tax forms, instructions, and publications. Do not send

tax questions, tax returns, or payments to the above ad-

dress.

Getting answers to your tax questions. If you have

a tax question not answered by this publication or the How

To Get Tax Help section at the end of this publication, go

to the IRS Interactive Tax Assistant page at IRS.gov/

Help/ITA where you can find topics by using the search

feature or viewing the categories listed.

Getting tax forms, instructions, and publications.

Visit IRS.gov/Forms to download current and prior-year

forms, instructions, and publications.

Ordering tax forms, instructions, and publications.

Go to IRS.gov/OrderForms to order current forms, instruc-

tions, and publications; call 800-829-3676 to order

prior-year forms and instructions. The IRS will process

your order for forms and publications as soon as possible.

Do not resubmit requests you’ve already sent us. You can

get forms and publications faster online.

Useful Items

You may want to see:

Publications

590-A Contributions to Individual Retirement

Accounts (IRAs)

560 Retirement Plans for Small Business (SEP,

SIMPLE, and Qualified Plans)

571 Tax-Sheltered Annuity Plans (403(b) Plans)

575 Pension and Annuity Income

939 General Rule for Pensions and Annuities

976 Disaster Relief

Forms (and Instructions)

W-4P Withholding Certificate for Pension or Annuity

Payments

1099-R Distributions From Pensions, Annuities,

Retirement or Profit-Sharing Plans, IRAs,

Insurance Contracts, etc.

5304-SIMPLE Savings Incentive Match Plan for

Employees of Small Employers (SIMPLE)—Not

for Use With a Designated Financial Institution

5305-S SIMPLE Individual Retirement Trust Account

5305-SA SIMPLE Individual Retirement Custodial

Account

590-A

560

571

575

939

976

W-4P

1099-R

5304-SIMPLE

5305-S

5305-SA

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5305-SIMPLE Savings Incentive Match Plan for

Employees of Small Employers (SIMPLE)—for

Use With a Designated Financial Institution

5329 Additional Taxes on Qualified Plans (Including

IRAs) and Other Tax-Favored Accounts

5498 IRA Contribution Information

8606 Nondeductible IRAs

8815 Exclusion of Interest From Series EE and I

U.S. Savings Bonds Issued After 1989

8839 Qualified Adoption Expenses

8880 Credit for Qualified Retirement Savings

Contributions

8915-A Qualified 2016 Disaster Retirement Plan

Distributions and Repayments

5305-SIMPLE

5329

5498

8606

8815

8839

8880

8915-A

8915-B Qualified 2017 Disaster Retirement Plan

Distributions and Repayments

8915-C Qualified 2018 Disaster Retirement Plan

Distributions and Repayments

8915-D Qualified 2019 Disaster Retirement Plan

Distributions and Repayments

8915-E Qualified 2020 Disaster Retirement Plan

Distributions and Repayments (Use for

Coronavirus-Related and Other Qualified 2020

Disaster Distributions)

See How To Get Tax Help, later, for information about

getting these publications and forms.

8915-B

8915-C

8915-D

8915-E

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Table I-1. Using This Publication

IF you need information on... THEN see...

Traditional IRAs chapter 1.

Roth IRAs chapter 2, and parts of chapter 1.

Coronavirus Relief chapter 3.

Disaster-Related Relief chapter 4.

SEP IRAs, SIMPLE IRAs, and 401(k) plans Pub. 560.

Coverdell education savings accounts (formerly called

education IRAs)

Pub. 970.

Table I-2. How Are a Traditional IRA and a

Roth IRA Different?

This table shows the differences between traditional and

Roth IRAs. Answers in the middle column apply to

traditional IRAs. Answers in the right column apply to Roth

IRAs.

Question Answer

Traditional IRA? Roth IRA?

Do I have to start taking distributions

when I reach a certain age from a

Yes. You must begin receiving required

minimum distributions by April 1 of the

year following the year you reach age

72. See When Must You Withdraw

Assets? (Required Minimum

Distributions) in chapter 1.

No. If you are the original owner of a

Roth IRA, you don't have to take

distributions regardless of your age.

See Are Distributions Taxable? in

chapter 2. However, if you are the

beneficiary of a Roth IRA, you may

have to take distributions. See

Distributions After Owner's Death in

chapter 2.

How are distributions taxed from a

Distributions from a traditional IRA are

taxed as ordinary income, but if you

made nondeductible contributions, not

all of the distribution is taxable. See Are

Distributions Taxable? in chapter 1.

Distributions from a Roth IRA aren't

taxed as long as you meet certain

criteria. See Are Distributions Taxable?

in chapter 2.

Do I have to file a form just because I

receive distributions from a

Not unless you have ever made a

nondeductible contribution to a

traditional IRA. If you have, file Form

8606. See Nondeductible Contributions

in Pub. 590-A.

Yes. File Form 8606 if you received

distributions from a Roth IRA (other

than a rollover, qualified charitable

distribution, one-time distribution to

fund an HSA, recharacterization,

certain qualified distributions, or a

return of certain contributions).

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Traditional IRAs

Introduction

This chapter discusses distributions from an IRA. In this

publication, the original IRA (sometimes called an ordinary

or regular IRA) is referred to as a “traditional IRA.” A tradi-

tional IRA is any IRA that isn't a Roth IRA or a SIMPLE

IRA.

What if You Inherit an IRA?

If you inherit a traditional IRA, you are called a beneficiary.

A beneficiary can be any person or entity the owner choo-

ses to receive the benefits of the IRA after he or she dies.

Beneficiaries of a traditional IRA must include in their

gross income any taxable distributions they receive.

Inherited from spouse. If you inherit a traditional IRA

from your spouse, you generally have the following three

choices. You can:

1. Treat it as your own IRA by designating yourself as

the account owner;

2. Treat it as your own by rolling it over into your IRA, or

to the extent it is taxable, into a:

a. Qualified employer plan,

b. Qualified employee annuity plan (section 403(a)

plan),

c. Tax-sheltered annuity plan (section 403(b) plan),

d. Deferred compensation plan of a state or local

government (section 457 plan); or

3. Treat yourself as the beneficiary rather than treating

the IRA as your own.

Treating it as your own. You will be considered to

have chosen to treat the IRA as your own if:

•

Contributions (including rollover contributions) are

made to the inherited IRA, or

•

You don't take the required minimum distribution for a

year as a beneficiary of the IRA.

You will only be considered to have chosen to treat the

IRA as your own if:

•

You are the sole beneficiary of the IRA, and

•

You have an unlimited right to withdraw amounts from

it.

However, if you receive a distribution from your de-

ceased spouse's IRA, you can roll that distribution over

into your own IRA within the 60-day time limit, as long as

the distribution isn't a required distribution, even if you

aren't the sole beneficiary of your deceased spouse's IRA.

For more information, see When Must You Withdraw As-

sets? (Required Minimum Distributions), later.

Inherited from someone other than spouse. If you in-

herit a traditional IRA from anyone other than your de-

ceased spouse, you can't treat the inherited IRA as your

own. This means that you can't make any contributions to

the IRA. It also means you can't roll over any amounts into

or out of the inherited IRA. However, you can make a

trustee-to-trustee transfer as long as the IRA into which

amounts are being moved is set up and maintained in the

name of the deceased IRA owner for the benefit of you as

beneficiary.

Like the original owner, you generally won't owe tax on

the assets in the IRA until you receive distributions from it.

You must begin receiving distributions from the IRA under

the rules for distributions that apply to beneficiaries.

IRA with basis. If you inherit a traditional IRA from a per-

son who had a basis in the IRA because of nondeductible

contributions, that basis remains with the IRA. Unless you

are the decedent's spouse and choose to treat the IRA as

your own, you can't combine this basis with any basis you

have in your own traditional IRA(s) or any basis in tradi-

tional IRA(s) you inherited from other decedents. If you

take distributions from both an inherited IRA and your IRA,

and each has basis, you must complete separate Forms

8606 to determine the taxable and nontaxable portions of

those distributions.

Federal estate tax deduction. A beneficiary may be

able to claim a deduction for estate tax resulting from cer-

tain distributions from a traditional IRA. The beneficiary

can deduct the estate tax paid on any part of a distribution

that is income in respect of a decedent. He or she can

take the deduction for the tax year the income is reported.

For information on claiming this deduction, see Estate Tax

Deduction under Other Tax Information in Pub. 559.

Any taxable part of a distribution that isn't income in re-

spect of a decedent is a payment the beneficiary must in-

clude in income. However, the beneficiary can't take any

estate tax deduction for this part.

A surviving spouse can roll over the distribution to an-

other traditional IRA and avoid including it in income for

the year received.

More information. For more information about rollovers,

required distributions, and inherited IRAs, see:

•

Rollovers under Can You Move Retirement Plan As-

sets? in chapter 1 of Pub. 590-A;

•

When Must You Withdraw Assets? (Required Mini-

mum Distributions), later; and

•

The discussion of IRA Beneficiaries, later, under

When Must You Withdraw Assets? (Required Mini-

mum Distributions).

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When Can You Withdraw or

Use Assets?

You can withdraw or use your traditional IRA assets at any

time. However, a 10% additional tax generally applies if

you withdraw or use IRA assets before you reach age

/2. This is explained under Age 59

/2 Rule under Early

Distributions, later.

If you were affected by a qualified disaster, see chap-

ter 4.

You can generally make a tax-free withdrawal of contri-

butions if you do it before the due date for filing your tax

return for the year in which you made them. This means

that even if you are under age 59

/2, the 10% additional

tax may not apply. These distributions are explained in

Pub. 590-A.

When Must You Withdraw

Assets? (Required Minimum

Distributions)

You can't keep funds in a traditional IRA (including SEP

and SIMPLE IRAs) indefinitely. Eventually, they must be

distributed. If there are no distributions, or if the distribu-

tions aren't large enough, you may have to pay a 50% ex-

cise tax on the amount not distributed as required. See

Excess Accumulations (Insufficient Distributions), later,

under What Acts Result in Penalties or Additional Taxes.

The requirements for distributing IRA funds differ, de-

pending on whether you are the IRA owner or the benefi-

ciary of a decedent's IRA.

Required minimum distribution (RMD). The amount

that must be distributed each year is referred to as the re-

quired minimum distribution.

Note. A qualified charitable distribution will count to-

wards your required minimum distribution. See Qualified

charitable distributions under Are Distributions Taxable,

later.

Distributions not eligible for rollover. Amounts that

must be distributed (required minimum distributions) dur-

ing a particular year aren't normally eligible for rollover

treatment. But see Special rule for RMDs and rollovers in

2020, later.

IRA Owners

If you are the owner of a traditional IRA, you must gener-

ally start receiving distributions from your IRA by April 1 of

the year following the year in which you reach age 72.

April 1 of the year following the year in which you reach

age 72 is referred to as the “required beginning date.”

Distributions by the required beginning date. You

must receive at least a minimum amount for each year

starting with the year you reach age 72. If you don't re-

ceive that minimum distribution amount in the year you

become age 72, you must receive that distribution by April

1 of the year following the year you become age 72.

If an IRA owner dies after reaching age 72, but before

April 1 of the next year, no minimum distribution is re-

quired for that year because death occurred before the re-

quired beginning date.

RMDs not required in 2020. You are not required to

make RMDs in tax year 2020, whether that distribution is

one required after the initial RMD in a series of required

distributions or the distribution that would be required by

April 1 for a taxpayer reaching age 70

/2 in tax year 2019.

For tax years 2019 and earlier, you were required

to begin receiving distributions by April 1 of the

year following the year in which you reached age

/2. If you reach age 70

/2 in tax year 2020 or later, you

must generally begin receiving distributions from your IRA

by April 1 of the year following the year in which you reach

age 72.

If you have a RMD for 2020 due by April 1, 2021,

you are not required to take that distribution in

2021. You are only required to take the distribu-

tion due by December 31, 2021.

Special rule for RMDs and rollovers in 2020. If you re-

ceive a distribution in 2020, whether an RMD for the initial

required distribution or a distribution in a series of RMDs,

you can roll that distribution over and the 60-day rollover

period is extended in that the end of that 60-day period

cannot occur before August 31, 2020.

Permitted repayments of RMDs previously distrib-

uted from an IRA in 2020. If you received a distribution

from your IRA that would have normally counted as an

RMD in 2020, and that cannot be rolled over without vio-

lating the one-rollover-per-year rule, you can repay the

amount back to that IRA as long as the repayment is

made no later than August 31, 2020.

Even if you begin receiving distributions before

you reach age 72, you must begin calculating and

receiving RMDs by your required beginning date.

More than minimum received. If, in any year, you re-

ceive more than the required minimum distribution for that

year, you won't receive credit for the additional amount

when determining the required minimum distributions for

future years. This doesn't mean that you don't reduce your

IRA account balance. It means that if you receive more

than your required minimum distribution in one year, you

can't treat the excess (the amount that is more than the re-

quired minimum distribution) as part of your required mini-

mum distribution for any later year. However, any amount

distributed in the year you become age 72 will be credited

toward the amount that must be distributed by April 1 of

the following year.

TIP

CAUTION

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Distributions after the required beginning date. The

required minimum distribution for any year after the year

you reach age 72 must be made by December 31 of that

later year.

Distributions from individual retirement accounts. If

you are the owner of a traditional IRA that is an individual

retirement account, you or your trustee must figure the re-

quired minimum distribution for each year. See Figuring

the Owner's Required Minimum Distribution below.

Distributions from individual retirement annuities. If

your traditional IRA is an individual retirement annuity,

special rules apply to figuring the required minimum distri-

bution. For more information on rules for annuities, see

Regulations section 1.401(a)(9)-6. These regulations can

be read in many libraries, and IRS offices, and online at

the IRS.gov.

Change in marital status. For purposes of figuring your

required minimum distribution, your marital status is deter-

mined as of January 1 of each year. If your spouse is a

beneficiary of your IRA on January 1, he or she remains a

beneficiary for the entire year even if you get divorced or

your spouse dies during the year. For purposes of deter-

mining your distribution period, a change in beneficiary is

effective in the year following the year of death or divorce.

Change of beneficiary. If your spouse is the sole

beneficiary of your IRA, and he or she dies before you,

your spouse won't fail to be your sole beneficiary for the

year that he or she died solely because someone other

than your spouse is named a beneficiary for the rest of

that year. However, if you get divorced during the year

and change the beneficiary designation on the IRA during

that same year, your former spouse won't be treated as

the sole beneficiary for that year.

Figuring the Owner's Required Minimum

Distribution

Figure your required minimum distribution for each year

by dividing the IRA account balance (defined next) as of

the close of business on December 31 of the preceding

year by the applicable distribution period or life expect-

ancy. Tables showing distribution periods and life expect-

ancies are found in Appendix B and are discussed later.

IRA account balance. The IRA account balance is the

amount in the IRA at the end of the year preceding the

year for which the required minimum distribution is being

figured.

Contributions. Contributions increase the account

balance in the year they are made. If a contribution for last

year isn't made until after December 31 of last year, it in-

creases the account balance for this year, but not for last

year. Disregard contributions made after December 31 of

last year in determining your required minimum distribu-

tion for this year.

Outstanding rollovers. The IRA account balance is

adjusted by outstanding rollovers that aren't in any ac-

count at the end of the preceding year.

For a rollover from a qualified plan or another IRA that

wasn't in any account at the end of the preceding year, in-

crease the account balance of the receiving IRA by the

rollover amount valued as of the date of receipt.

No recharacterizations of conversions made in

2018 or later. A conversion of a traditional IRA to a Roth

IRA, and a rollover from any other eligible retirement plan

to a Roth IRA, made in tax years beginning after Decem-

ber 31, 2017, cannot be recharacterized as having been

made to a traditional IRA.

Distributions. Distributions reduce the account bal-

ance in the year they are made. A distribution for last year

made after December 31 of last year reduces the account

balance for this year, but not for last year. Disregard distri-

butions made after December 31 of last year in determin-

ing your required minimum distribution for this year.

Distribution period. This is the maximum number of

years over which you are allowed to take distributions

from the IRA. The period to use for 2021 is listed next to

your age as of your birthday in 2021 in Table III in Appen-

dix B.

Life expectancy. If you must use Table I, your life ex-

pectancy for 2021 is listed in the table next to your age as

of your birthday in 2021. If you use Table II, your life ex-

pectancy is listed where the row or column containing

your age as of your birthday in 2021 intersects with the

row or column containing your spouse's age as of his or

her birthday in 2021. Both Table I and Table II are in Ap-

pendix B.

Distributions during your lifetime. Required minimum

distributions during your lifetime are based on a distribu-

tion period that is generally determined using Table III

(Uniform Lifetime) in Appendix B. However, if the sole

beneficiary of your IRA is your spouse who is more than

10 years younger than you, see Sole beneficiary spouse

who is more than 10 years younger below.

To figure the required minimum distribution for 2021, di-

vide your account balance at the end of 2020 by the distri-

bution period from the table. This is the distribution period

listed next to your age (as of your birthday in 2021) in Ta-

ble III in Appendix B, unless the sole beneficiary of your

IRA is your spouse who is more than 10 years younger

than you.

Example. You own a traditional IRA. Your account bal-

ance at the end of 2020 was $100,000. You are married

and your spouse, who is the sole beneficiary of your IRA,

is 6 years younger than you. You turn 75 years old in

2021. You use Table III. Your distribution period is 22.9.

Your required minimum distribution for 2021 would be

$4,367 ($100,000 ÷ 22.9).

Sole beneficiary spouse who is more than 10

years younger. If the sole beneficiary of your IRA is your

spouse and your spouse is more than 10 years younger

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than you, use the life expectancy from Table II (Joint Life

and Last Survivor Expectancy) in Appendix B.

The life expectancy to use is the joint life and last survi-

vor expectancy listed where the row or column containing

your age as of your birthday in 2021 intersects with the

row or column containing your spouse's age as of his or

her birthday in 2021.

You figure your required minimum distribution for 2021

by dividing your account balance at the end of 2020 by the

life expectancy from Table II (Joint Life and Last Survivor

Expectancy) in Appendix B.

Example. You own a traditional IRA. Your account bal-

ance at the end of 2020 was $100,000. You are married

and your spouse, who is the sole beneficiary of your IRA,

is 11 years younger than you. You turn 75 in 2021 and

your spouse turns 64. You use Table II. Your joint life and

last survivor expectancy is 23.6. Your required minimum

distribution for 2021 would be $4,237 ($100,000 ÷ 23.6).

Distributions in the year of the owner's death. The re-

quired minimum distribution for the year of the owner's

death depends on whether the owner died before the re-

quired beginning date, defined earlier.

If the owner died before the required beginning date,

there is no required minimum distribution in the year of the

owner's death. For years after the year of the owner's

death, see Owner Died Before Required Beginning Date,

later, under IRA Beneficiaries.

If the owner died on or after the required beginning

date, the IRA beneficiaries are responsible for figuring and

distributing the owner's required minimum distribution in

the year of death. The owner's required minimum distribu-

tion for the year of death is generally based on Table III

(Uniform Lifetime) in Appendix B. However, if the sole

beneficiary of the IRA is the owner's spouse who is more

than 10 years younger than the owner, use the life expect-

ancy from Table II (Joint Life and Last Survivor Expect-

ancy).

Note. You figure the required minimum distribution for

the year in which an IRA owner dies as if the owner lived

for the entire year.

IRA Beneficiaries

The rules for determining required minimum distributions

for beneficiaries depend on the following.

•

The beneficiary is the surviving spouse.

•

The beneficiary is an individual (other than the surviv-

ing spouse).

•

The beneficiary isn't an individual (for example, the

beneficiary is the owner's estate). (But see Trust as

beneficiary, later, for a discussion about treating trust

beneficiaries as designated beneficiaries.)

•

The IRA owner died before the required beginning

date, or died on or after the required beginning date.

The following paragraphs explain the rules for required

minimum distributions and beneficiaries.

If distributions to the beneficiary from an inherited

traditional IRA are less than the required minimum

distribution for the year, discussed in this chapter

under When Must You Withdraw Assets? (Required Mini-

mum Distributions), you may have to pay a 50% excise

tax for that year on the amount not distributed as required.

For details, see Excess Accumulations (Insufficient Distri-

butions) under What Acts Result in Penalties or Additional

Taxes, later in this chapter.

Surviving spouse. If you are the surviving spouse who is

the sole beneficiary of your deceased spouse's IRA, you

may elect to be treated as the owner and not as the bene-

ficiary. If you elect to be treated as the owner, you deter-

mine the required minimum distribution (if any) as if you

were the owner beginning with the year you elect or are

deemed to be the owner. For details, see Inherited from

spouse under What if You Inherit an IRA, earlier in this

chapter.

Note. If you become the owner in the year your de-

ceased spouse died, don't determine the required mini-

mum distribution for that year using your life; rather, you

must take the deceased owner's required minimum distri-

bution for that year (to the extent it wasn't already distrib-

uted to the owner before his or her death).

You can never make a rollover contribution of an

RMD; however, RMDs are waived for 2020 and

you can roll over an RMD for 2020. The rollover

must be completed within 60 days after the distribution,

except that for distributions made before July 2, 2020, the

60-day rollover period was extended to August 31, 2020.

Normally, any rollover contribution of an RMD is subject to

the 6% tax on excess contributions. See chapter 1 of Pub.

590-A for more information on the tax on excess contribu-

tions.

For any year after the owner’s death, where a sur-

viving spouse is the sole designated beneficiary

of the account and he or she fails to take a re-

quired minimum distribution (if one is required) by Decem-

ber 31 under the rules discussed below for beneficiaries,

he or she will be deemed the owner of the IRA. For de-

tails, see Inherited from spouse under What if You Inherit

an IRA, earlier in this chapter.

Date the designated beneficiary is determined. Gen-

erally, the designated beneficiary is determined on Sep-

tember 30 of the calendar year following the calendar year

of the IRA owner's death. In order to be a designated ben-

eficiary, an individual must be a beneficiary as of the date

of death. Any person who was a beneficiary on the date of

the owner's death, but isn't a beneficiary on September 30

of the calendar year following the calendar year of the

owner's death (because, for example, he or she dis-

claimed entitlement or received his or her entire benefit),

won't be taken into account in determining the designated

beneficiary. An individual may be designated as a benefi-

ciary either by the terms of the plan or, if the plan permits,

by affirmative election by the employee specifying the

beneficiary.

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Note. If a person who is a beneficiary as of the owner's

date of death dies before September 30 of the year follow-

ing the year of the owner's death without disclaiming enti-

tlement to benefits, that individual, rather than his or her

successor beneficiary, continues to be treated as a bene-

ficiary for determining the distribution period.

For the exception to this rule, see Death of surviving

spouse prior to date distributions begin, later.

Death of a beneficiary. In general, the beneficiaries of a

deceased beneficiary must continue to take the required

minimum distributions after the deceased beneficiary's

death. However, the beneficiaries of a deceased benefi-

ciary don't calculate required minimum distributions using

their own life expectancies. Instead, the deceased benefi-

ciary's remaining interest must be distributed within 10

years after the beneficiary's death, or in some cases

within 10 years after the owner's death. See 10-year rule,

later.

More than one beneficiary. If an IRA has more than one

beneficiary or a trust is named as beneficiary, see Miscel-

laneous Rules for Required Minimum Distributions, later.

Eligible designated beneficiaries. An IRA beneficiary

is an eligible designated beneficiary if the beneficiary is

the owner's surviving spouse, the owner's minor child, a

disabled individual, a chronically ill individual, or any other

individual who is not more than 10 years younger than the

IRA owner.

Owner Died On or After Required Beginning

Date

If the owner died on or after his or her required beginning

date (defined earlier), and you are an eligible designated

beneficiary, you must base required minimum distribu-

tions for years after the year of the owner's death on the

longer of:

•

Your single life expectancy shown in Table I in Appen-

dix B, as determined under Beneficiary an individual

later; or

•

The owner's life expectancy as determined under

Death on or after required beginning date under Bene-

ficiary not an individual later.

Surviving spouse is sole designated beneficiary. If

the owner died on or after his or her required beginning

date and his or her spouse is the sole designated benefi-

ciary, the life expectancy the spouse must use to figure

his or her required minimum distribution may change in a

future distribution year. This change will apply where the

spouse is older than the deceased owner or the spouse

treats the IRA as his or her own.

Designated beneficiary who is not an eligible desig-

nated beneficiary. Distributions to a designated benefi-

ciary who is not an eligible designated beneficiary must be

completed within 10 years of the death of the owner. See

10-year rule, later.

Owner Died Before Required Beginning

Date

If the owner died before his or her required beginning date

(defined earlier), and you are an eligible designated bene-

ficiary, you must generally base required minimum distri-

butions for years after the year of the owner's death using

your single life expectancy shown in Table I in Appendix

B, as determined under Beneficiary an individual, later.

However, there are situations where an individual des-

ignated beneficiary may be required to take the entire ac-

count by the end of the 10th year following the year of the

owner's death. See 10-year rule, later.

If the owner’s beneficiary isn’t an individual (for exam-

ple, if the beneficiary is the owner’s estate), the 5-year

rule, discussed later, applies.

Special rules for surviving spouse. If the owner died

before his or her required beginning date and the surviv-

ing spouse is the sole designated beneficiary, the follow-

ing rules apply.

Year of first required distribution. If the owner died

before the year in which he or she reached age 72 (age

70½ if the owner was born before July 1, 1949), distribu-

tions to the spouse don't need to begin until the year in

which the owner would have reached age 72 (or age 70½,

if applicable).

Death of surviving spouse prior to date distribu-

tions begin. If the surviving spouse dies before Decem-

ber 31 of the year he or she must begin receiving required

minimum distributions, the surviving spouse will be treated

as if he or she were the owner of the IRA.

This rule doesn't apply to the surviving spouse of a sur-

viving spouse.

Example 1. Your spouse died in 2017, at age 65. You

are the sole designated beneficiary of your spouse’s tradi-

tional IRA. You don't need to take any required minimum

distribution until December 31 of 2024, the year your

spouse would have reached age 72. If you die prior to that

date, you will be treated as the owner of the IRA for purpo-

ses of determining the required distributions to your bene-

ficiaries. For example, if you die in 2020, your beneficia-

ries won't have any required minimum distribution for

2020 (because you, treated as the owner, died prior to

your required beginning date). They must start taking dis-

tributions under the general rules for an owner who died

prior to the required beginning date.

Example 2. Same as Example 1, except your sole

beneficiary upon your death in 2020 is your surviving

spouse. Your surviving spouse can't wait until the year

you would have turned 72 to take distributions using his or

her life expectancy. Also, if your surviving spouse dies

prior to the date he or she is required to take a distribution,

he or she isn't treated as the owner of the account. Just

like any other individual beneficiary of an owner who dies

before the required beginning date, your surviving spouse

must start taking distributions in 2021 based on his or her

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life expectancy (or elect to fully distribute the account un-

der the 10-year rule by the end of 2030).

The second surviving spouse from Example 2

above can still elect to treat the IRA as his or her

own IRA or roll over any distributions that aren't

required minimum distributions into his or her own IRA.

See Inherited from spouse under What if You Inherit an

IRA, earlier in this chapter.

5-year rule. The 5-year rule requires the IRA benefi-

ciaries who are not taking life expectancy payments to

withdraw the entire balance of the IRA by December 31 of

the year containing the fifth anniversary of the owner’s

death. For example, if the owner died in 2019, the benefi-

ciary would have to fully distribute the plan by December

31, 2024. The beneficiary is allowed, but not required, to

take distributions prior to that date. The 5-year rule never

applies if the owner died on or after his or her required be-

ginning date.

The 5-year rule generally applies to all beneficia-

ries if the owner died in a year ending before

2020. It also applies to beneficiaries who are not

individuals (such as a trust) if the owner died in a year

ending after 2019. If the owner died in a year ending after

2019 and the beneficiary is an individual, see 10-year rule

next.

10-year rule. The 10-year rule requires the IRA bene-

ficiaries who are not taking life expectancy payments to

withdraw the entire balance of the IRA by December 31 of

the year containing the 10th anniversary of the owner’s

death. For example, if the owner died in 2020, the benefi-

ciary would have to fully distribute the plan by December

31, 2030. The beneficiary is allowed, but not required, to

take distributions prior to that date.

The 10-year rule applies if (1) the beneficiary is an eligi-

ble designated beneficiary who elects the 10-year rule, if

the owner died before reaching his or her required begin-

ning date; or (2) the beneficiary is a designated benefi-

ciary who is not an eligible designated beneficiary, regard-

less of whether the owner died before reaching his or her

required beginning date.

For a beneficiary receiving life expectancy payments

who is either an eligible designated beneficiary or a minor

child, the 10-year rule also applies to the remaining

amounts in the IRA upon the death of the eligible designa-

ted beneficiary or upon the minor child beneficiary reach-

ing the age of majority, but in either of those cases, the

10-year period ends on the 10th anniversary of the benefi-

ciary's death or the child's attainment of majority.

Individual designated beneficiaries. The terms of

most IRA plans require individual designated beneficia-

ries, who are eligible designated beneficiaries, to take re-

quired minimum distributions using the life expectancy

rules (explained later) unless such beneficiaries elect to

take distributions using the 5-year rule or the 10-year rule,

whichever rule applies. The deadline for making this elec-

tion is December 31 of the year the beneficiary must take

the first required distribution using his or her life expect-

ancy (or December 31 of the year containing the 5th

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CAUTION

anniversary (or 10th anniversary for the 10-year rule) of

the owner’s death, if earlier).

If the individual designated beneficiary is not an eligible

designated beneficiary, the beneficiary is required to fully

distribute the IRA by the 10th anniversary of the owner's

death under the 10-year rule.

Beneficiary not an individual. The 5-year rule applies

in all cases where there is no individual designated bene-

ficiary by September 30 of the year following the year of

the owner’s death or where any beneficiary isn't an indi-

vidual (for example, the owner named his or her estate as

the beneficiary).

Review the IRA plan documents or consult with

the IRA custodian or trustee for specifics on the 5-

or 10-year rule provisions, where applicable, of

any particular plan.

If the 5-year rule applies, the amount remaining in

the IRA, if any, after December 31 of the year

containing the 5th anniversary of the owner's

death is subject to the 50% excise tax detailed in Excess

Accumulations (Insufficient Distributions), later.

If the 10-year rule applies, the amount remaining

in the IRA, if any, after December 31 of the year

containing the 10th anniversary of the owner's

death is subject to the 50% excise tax detailed in Excess

Accumulations (Insufficient Distributions), later.

Figuring the Beneficiary's Required

Minimum Distribution

How you figure the required minimum distribution de-

pends on whether the beneficiary is an individual or some

other entity, such as a trust or estate.

Beneficiary an individual. If the beneficiary is an indi-

vidual, figure the required minimum distribution for 2021

as follows.

Death on or after required beginning date. Divide

the account balance at the end of 2020 by the appropriate

life expectancy from Table I (Single Life Expectancy) in

Appendix B. Determine the appropriate life expectancy as

follows.

Spouse as sole designated beneficiary. Use the life

expectancy listed in the table next to the spouse's age (as

of the spouse's birthday in 2021). Use this life expectancy

even if the spouse died in 2021. If the spouse died in 2020

or a prior year, use the life expectancy listed in the table

next to the spouse’s age as of his or her birthday in the

year he or she died. Reduce the life expectancy by 1 for

each year since the year following the spouse’s death.

You can't make a rollover contribution of your re-

quired minimum distributions in years after the

owner's death. Such contribution is subject to the

6% tax on excess contributions. See chapter 1 of Pub.

590-A for more information on the tax on excess contribu-

tions.

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Other designated beneficiary. Use the life expect-

ancy listed in the table next to the beneficiary’s age as of

his or her birthday in the year following the year of the

owner’s death. Reduce the life expectancy by 1 for each

year since the year following the owner’s death.

As discussed in Death of a beneficiary, earlier, if the

designated beneficiary dies before his or her portion of the

account is fully distributed, continue to use the designated

beneficiary’s remaining life expectancy to determine the

amount of distributions. However, any remaining balance

in the account must be distributed within 10 years of the

beneficiary's death.

Example. Your brother died in 2020 at age 74. You

are the designated beneficiary of your brother’s traditional

IRA. You are 65 years old in 2021, which is the year fol-

lowing your brother's death. You use Table I and see that

your life expectancy in 2021 is 21.0. If the IRA was worth

$100,000 at the end of 2020, your required minimum dis-

tribution for 2021 would be $4,762 ($100,000 ÷ 21.0).

Death before required beginning date. If the IRA

owner dies before the required beginning date and the

10-year rule applies, no distribution is required for any

year before the 10th year.

Beneficiary not an individual. If the beneficiary isn't an

individual, determine the required minimum distribution for

2021 as follows.

Death on or after required beginning date. Divide

the account balance at the end of 2020 by the appropriate

life expectancy from Table I (Single Life Expectancy) in

Appendix B. Use the life expectancy listed next to the

owner's age as of his or her birthday in the year of death.

Reduce the life expectancy by 1 for each year after the

year of death.

Death before required beginning date. If the IRA

owner dies before the required beginning date and the

beneficiary isn't an individual (for example, the owner

named his or her estate as the beneficiary), the 5-year

rule applies. No distribution is required for any year before

the fifth year. See 5-year rule, earlier.

Note. The required beginning date was defined earlier

under Distributions by the required beginning date.

Example. The owner died in 2020 at the age of 80,

and the owner's traditional IRA went to his estate. The ac-

count balance at the end of 2020 was $100,000. In 2021,

the required minimum distribution would be $10,870

($100,000 ÷ 9.2 (the owner's life expectancy in the year of

death, 10.2, reduced by 1)).

If the owner had died in 2020 at the age of 68 (before

their required beginning date), the entire account would

have to be distributed by the end of 2025. See Death on

or after required beginning date and Death before re-

quired beginning date, earlier, for more information.

Which Table Do You Use

To Determine Your

Required Minimum Distribution?

There are three different life expectancy tables. The ta-

bles are found in Appendix B of this publication. You use

only one of them to determine your required minimum dis-

tribution for each traditional IRA. Determine which one to

use as follows.

Reminder. In using the tables for lifetime distributions,

marital status is determined as of January 1 each year. Di-

vorce or death after January 1 is generally disregarded

until the next year. However, if you divorce and change

the beneficiary designation in the same year, your former

spouse can't be considered your sole beneficiary for that

year.

Table I (Single Life Expectancy). Use Table I for years

after the year of the owner's death if either of the following

applies.

•

You are an individual and a designated beneficiary,

but not the owner's surviving spouse and sole desig-

nated beneficiary.

•

The beneficiary isn't an individual and the owner died

on or after the required beginning date, defined ear-

lier.

Surviving spouse. If you are the owner's surviving

spouse and sole designated beneficiary, you will also use

Table I for your required minimum distributions. However,

if the owner hadn't reached age 72 when he or she died,

and you don't elect to be treated as the owner of the IRA,

you don't have to take distributions until the year in which

the owner would have reached age 72.

Table II (Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy).

Use Table II if you are the IRA owner and your spouse is

both your sole designated beneficiary and more than 10

years younger than you.

Note. Use this table in the year of the owner's death if

the owner died after the required beginning date and this

is the table that would have been used had he or she not

died.

Table III (Uniform Lifetime). Use Table III if you are the

IRA owner and your spouse isn't both the sole designated

beneficiary of your IRA and more than 10 years younger

than you.

Note. Use this table in the year of the owner's death if

the owner died after the required beginning date and this

is the table that would have been used had he or she not

died.

No table. Don't use any of the tables if either the 5-year

rule or the 10-year rule (discussed earlier) applies.

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What Age(s) Do You Use With the

Table(s)?

The age or ages to use with each table are explained be-

low.

Table I (Single Life Expectancy). If you are a designa-

ted beneficiary figuring your first distribution, use your age

as of your birthday in the year distributions must begin.

This is usually the calendar year immediately following the

calendar year of the owner's death. After the first distribu-

tion year, reduce your life expectancy by 1 for each sub-

sequent year. If you are the owner's surviving spouse and

the sole designated beneficiary, this is generally the year

in which the owner would have reached age 72. After the

first distribution year, use your age as of your birthday in

each subsequent year.

Example 1. You are an eligible designated beneficiary

figuring your first required minimum distribution. Distribu-

tions must begin in 2021. You become age 57 years old in

2021. You use Table I.

Example 2. You are the owner's surviving spouse and

the sole designated beneficiary. The owner would have

turned age 72 in 2021. Distributions begin in 2021. You

become 69 years old in 2021. You use Table I. Your distri-

bution period for 2021 is 17.8.

Owner's life expectancy. You use the owner’s life ex-

pectancy to calculate required minimum distributions

when the owner dies on or after the required beginning

date and there is no designated beneficiary as of Septem-

ber 30 of the year following the year of the owner’s death.

In this case, use the owner’s life expectancy for his or her

age as of the owner’s birthday in the year of death and re-

duce it by 1 for each subsequent year.

Or use the owner’s life expectancy in the year of death

(reduced by 1 for each subsequent year) if the owner is

younger than you.

Table II (Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy).

For your first distribution by the required beginning date,

use your age and the age of your designated beneficiary

as of your birthdays in the year you become age 72. Your

combined life expectancy is at the intersection of your

ages.

If you are figuring your required minimum distribution

for 2021, use your ages as of your birthdays in 2021. For

each subsequent year, use your and your spouse's ages

as of your birthdays in the subsequent year.

Table III (Uniform Lifetime). For your first distribution by

your required beginning date, use your age as of your

birthday in the year you become age 72.

If you are figuring your required minimum distribution

for 2021, use your age as of your birthday in 2021. For

each subsequent year, use your age as of your birthday in

the subsequent year.

Miscellaneous Rules for

Required Minimum Distributions

The following rules may apply to you.

Installments allowed. The yearly required minimum dis-

tribution can be taken in a series of installments (monthly,

quarterly, etc.) as long as the total distributions for the

year are at least as much as the minimum required

amount.

More than one IRA. If you have more than one tradi-

tional IRA, you must determine a separate required mini-

mum distribution for each IRA. However, you can total

these minimum amounts and take the total from any one

or more of the IRAs.

More than minimum received. If, in any year, you re-

ceive more than the required minimum amount for that

year, you won't receive credit for the additional amount

when determining the minimum required amounts for fu-

ture years. This doesn't mean that you don't reduce your

IRA account balance. It means that if you receive more

than your required minimum distribution in one year, you

can't treat the excess (the amount that is more than the re-

quired minimum distribution) as part of your required mini-

mum distribution for any later year. However, any amount

distributed in your age 72 year will be credited toward the

amount that must be distributed by April 1 of the following

year.

Multiple individual beneficiaries. If, as of September

30 of the year following the year in which the owner dies,

there is more than one beneficiary, the beneficiary with

the shortest life expectancy will be the designated benefi-

ciary if both of the following apply.

•

All of the beneficiaries are individuals.

•

The account or benefit hasn't been divided into sepa-

rate accounts or shares for each beneficiary.

Separate accounts. A single IRA can be split into

separate accounts or shares for each beneficiary. These

separate accounts or shares can be established at any

time, either before or after the owner's required beginning

date. Generally, these separate accounts or shares are

combined for purposes of determining the minimum re-

quired distribution. However, these separate accounts or

shares won't be combined for required minimum distribu-

tion purposes after the death of the IRA owner if the sepa-

rate accounts or shares are established by the end of the

year following the year of the IRA owner's death.

The separate account rules can't be used by beneficia-

ries of a trust.

Trust as beneficiary. A trust can't be a designated ben-

eficiary even if it is a named beneficiary. However, the

beneficiaries of a trust will be treated as having been des-

ignated beneficiaries for purposes of determining required

minimum distributions after the owner’s death (or after the

death of the owner’s surviving spouse described in Death

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of surviving spouse prior to date distributions begin, ear-

lier) if all of the following are true.

1. The trust is a valid trust under state law, or would be

but for the fact that there is no corpus.

2. The trust is irrevocable or became, by its terms, irrev-

ocable upon the owner's death.

3. The beneficiaries of the trust who are beneficiaries

with respect to the trust's interest in the owner's bene-

fit are identifiable from the trust instrument.

4. The trustee of the trust provides the IRA custodian or

trustee with the documentation required by that custo-

dian or trustee. The trustee of the trust should contact

the IRA custodian or trustee for details on the docu-

mentation required for a specific plan.

The deadline for the trustee to provide the beneficiary

documentation to the IRA custodian or trustee is October

31 of the year following the year of the owner's death.

Trust beneficiary is another trust. If the beneficiary

of the trust (which is the beneficiary of the IRA) is another

trust and both trusts meet the above requirements, the

beneficiaries of the other trust will be treated as having

been designated as beneficiaries for purposes of deter-

mining the distribution period.

Note. The separate account rules, discussed earlier,

can't be used by beneficiaries of a trust.

You may want to contact a tax advisor to comply

with this complicated area of the tax law.

Annuity distributions from an insurance company.

Special rules apply if you receive distributions from your

traditional IRA as an annuity purchased from an insurance

company. See Regulations sections 1.401(a)(9)-6 and

54.4974-2. These regulations can be found in many libra-

ries, and IRS offices, and online at IRS.gov.

Are Distributions Taxable?

In general, distributions from a traditional IRA are taxable

in the year you receive them.

Failed financial institutions. Distributions from a tradi-

tional IRA are taxable in the year you receive them even if

they are made without your consent by a state agency as

receiver of an insolvent savings institution. This means

you must include such distributions in your gross income

unless you roll them over.

Exceptions. Exceptions to distributions from traditional

IRAs being taxable in the year you receive them are:

•

Rollovers (see chapter 1 of Pub. 590-A);

•

Qualified charitable distributions, discussed later;

•

Tax-free withdrawals of contributions (see chapter 1 of

Pub. 590-A); and

TIP

•

The return of nondeductible contributions, discussed

later under Distributions Fully or Partly Taxable.

Although a conversion of a traditional IRA is con-

sidered a rollover for Roth IRA purposes, it isn't

an exception to the rule that distributions from a

traditional IRA are taxable in the year you receive them.

Conversion distributions are includible in your gross in-

come subject to this rule and the special rules for conver-

sions explained in chapter 1 of Pub. 590-A.

Qualified charitable distributions. A qualified charita-

ble distribution (QCD) is generally a nontaxable distribu-

tion made directly by the trustee of your IRA (other than a

SEP or SIMPLE IRA) to an organization eligible to receive

tax-deductible contributions. You must be at least age

/2 when the distribution was made. Also, you must

have the same type of acknowledgment of your contribu-

tion that you would need to claim a deduction for a chari-

table contribution. See Substantiation Requirements in

Pub. 526.

The maximum annual exclusion for QCDs is $100,000.

Any QCD in excess of the $100,000 exclusion limit is in-

cluded in income as any other distribution. If you file a joint

return, your spouse can also have a QCD and exclude up

to $100,000. The amount of the QCD is limited to the

amount of the distribution that would otherwise be inclu-

ded in income. If your IRA includes nondeductible contri-

butions, the distribution is first considered to be paid out of

otherwise taxable income.

A QCD will count towards your required minimum

distribution, discussed earlier.

You can't claim a charitable contribution deduc-

tion for any QCD not included in your income.

Example. On December 23, 2020, Jeff, age 75, direc-

ted the trustee of his IRA to make a distribution of $25,000

directly to a qualified 501(c)(3) organization (a charitable

organization eligible to receive tax-deductible contribu-

tions). The total value of Jeff's IRA is $30,000 and con-

sists of $20,000 of deductible contributions and earnings

and $10,000 of nondeductible contributions (basis). Since

Jeff is at least age 70

/2 and the distribution is made di-

rectly by the trustee to a qualified organization, the part of

the distribution that would otherwise be includible in Jeff's

income ($20,000) is a QCD.

In this case, Jeff has made a QCD of $20,000 (his de-

ductible contributions and earnings). Because Jeff made a

distribution of nondeductible contributions from his IRA,

he must file Form 8606 with his return. Jeff includes the

total distribution ($25,000) on line 4a of Form 1040-SR.

He completes Form 8606 to determine the amount to en-

ter on line 4b of Form 1040-SR and the remaining basis in

his IRA. Jeff enters -0- on line 4b. This is Jeff's only IRA

and he took no other distributions in 2020. He also enters

“QCD” next to line 4b to indicate a qualified charitable dis-

tribution.

After the distribution, his basis in his IRA is $5,000. If

Jeff itemizes deductions and files Schedule A (Form

CAUTION

TIP

CAUTION

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1040) with Form 1040-SR, the $5,000 portion of the distri-

bution attributable to the nondeductible contributions can

be deducted as a charitable contribution, subject to AGI

limits. He can't take the charitable contribution deduction

for the $20,000 portion of the distribution that wasn't inclu-

ded in his income.

One-time qualified Health Savings Account (HSA)

funding distribution. You may be able to make a quali-

fied HSA funding distribution from your traditional IRA or

Roth IRA to your HSA. You can't make this distribution

from an ongoing SEP IRA or SIMPLE IRA. For this pur-

pose, a SEP IRA or SIMPLE IRA is ongoing if an employer

contribution is made for the plan year ending with or within

your tax year in which the distribution would be made. The

distribution must be less than or equal to your maximum

annual HSA contribution.

This distribution must be made directly by the trustee of

the IRA to the trustee of the HSA. The distribution isn't in-

cluded in your income, isn't deductible, and reduces the

amount that can be contributed to your HSA. You must

make the distribution by the end of the year; the special

rule allowing contributions to your HSA for the previous

year if made by your tax return filing deadline doesn't ap-

ply. The qualified HSA funding distribution is reported on

Form 8889 for the year in which the distribution is made.

One-time transfer. Generally, only one qualified HSA

funding distribution is allowed during your lifetime. If you

own two or more IRAs, and want to use amounts in multi-

ple IRAs to make a qualified HSA funding distribution, you

must first make an IRA-to-IRA transfer of the amounts to

be distributed into a single IRA, and then make the

one-time qualified HSA funding distribution from that IRA.

Testing period rules apply. If at any time during the

testing period you cease to meet all requirements to be an

eligible individual, the amount of the qualified HSA funding

distribution is included in your gross income. The qualified

HSA funding distribution is included in gross income in the

tax year you first fail to be an eligible individual. This

amount is subject to the 10% additional tax (unless the

failure is due to disability or death).

More information. See Pub. 969 for additional infor-

mation about this distribution.

Ordinary income. Distributions from traditional IRAs that

you include in income are taxed as ordinary income.

No special treatment. In figuring your tax, you can't use

the 10-year tax option or capital gain treatment that ap-

plies to lump-sum distributions from qualified retirement

plans.

If you were affected by a qualified disaster, see

chapter 4.

Distributions Fully or Partly Taxable

Distributions from your traditional IRA may be fully or

partly taxable, depending on whether your IRA includes

any nondeductible contributions.

TIP

Fully taxable. If only deductible contributions were made

to your traditional IRA (or IRAs, if you have more than

one), you have no basis in your IRA. Because you have

no basis in your IRA, any distributions are fully taxable

when received. See Reporting and Withholding Require-

ments for Taxable Amounts, later.

Partly taxable. If you made nondeductible contributions

or rolled over any after-tax amounts to any of your tradi-

tional IRAs, you have a cost basis (investment in the con-

tract) equal to the amount of those contributions. These

nondeductible contributions aren't taxed when they are

distributed to you. They are a return of your investment in

your IRA.

Only the part of the distribution that represents nonde-

ductible contributions and rolled over after-tax amounts

(your cost basis) is tax free. If nondeductible contributions

have been made or after-tax amounts have been rolled

over to your IRA, distributions consist partly of nondeduc-

tible contributions (basis) and partly of deductible contri-

butions, earnings, and gains (if there are any). Until all of

your basis has been distributed, each distribution is partly

nontaxable and partly taxable.

Form 8606. You must complete Form 8606, and attach it

to your return, if you receive a distribution from a tradi-

tional IRA and have ever made nondeductible contribu-

tions or rolled over after-tax amounts to any of your tradi-

tional IRAs. Using the form, you will figure the nontaxable

distributions for 2020, and your total IRA basis for 2020

and earlier years. See the illustrated Forms 8606 in this

chapter.

Note. If you are required to file Form 8606, but you

aren't required to file an income tax return, you must still

file Form 8606. Complete Form 8606, sign it, and send it

to the IRS at the time and place you would otherwise file

an income tax return.

Figuring the Nontaxable and Taxable

Amounts

If your traditional IRA includes nondeductible contributions

and you received a distribution from it in 2020, you must

use Form 8606 to figure how much of your 2020 IRA distri-

bution is tax free.

Note. When figuring the nontaxable and taxable

amounts of distributions made prior to death in the year

the IRA account owner dies, the value of all traditional (in-

cluding SEP) and SIMPLE IRAs should be figured as of

the date of death instead of December 31.

Contribution and distribution in the same year. If you

received a distribution in 2020 from a traditional IRA and

you also made contributions to a traditional IRA for 2020

that may not be fully deductible because of the income

limits, you can use Worksheet 1-1 to figure how much of

your 2020 IRA distribution is tax free and how much is tax-

able. Then you can figure the amount of nondeductible

contributions to report on Form 8606. Follow the instruc-

tions under Reporting your nontaxable distribution on

Chapter 1 Traditional IRAs Page 15

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Form 8606 next to figure your remaining basis after the

distribution.

Reporting your nontaxable distribution on Form

8606. To report your nontaxable distribution and to figure

the remaining basis in your traditional IRA after distribu-

tions, you must complete Worksheet 1-1 before complet-

ing Form 8606. Then follow these steps to complete Form

8606.

1. Use Worksheet 1-2 in chapter 1 of Pub. 590-A, or the

IRA Deduction Worksheet in the Form 1040 or

1040-SR, or 1040-NR instructions to figure your de-

ductible contributions to traditional IRAs to report on

Schedule 1 (Form 1040), line 19.

2. After you complete Worksheet 1-2 in chapter 1 of

Pub. 590-A or the IRA Deduction Worksheet in the

form instructions, enter your nondeductible contribu-

tions to traditional IRAs on line 1 of Form 8606.

3. Complete lines 2 through 5 of Form 8606.

4. If line 5 of Form 8606 is less than line 8 of Worksheet

1-1, complete lines 6 through 15c of Form 8606 and

stop here.

5. If line 5 of Form 8606 is equal to or greater than line 8

of Worksheet 1-1, follow instructions 6 and 7 next.

Don't complete lines 6 through 12 of Form 8606.

6. Enter the amount from line 8 of Worksheet 1-1 on

lines 13 and 17 of Form 8606.

7. Complete line 14 of Form 8606.

8. Enter the amount from line 9 of Worksheet 1-1 (or, if

you entered an amount on line 11, the amount from

that line) on line 15a of Form 8606.

Example. Rose Green has made the following contri-

butions to her traditional IRAs.

Year Deductible Nondeductible

2013 2,000 -0-

2014 2,000 -0-

2015 2,000 -0-

2016 1,000 -0-

2017 1,000 -0-

2018 1,000 -0-

2019 700 300

Totals $9,700 $300

Rose needs to complete Worksheet 1-1 to determine if

her IRA deduction for 2020 will be reduced or eliminated.

In 2020, she makes a $2,000 contribution that may be

partly nondeductible. She also receives a distribution of

$5,000 for conversion to a Roth IRA. She completed the

conversion before December 31, 2020, and didn’t rechar-

acterize any contributions. At the end of 2020, the fair

market values of her accounts, including earnings, total

$20,000. She didn't receive any tax-free distributions in

earlier years. The amount she includes in income for 2020

is figured on Worksheet 1-1.

The illustrated Form 8606 for Rose shows the informa-

tion required when you need to use Worksheet 1-1 to

figure your nontaxable distribution. Assume that the $500

entered on Form 8606, line 1, is the amount Rose figured

using instructions 1 and 2 given earlier under Reporting

your nontaxable distribution on Form 8606.

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Figuring the Taxable Part of Your IRA

Distribution

Worksheet 1-1.

Keep for Your Records

Use only if you made contributions to a traditional IRA for 2020 that may not be fully deductible and have to figure the

taxable part of your 2020 distributions to determine your modified AGI. See Limit if Covered by Employer Plan in

chapter 1 of Pub. 590-A.

Form 8606 and the related instructions will be needed when using this worksheet.

Note. When used in this worksheet, the term “outstanding rollover” refers to an amount distributed from a traditional

IRA as part of a rollover that, as of December 31, 2020, hadn't yet been reinvested in another traditional IRA, but was still

eligible to be rolled over tax free.

1. Enter the basis in your traditional IRAs as of December 31, 2019 ...................

2. Enter the total of all contributions made to your traditional IRAs during 2020 and all

contributions made during 2021 that were for 2020, whether or not deductible. Don't

include rollover contributions properly rolled over into IRAs. Also, don't include certain

returned contributions described in the instructions for line 7 of Form 8606 ........... 2.

3. Add lines 1 and 2 ...............................................................

4. Enter the value of all your traditional IRAs as of December 31, 2020 (include any

outstanding rollovers from traditional IRAs to other traditional IRAs). Subtract any

repayments of qualified disaster distributions ...................................... 4.

5. Enter the total distributions from traditional IRAs (including amounts converted to Roth

IRAs that will be shown on line 16 of Form 8606) received in 2020. (Don't include

outstanding rollovers included on line 4 or any rollovers between traditional IRAs

completed by December 31, 2020. Also, don't include certain returned contributions

described in the instructions for line 7 of Form 8606.) Do include repayments of

qualified disaster distributions .................................................... 5.

6. Add lines 4 and 5 ...............................................................

7. Divide line 3 by line 6. Enter the result as a decimal (rounded to at least three places).

If the result is 1.000 or more, enter 1.000 .......................................... 7.

8. Nontaxable portion of the distribution.

Multiply line 5 by line 7. Enter the result here and on lines 13 and 17 of Form

8606 ........................................................................... 8.

9. Taxable portion of the distribution (before adjustment for conversions).

Subtract line 8 from line 5. Enter the result here, and if there are no amounts converted

to Roth IRAs, stop here and enter the result on line 15a of Form 8606 ............... 9.

10. Enter the amount included on line 9 that is allocable to amounts converted to Roth

IRAs by December 31, 2020. (See Note at the end of this worksheet.) Enter here and

on line 18 of Form 8606 .......................................................... 10.

11. Taxable portion of the distribution (after adjustments for conversions).

Subtract line 10 from line 9. Enter the result here and on line 15a of Form 8606 ....... 11.

Note. If the amount on line 5 of this worksheet includes an amount converted to a Roth IRA by December 31, 2020, you must

determine the percentage of the distribution allocable to the conversion. To figure the percentage, divide the amount converted

(from line 16 of Form 8606) by the total distributions shown on line 5. To figure the amounts to include on line 10 of this worksheet

and on line 18 of Form 8606, multiply line 9 of the worksheet by the percentage you figured.

Chapter 1 Traditional IRAs Page 17

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Worksheet 1-1. Figuring the Taxable Part of Your IRA Distribution—Illustrated

Use only if you made contributions to a traditional IRA for 2020 that may not be fully deductible and have to figure the

taxable part of your 2020 distributions to determine your modified AGI. See Limit if Covered by Employer Plan in

chapter 1 of Pub. 590-A.

Form 8606 and the related instructions will be needed when using this worksheet.

Note. When used in this worksheet, the term “outstanding rollover ” refers to an amount distributed from a traditional

IRA as part of a rollover that, as of December 31, 2020, hadn't yet been reinvested in another traditional IRA, but was still

eligible to be rolled over tax free.

1. Enter the basis in your traditional IRAs as of December 31, 2019 .......................

300

2. Enter the total of all contributions made to your traditional IRAs during 2020 and all

contributions made during 2021 that were for 2020, whether or not deductible. Don't

include rollover contributions properly rolled over into IRAs. Also, don't include certain

returned contributions described in the instructions for line 7 of Form 8606 ............... 2.

2,000

3. Add lines 1 and 2 ...................................................................

2,300

4. Enter the value of all your traditional IRAs as of December 31, 2020 (include any

outstanding rollovers from traditional IRAs to other traditional IRAs). Subtract any

repayments of qualified disaster distributions .......................................... 4.

20,000

5. Enter the total distributions from traditional IRAs (including amounts converted to Roth

IRAs that will be shown on line 16 of Form 8606) received in 2020. (Don't include

outstanding rollovers included on line 4 or any rollovers between traditional IRAs

completed by December 31, 2020. Also, don't include certain returned contributions

described in the instructions for line 7 of Form 8606.) Do include repayments of qualified

disaster distributions ................................................................ 5.

5,000

6. Add lines 4 and 5 ...................................................................

25,000

7. Divide line 3 by line 6. Enter the result as a decimal (rounded to at least three places).

If the result is 1.000 or more, enter 1.000 .............................................. 7.

0.092

8. Nontaxable portion of the distribution.

Multiply line 5 by line 7. Enter the result here and on lines 13 and 17 of Form 8606 ........ 8.

460

9. Taxable portion of the distribution (before adjustment for conversions).

Subtract line 8 from line 5. Enter the result here, and if there are no amounts converted to

Roth IRAs, stop here and enter the result on line 15a of Form 8606 ..................... 9.

4,540

10. Enter the amount included on line 9 that is allocable to amounts converted to Roth IRAs by

December 31, 2020. (See Note at the end of this worksheet.) Enter here and on line 18 of

Form 8606 .........................................................................

10.

4,540

11. Taxable portion of the distribution (after adjustments for conversions).

Subtract line 10 from line 9. Enter the result here and on line 15a of Form 8606 ...........

11.

-0-

Note. If the amount on line 5 of this worksheet includes an amount converted to a Roth IRA by December 31, 2020, you must

determine the percentage of the distribution allocable to the conversion. To figure the percentage, divide the amount converted

(from line 16 of Form 8606) by the total distributions shown on line 5. To figure the amounts to include on line 10 of this worksheet

and on line 18 of Form 8606, multiply line 9 of the worksheet by the percentage you figured.

Page 18 Chapter 1 Traditional IRAs

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Form 8606

Department of the Treasury

Internal Revenue Service (99)

Nondeductible IRAs

▶

Go to www.irs.gov/Form8606 for instructions and the latest information.

▶

For coronavirus-related distributions, see the instructions.

▶

Attach to 2020 Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR.

OMB No. 1545-0074

2020

Attachment

Sequence No.

Name. If married, le a separate form for each spouse required to le 2020 Form 8606. See instructions. Your social security number

Fill in Your Address

Only if You Are

Filing This Form by

Itself and Not With

Your Tax Return

▲

Home address (number and street, or P.O. box if mail is not delivered to your home) Apt. no.

City, town or post ofce, state, and ZIP code. If you have a foreign address, also complete the spaces below (see instructions).

Foreign country name Foreign province/state/county Foreign postal code

Part I

Nondeductible Contributions to Traditional IRAs and Distributions From Traditional, SEP, and SIMPLE IRAs

Complete this part only if one or more of the following apply.

• You made nondeductible contributions to a traditional IRA for 2020.

• You took distributions from a traditional, SEP, or SIMPLE IRA in 2020 and you made nondeductible contributions to a

traditional IRA in 2020 or an earlier year. For this purpose, a distribution does not include a rollover (other than a

repayment of a qualied disaster distribution (see 2020 Forms 8915-C, 8915-D, and 8915-E)), qualied charitable

distribution, one-time distribution to fund an HSA, conversion, recharacterization, or return of certain contributions.

• You converted part, but not all, of your traditional, SEP, and SIMPLE IRAs to Roth IRAs in 2020 and you made

nondeductible contributions to a traditional IRA in 2020 or an earlier year.

Enter your nondeductible contributions to traditional IRAs for 2020, including those made for 2020

from January 1, 2021, through April 15, 2021. See instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 Enter your total basis in traditional IRAs. See instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

3 Add lines 1 and 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

In 2020, did you take a distribution

from traditional, SEP, or SIMPLE IRAs,

or make a Roth IRA conversion?

▶

Enter the amount from line 3 on line 14.

Do not complete the rest of Part I.

Yes

▶

Go to line 4.

Enter those contributions included on line 1 that were made from January 1, 2021, through April 15, 2021

5 Subtract line 4 from line 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

6 Enter the value of all your traditional, SEP, and SIMPLE IRAs as of December

31, 2020, plus any outstanding rollovers. Subtract any repayments of qualied

disaster distributions (see 2020 Forms 8915-C, 8915-D, and 8915-E) . . .

Enter your distributions from traditional, SEP, and SIMPLE IRAs in 2020. Do not

include rollovers (other than repayments of qualied disaster distributions (see

2020 Forms 8915-C, 8915-D, and 8915-E)), qualied charitable distributions, a

one-time distribution to fund an HSA, conversions to a Roth IRA, certain

returned contributions, or recharacterizations of traditional IRA contributions

(see instructions)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Enter the net amount you converted from traditional, SEP, and SIMPLE IRAs to

Roth IRAs in 2020. Also enter this amount on line 16 . . . . . . . . .

9 Add lines 6, 7, and 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Divide line 5 by line 9. Enter the result as a decimal rounded to at least 3

places. If the result is 1.000 or more, enter “1.000” . . . . . . . . .

Multiply line 8 by line 10. This is the nontaxable portion of the amount you

converted to Roth IRAs. Also enter this amount on line 17 . . . . . . .

Multiply line 7 by line 10. This is the nontaxable portion of your distributions

that you did not convert to a Roth IRA . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13 Add lines 11 and 12. This is the nontaxable portion of all your distributions . . . . . . . . . 13

14 Subtract line 13 from line 3. This is your total basis in traditional IRAs for 2020 and earlier years . 14

15 a Subtract line 12 from line 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15a

Enter the amount on line 15a attributable to qualied disaster distributions from 2020 Forms 8915-C,

8915-D, and 8915-E (see instructions). Also, enter this amount on 2020 Form 8915-C, line 23; 2020

Form 8915-D, line 22; or 2020 Form 8915-E, line 13, as applicable . . . . . . . . . . . .

15b

Taxable amount. Subtract line 15b from line 15a. If more than zero, also include this amount on 2020

Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 4b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15c

Note: You may be subject to an additional 10% tax on the amount on line 15c if you were under age

59½ at the time of the distribution. See instructions.

For Privacy Act and Paperwork Reduction Act Notice, see separate instructions.

Cat. No. 63966F

Form 8606 (2020)

Rose Green

001-00-0000

500

300

800

460*

340

* From Worksheet 1 - 1 in Publication 590-B

Chapter 1 Traditional IRAs Page 19

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5,000

4,540*

460

*From Worksheet1-1in Publication 590-B

Form 8606 (2020)

Page 2

Part II 2020 Conversions From Traditional, SEP, or SIMPLE IRAs to Roth IRAs

Complete this part if you converted part or all of your traditional, SEP, and SIMPLE IRAs to a Roth IRA in 2020.

If you completed Part I, enter the amount from line 8. Otherwise, enter the net amount you converted

from traditional, SEP, and SIMPLE IRAs to Roth IRAs in 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

If you completed Part I, enter the amount from line 11. Otherwise, enter your basis in the amount on

line 16 (see instructions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Taxable amount. Subtract line 17 from line 16. If more than zero, also include this amount on 2020

Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 4b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Part III Distributions From Roth IRAs

Complete this part only if you took a distribution from a Roth IRA in 2020. For this purpose, a distribution does not include

a rollover (other than a repayment of a qualied disaster distribution (see 2020 Forms 8915-C, 8915-D, and 8915-E)),

qualied charitable distribution, one-time distribution to fund an HSA, recharacterization, or return of certain contributions

(see instructions).

Enter your total nonqualied distributions from Roth IRAs in 2020, including any qualied rst-time

homebuyer distributions, and any qualied disaster distributions (see instructions). Also see 2020

Forms 8915-C, 8915-D, and 8915-E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20 Qualied rst-time homebuyer expenses (see instructions). Do not enter more than $10,000 reduced

by the total of all your prior qualied rst-time homebuyer distributions . . . . . . . . . .

21 Subtract line 20 from line 19. If zero or less, enter -0- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

22 Enter your basis in Roth IRA contributions (see instructions). If line 21 is zero, stop here . . . . . 22

Subtract line 22 from line 21. If zero or less, enter -0- and skip lines 24 and 25. If more than zero, you

may be subject to an additional tax (see instructions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Enter your basis in conversions from traditional, SEP, and SIMPLE IRAs and rollovers from qualied

retirement plans to a Roth IRA. See instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25 a Subtract line 24 from line 23. If zero or less, enter -0- and skip lines 25b and 25c . . . . . . . 25a

Enter the amount on line 25a attributable to qualied disaster distributions from 2020 Forms 8915-C,

8915-D, and 8915-E (see instructions). Also, enter this amount on 2020 Form 8915-C, line 24; 2020

Form 8915-D, line 23; or 2020 Form 8915-E, line 14, as applicable . . . . . . . . . . . .

25b

Taxable amount. Subtract line 25b from line 25a. If more than zero, also include this amount on 2020

Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 4b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25c

Sign Here Only if You

Are Filing This Form

by Itself and Not With

Your Tax Return

Under penalties of perjury, I declare that I have examined this form, including accompanying attachments, and to the best of my knowledge and

belief, it is true, correct, and complete. Declaration of preparer (other than taxpayer) is based on all information of which preparer has any knowledge.

▲

Your signature

▲

Date

Paid

Preparer

Use Only

Print/Type preparer’s name

Preparer’s signature

Date

Check if

self-employed

PTIN

Firm’s name

▶

Firm’s address

▶

Firm’s EIN

▶

Phone no.

Form 8606 (2020)

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Other Special IRA

Distribution Situations

Two other special IRA distribution situations are dis-

cussed next.

Distribution of an annuity contract from your IRA ac-

count. You can tell the trustee or custodian of your tradi-

tional IRA account to use the amount in the account to buy

an annuity contract for you. You aren't taxed when you re-

ceive the annuity contract (unless the annuity contract is

being converted to an annuity held by a Roth IRA). You

are taxed when you start receiving payments under that

annuity contract.

Tax treatment. If only deductible contributions were

made to your traditional IRA since it was opened (this in-

cludes all your traditional IRAs, if you have more than

one), the annuity payments are fully taxable.

If any of your traditional IRAs include both deductible

and nondeductible contributions, the annuity payments

are taxed as explained earlier under Distributions Fully or

Partly Taxable.

Cashing in retirement bonds. When you cash in retire-

ment bonds, you are taxed on the entire amount you re-

ceive. Unless you have already cashed them in, you will

be taxed on the entire value of your bonds in the year in

which you reach age 70

/2. The value of the bonds is the

amount you would have received if you had cashed them

in at the end of that year. When you later cash in the

bonds, you won't be taxed again.

Reporting and Withholding

Requirements for Taxable Amounts

If you receive a distribution from your traditional IRA, you

will receive Form 1099-R, or a similar statement. IRA dis-

tributions are shown in boxes 1 and 2a of Form 1099-R. A

number or letter code in box 7 tells you what type of distri-

bution you received from your IRA.

Number codes. Some of the number codes are ex-

plained below. All of the codes are explained in the in-

structions for recipients on Form 1099-R.

1—Early distribution, no known exception (in most ca-

ses, under age 59½).

2—Early distribution, exception applies (under age

59½).

3—Disability.

4—Death.

5—Prohibited transaction.

7—Normal distribution.

8—Excess contributions plus earnings/

excess deferrals (and/or earnings)

taxable in 2020.

If code 1, 5, or 8 appears on your Form 1099-R,

you are probably subject to a penalty or additional

tax. If code 1 appears, see Early Distributions,

later. If code 5 appears, see Prohibited Transactions,

later. If code 8 appears, see Excess Contributions in

chapter 1 of Pub. 590-A.

Letter codes. Some of the letter codes are explained

below. All of the codes are explained in the instructions for

recipients on Form 1099-R.

B—Designated Roth account distribution.

G—Direct rollover of a distribution to a qualified plan, a

section 403(b) plan, a governmental section 457(b)

plan, or an IRA.

H—Direct rollover of a designated Roth account distri-

bution to a Roth IRA.

J—Early distribution from a Roth IRA, no known ex-

ception (in most cases, under age 59½).

N—Recharacterized IRA contribution made for 2020

and recharacterized in 2020.

P—Excess contributions plus earnings/

excess deferrals (and/or earnings) taxable in 2019.

Q—Qualified distribution from a Roth IRA.

R—Recharacterized IRA contribution made for 2019

and recharacterized in 2020.

S—Early distribution from a SIMPLE IRA in the first

2 years, no known exception (under age 59½).

T—Roth IRA distribution, exception applies.

If the distribution shown on Form 1099-R is from your

IRA, SEP IRA, or SIMPLE IRA, the small box in box 7 (la-

beled IRA/SEP/SIMPLE) should be marked with an “X.”

If code J, P, or S appears on your Form 1099-R,

you are probably subject to a penalty or additional

tax. If code J appears, see Early Distributions,

later. If code P appears, see Excess Contributions in

chapter 1 of Pub. 590-A. If code S appears, see Distribu-

tions (Withdrawals) in chapter 3 of Pub. 560.

Withholding. Federal income tax is withheld from distri-

butions from traditional IRAs unless you choose not to

have tax withheld.

The amount of tax withheld from an annuity or a similar

periodic payment is based on your marital status and the

number of withholding allowances you claim on your with-

holding certificate (Form W-4P). If you haven't filed a cer-

tificate, tax will be withheld as if you are a married individ-

ual claiming three withholding allowances.

Generally, tax will be withheld at a 10% rate on non-

periodic distributions.

IRA distributions delivered outside the United

States. In general, if you are a U.S. citizen or resident

alien and your home address is outside the United States

or its possessions, you can't choose exemption from with-

holding on distributions from your traditional IRA.

To choose exemption from withholding, you must cer-

tify to the payer under penalties of perjury that you aren't a

CAUTION

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U.S. citizen, a resident alien of the United States, or a

tax-avoidance expatriate.

Even if this election is made, the payer must withhold

tax at the rates prescribed for nonresident aliens.

More information. For more information on withhold-

ing on pensions and annuities, see Pensions and Annui-

ties in chapter 1 of Pub. 505. For more information on

withholding on nonresident aliens and foreign entities, see

Pensions, Annuities, and Alimony under Withholding on

Specific Income in Pub. 515.

Reporting taxable distributions on your return. Re-

port fully taxable distributions, including early distributions,

on Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 4b (no entry is

required on line 4a). If only part of the distribution is taxa-

ble, enter the total amount on Form 1040, 1040-SR, or

1040-NR, line 4a, and enter the taxable part on Form

1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 4b.

Estate tax. Generally, the value of an annuity or other

payment receivable by any beneficiary of a decedent's

traditional IRA that represents the part of the purchase

price contributed by the decedent (or by his or her former

employer(s)) must be included in the decedent's gross es-

tate. For more information, see the instructions for Form

706, Schedule I.

What Acts Result in Penalties

or Additional Taxes?

The tax advantages of using traditional IRAs for retirement

savings can be offset by additional taxes and penalties if

you don't follow the rules. There are additions to the regu-

lar tax for using your IRA funds in prohibited transactions.

There are also additional taxes for the following activities.

•

Investing in collectibles.

•

Having unrelated business income.

•

Taking early distributions.

•

Allowing excess amounts to accumulate (failing to

take required distributions).

•

Making excess contributions.

There are penalties for overstating the amount of non-

deductible contributions and for failure to file Form 8606, if

required.

This chapter discusses those acts (relating to distribu-

tions) that you should avoid and the additional taxes and

other costs, including loss of IRA status, that apply if you

don't avoid those acts.

Prohibited Transactions

Generally, a prohibited transaction is any improper use of

your traditional IRA account or annuity by you, your bene-

ficiary, or any disqualified person.

Disqualified persons include your fiduciary and mem-

bers of your family (spouse, ancestor, lineal descendant,

and any spouse of a lineal descendant).

The following are some examples of prohibited trans-

actions with a traditional IRA.

•

Borrowing money from it.

•

Selling property to it.

•

Using it as security for a loan.

•

Buying property for personal use (present or future)

with IRA funds.

If your IRA invested in nonpublicly traded assets

or assets that you directly control, the risk of en-

gaging in a prohibited transaction in connection

with your IRA may be increased.

Fiduciary. For these purposes, a fiduciary includes any-

one who does any of the following.

•

Exercises any discretionary authority or discretionary

control in managing your IRA or exercises any author-

ity or control in managing or disposing of its assets.

•

Provides investment advice to your IRA for a fee, or

has any authority or responsibility to do so.

•

Has any discretionary authority or discretionary re-

sponsibility in administering your IRA.

Effect on an IRA account. Generally, if you or your ben-

eficiary engages in a prohibited transaction in connection

with your traditional IRA account at any time during the

year, the account stops being an IRA as of the first day of

that year.

Effect on you or your beneficiary. If your account

stops being an IRA because you or your beneficiary en-

gaged in a prohibited transaction, the account is treated

as distributing all its assets to you at their fair market val-

ues on the first day of the year. If the total of those values

is more than your basis in the IRA, you will have a taxable

gain that is includible in your income. For information on

figuring your gain and reporting it in income, see Are Dis-

tributions Taxable, earlier. The distribution may be subject

to additional taxes or penalties.

Borrowing on an annuity contract. If you borrow

money against your traditional IRA annuity contract, you

must include in your gross income the fair market value of

the annuity contract as of the first day of your tax year.

You may have to pay the 10% additional tax on early dis-

tributions, discussed later.

Pledging an account as security. If you use a part of

your traditional IRA account as security for a loan, that

part is treated as a distribution and is included in your

gross income. You may have to pay the 10% additional

tax on early distributions, discussed later.

Trust account set up by an employer or an employee

association. Your account or annuity doesn't lose its IRA

treatment if your employer or the employee association

CAUTION

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with whom you have your traditional IRA engages in a pro-

hibited transaction.

Owner participation. If you participate in the prohibi-

ted transaction with your employer or the association,

your account is no longer treated as an IRA.

Taxes on prohibited transactions. If someone other

than the owner or beneficiary of a traditional IRA engages

in a prohibited transaction, that person may be liable for

certain taxes. In general, there is a 15% tax on the amount

of the prohibited transaction and a 100% additional tax if

the transaction isn't corrected.

Loss of IRA status. If the traditional IRA ceases to be

an IRA because of a prohibited transaction by you or your

beneficiary, you or your beneficiary isn’t liable for these

excise taxes. However, you or your beneficiary may have

to pay other taxes as discussed under Effect on you or

your beneficiary, earlier.

Exempt Transactions

The Department of Labor has authority to grant adminis-

trative exemptions from the prohibited transaction provi-

sions of ERISA and the Code for a class of transactions or

for individual transactions. In order to grant an administra-

tive exemption, the Department must make the following

three determinations.

1. The exemption must be administratively feasible.

2. In the interest of the plan and its participants and ben-

eficiaries.

3. Protective of the rights of plan participants and benefi-

ciaries.

For additional information on prohibited transaction ex-

emptions, see the Department of Labor publication,

Exemption Procedures under Federal Pension Law.

Transactions Not Prohibited

The following two types of transactions aren't prohibited

transactions if they meet the requirements that follow.

•

Payments of cash, property, or other consideration by

the sponsor of your traditional IRA to you (or members

of your family).

•

Your receipt of services at reduced or no cost from the

bank where your traditional IRA is established or

maintained.

Payments of cash, property, or other consideration.

Even if a sponsor makes payments to you or your family,

there is no prohibited transaction if all three of the follow-

ing requirements are met.

1. The payments are for establishing a traditional IRA or

for making additional contributions to it.

2. The IRA is established solely to benefit you, your

spouse, and your or your spouse's beneficiaries.

3. During the year, the total fair market value of the pay-

ments you receive isn't more than:

a. $10 for IRA deposits of less than $5,000, or

b. $20 for IRA deposits of $5,000 or more.

If the consideration is group-term life insurance, require-

ments (1) and (3) don't apply if no more than $5,000 of the

face value of the insurance is based on a dollar-for-dollar

basis on the assets in your IRA.

Services received at reduced or no cost. Even if a

sponsor provides services at reduced or no cost, there is

no prohibited transaction if all of the following require-

ments are met.

•

The traditional IRA qualifying you to receive the serv-

ices is established and maintained for the benefit of

you, your spouse, and your or your spouse's benefi-

ciaries.

•

The bank itself can legally offer the services.

•

The services are provided in the ordinary course of

business by the bank (or a bank affiliate) to customers

who qualify but don't maintain an IRA (or a Keogh

plan).

•

The determination, for a traditional IRA, of who quali-

fies for these services is based on an IRA (or a Keogh

plan) deposit balance equal to the lowest qualifying

balance for any other type of account.

•

The rate of return on a traditional IRA investment that

qualifies isn't less than the return on an identical in-

vestment that could have been made at the same time

at the same branch of the bank by a customer who

isn't eligible for (or doesn't receive) these services.

Investment in Collectibles

If your traditional IRA invests in collectibles, the amount in-

vested is considered distributed to you in the year inves-

ted. You may have to pay the 10% additional tax on early

distributions, discussed later.

Any amounts that were considered to be distributed

when the investment in the collectible was made, and

which were included in your income at that time, aren't in-

cluded in your income when the collectible is actually dis-

tributed from your IRA.

Collectibles. These include:

•

Artworks,

•

Rugs,

•

Antiques,

•

Metals,

•

Gems,

•

Stamps,

•

Coins,

•

Alcoholic beverages, and

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•

Certain other tangible personal property.

Exception. Your IRA can invest in one, one-half,

one-quarter, or one-tenth ounce U.S. gold coins, or

one-ounce silver coins minted by the Treasury Depart-

ment. It can also invest in certain platinum coins and cer-

tain gold, silver, palladium, and platinum bullion.

Unrelated Business Income

An IRA is subject to tax on unrelated business income if it

carries on an unrelated trade or business. An unrelated

trade or business means any trade or business regularly

carried on by the IRA or by a partnership of which it is a

member, and not substantially related to the IRA’s exempt

purpose or function. If the IRA has $1,000 or more of unre-

lated trade or business gross income, the IRA must file a

Form 990-T, Exempt Organization Business Income Tax

Return. An IRA trustee is permitted to file Form 990-T on

behalf of the IRA. In the case of an IRA that operates on a

calendar year, the Form 990-T must be filed by the 15th

day of April following the close of the calendar year. In the

case of an IRA that operates on a fiscal year, the Form

990-T must be filed by the 15th day of the 4th month fol-

lowing the close of the fiscal year. See Pub. 598 for more

information.

Early Distributions

You must include early distributions of taxable amounts

from your traditional IRA in your gross income. Early distri-

butions are also subject to an additional 10% tax, as dis-

cussed later.

Early distributions defined. Early distributions are gen-

erally amounts distributed from your traditional IRA ac-

count or annuity before you are age 59

/2, or amounts you

receive when you cash in retirement bonds before you are

age 59

/2.

If you were affected by a qualified disaster, see

chapter 4.

Age 59

/2 Rule

Generally, if you are under age 59

/2, you must pay a 10%

additional tax on the distribution of any assets (money or

other property) from your traditional IRA. Distributions be-

fore you are age 59

/2 are called early distributions.

The 10% additional tax applies to the part of the distri-

bution that you have to include in gross income. It is in ad-

dition to any regular income tax on that amount.

A number of exceptions to this rule are discussed later

under Exceptions. Also see Contributions Returned Be-

fore Due Date of Return in chapter 1 of Pub. 590-A.

After age 59

/2 and before age 72. After you reach age

/2, you can receive distributions without having to pay

the 10% additional tax. Even though you can receive dis-

tributions after you reach age 59

/2, distributions aren't re-

TIP

quired until you reach age 72. See When Must You With-

draw Assets? (Required Minimum Distributions), earlier.

Exceptions

There are several exceptions to the age 59

/2 rule. Even if

you receive a distribution before you are age 59

/2, you

may not have to pay the 10% additional tax if you are in

one of the following situations.

•

You have unreimbursed medical expenses that are

more than 7.5% of your adjusted gross income.

•

The distributions aren't more than the cost of your

medical insurance due to a period of unemployment.

•

You are totally and permanently disabled.

•

You are the beneficiary of a deceased IRA owner.

•

You are receiving distributions in the form of an annu-

ity.

•

The distributions aren't more than your qualified

higher education expenses.

•

You use the distributions to buy, build, or rebuild a first

home.

•

The distribution is due to an IRS levy of the qualified

plan.

•

The distribution is a qualified reservist distribution.

•

The distribution is a qualified birth or adoption distribu-

tion.

Most of these exceptions are explained below.

Note. Distributions that are timely and properly rolled

over, as discussed in chapter 1 of Pub. 590-A, aren't sub-

ject to either regular income tax or the 10% additional tax.

Certain withdrawals of excess contributions after the due

date of your return are also tax free and therefore not sub-

ject to the 10% additional tax. (See Excess Contributions

Withdrawn After Due Date of Return in chapter 1 of Pub.

590-A.) This also applies to transfers incident to divorce,

as discussed under Can You Move Retirement Plan As-

sets? in chapter 1 of Pub. 590-A.

Receivership distributions. Early distributions (with

or without your consent) from savings institutions placed

in receivership are subject to this tax unless one of the

above exceptions applies. This is true even if the distribu-

tion is from a receiver that is a state agency.

Unreimbursed medical expenses. Even if you are un-

der age 59

/2, you don't have to pay the 10% additional

tax on distributions that aren't more than:

•

The amount you paid for unreimbursed medical ex-

penses during the year of the distribution, minus

•

7.5% of your adjusted gross income (defined next) for

the year of the distribution.

You can only take into account unreimbursed medical ex-

penses that you would be able to include in figuring a de-

duction for medical expenses on Schedule A (Form

1040). You don't have to itemize your deductions to take

advantage of this exception to the 10% additional tax.

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Adjusted gross income. This is the amount on Form

1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 11.

Medical insurance. Even if you are under age 59

/2, you

may not have to pay the 10% additional tax on distribu-

tions during the year that aren't more than the amount you

paid during the year for medical insurance for yourself,

your spouse, and your dependents. You won't have to pay

the tax on these amounts if all of the following conditions

apply.

•

You lost your job.

•

You received unemployment compensation paid un-

der any federal or state law for 12 consecutive weeks

because you lost your job.

•

You receive the distributions during either the year

you received the unemployment compensation or the

following year.

•

You receive the distributions no later than 60 days af-

ter you have been reemployed.

Disabled. If you become disabled before you reach age

/2, any distributions from your traditional IRA because

of your disability aren't subject to the 10% additional tax.

You are considered disabled if you can furnish proof

that you can't do any substantial gainful activity because

of your physical or mental condition. A physician must de-

termine that your condition can be expected to result in

death or to be of long, continued, and indefinite duration.

Beneficiary. If you die before reaching age 59

/2, the as-

sets in your traditional IRA can be distributed to your ben-

eficiary or to your estate without either having to pay the

10% additional tax.

However, if you inherit a traditional IRA from your de-

ceased spouse and elect to treat it as your own (as dis-

cussed under What if You Inherit an IRA, earlier), any dis-

tribution you later receive before you reach age 59

/2 may

be subject to the 10% additional tax.

Annuity. You can receive distributions from your tradi-

tional IRA that are part of a series of substantially equal

payments over your life (or your life expectancy), or over

the lives (or the joint life expectancies) of you and your

beneficiary, without having to pay the 10% additional tax,

even if you receive such distributions before you are age

/2. You must use an IRS-approved distribution method

and you must take at least one distribution annually for

this exception to apply. The “required minimum distribu-

tion method,” when used for this purpose, results in the

exact amount required to be distributed, not the minimum

amount.

There are two other IRS-approved distribution methods

that you can use. They are generally referred to as the

“fixed amortization method” and the “fixed annuitization

method.” These two methods aren't discussed in this pub-

lication because they are more complex and generally re-

quire professional assistance. For information on these

methods, see Revenue Ruling 2002-62, which is on

page 710 of Internal Revenue Bulletin 2002-42 at

IRS.gov/pub/irs-irbs/irb02-42.pdf.

Recapture tax for changes in distribution method

under equal payment exception. You may have to pay

an early distribution recapture tax if, before you reach age

/2, the distribution method under the equal periodic

payment exception changes (for reasons other than your

death or disability). The tax applies if the method changes

from the method requiring equal payments to a method

that wouldn't have qualified for the exception to the tax.

The recapture tax applies to the first tax year to which the

change applies. The amount of tax is the amount that

would have been imposed had the exception not applied,

plus interest for the deferral period.

You may have to pay the recapture tax if you don't re-

ceive the payments for at least 5 years under a method

that qualifies for the exception. You may have to pay it

even if you modify your method of distribution after you

reach age 59

/2. In that case, the tax applies only to pay-

ments distributed before you reach age 59

/2.

Report the recapture tax and interest on line 4 of Form

5329. Attach an explanation to the form. Don't write the

explanation next to the line or enter any amount for the re-

capture on line 1 or 3 of the form.

One-time switch. If you are receiving a series of sub-

stantially equal periodic payments, you can make a

one-time switch to the required minimum distribution

method at any time without incurring the additional tax.

Once a change is made, you must follow the required min-

imum distribution method in all subsequent years.

Higher education expenses. Even if you are under age

/2, if you paid expenses for higher education during the

year, part (or all) of any distribution may not be subject to

the 10% additional tax. The part not subject to the tax is

generally the amount that isn't more than the qualified

higher education expenses (defined next) for the year for

education furnished at an eligible educational institution

(defined below). The education must be for you, your

spouse, or the children or grandchildren of you or your

spouse.

When determining the amount of the distribution that

isn't subject to the 10% additional tax, include qualified

higher education expenses paid with any of the following

funds.

•

Payment for services, such as wages.

•

A loan.

•

A gift.

•

An inheritance given to either the student or the indi-

vidual making the withdrawal.

•

A withdrawal from personal savings (including savings

from a qualified tuition program).

Don't include expenses paid with any of the following

funds.

•

Tax-free distributions from a Coverdell education sav-

ings account.

•

Tax-free part of scholarships and fellowships.

•

Pell grants.

•

Employer-provided educational assistance.

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•

Veterans' educational assistance.

•

Any other tax-free payment (other than a gift or inheri-

tance) received as educational assistance.

Qualified higher education expenses. Qualified

higher education expenses are tuition, fees, books, sup-

plies, and equipment required for the enrollment or attend-

ance of a student at an eligible educational institution.

They also include expenses for special needs services in-

curred by or for special needs students in connection with

their enrollment or attendance. In addition, if the individual

is at least a half-time student, room and board are quali-

fied higher education expenses.

Eligible educational institution. This is any college,

university, vocational school, or other postsecondary edu-

cational institution eligible to participate in the student aid

programs administered by the U.S. Department of Educa-

tion. It includes virtually all accredited, public, nonprofit,

and proprietary (privately owned profit-making) postse-

condary institutions. The educational institution should be

able to tell you if it is an eligible educational institution.

For more information, see chapter 9 of Pub. 970.

First home. Even if you are under age 59

/2, you don't

have to pay the 10% additional tax on up to $10,000 of

distributions you receive to buy, build, or rebuild a first

home. To qualify for treatment as a first-time homebuyer

distribution, the distribution must meet all the following re-

quirements.

1. It must be used to pay qualified acquisition costs (de-

fined next) before the close of the 120th day after the

day you received it.

2. It must be used to pay qualified acquisition costs for

the main home of a first-time homebuyer (defined be-

low) who is any of the following.

a. Yourself.

b. Your spouse.

c. Your or your spouse's child.

d. Your or your spouse's grandchild.

e. Your or your spouse's parent or other ancestor.

3. When added to all your prior qualified first-time home-

buyer distributions, if any, total qualifying distributions

can't be more than $10,000.

If both you and your spouse are first-time home-

buyers (defined later), each of you can receive

distributions up to $10,000 for a first home without

having to pay the 10% additional tax.

Qualified acquisition costs. Qualified acquisition

costs include the following items.

•

Costs of buying, building, or rebuilding a home.

•

Any usual or reasonable settlement, financing, or

other closing costs.

First-time homebuyer. Generally, you are a first-time

homebuyer if you had no present interest in a main home

TIP

during the 2-year period ending on the date of acquisition

of the home which the distribution is being used to buy,

build, or rebuild. If you are married, your spouse must also

meet this no-ownership requirement.

Date of acquisition. The date of acquisition is the

date that:

•

You enter into a binding contract to buy the main

home for which the distribution is being used, or

•

The building or rebuilding of the main home for which

the distribution is being used begins.

If you received a distribution to buy, build, or re-

build a first home and the purchase or construc-

tion was canceled or delayed, you could generally

contribute the amount of the distribution to an IRA within

120 days of the distribution and not pay income tax or the

10% additional tax on early distributions. This contribution

is treated as a rollover contribution to the IRA.

Qualified reservist distributions. A qualified reservist

distribution isn't subject to the additional tax on early distri-

butions.

Definition. A distribution you receive is a qualified re-

servist distribution if the following requirements are met.

•

You were ordered or called to active duty after Sep-

tember 11, 2001.

•

You were ordered or called to active duty for a period

of more than 179 days or for an indefinite period be-

cause you are a member of a reserve component.

•

The distribution is from an IRA or from amounts attrib-

utable to elective deferrals under a section 401(k) or

403(b) plan or a similar arrangement.

•

The distribution was made no earlier than the date of

the order or call to active duty and no later than the

close of the active duty period.

Reserve component. The term “reserve component”

means the:

•

Army National Guard of the United States,

•

Army Reserve,

•

Naval Reserve,

•

Marine Corps Reserve,

•

Air National Guard of the United States,

•

Air Force Reserve,

•

Coast Guard Reserve, or

•

Reserve Corps of the Public Health Service.

Qualified birth or adoption distribution. A qualified

birth or adoption distribution is any distribution from an ap-

plicable eligible retirement plan if made during the 1-year

period beginning on the date on which your child was born

or the date on which the legal adoption of your child was

finalized.

A qualified birth or adoption distribution must not ex-

ceed $5,000 per adoption or birth. In addition, an eligible

TIP

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adoptee is any individual (other than the child of the tax-

payer’s spouse) who has not reached age 18 or is physi-

cally or mentally incapable of self-support.

Amount may be repaid. If you receive a qualified

birth or adoption distribution, you can make one or more

contributions to an eligible retirement plan if you are a

beneficiary of that plan, the plan accepts rollover contribu-

tions, and the total of those contributions does not exceed

the amount of the qualified birth or adoption distribution.

Additional 10% Tax

The additional tax on early distributions is 10% of the

amount of the early distribution that you must include in

your gross income. This tax is in addition to any regular in-

come tax resulting from including the distribution in in-

come.

Use Form 5329 to figure the tax. See the discussion of

Form 5329, later, under Reporting Additional Taxes for in-

formation on filing the form.

Example. Tom Jones, who is 35 years old, receives a

$3,000 distribution from his traditional IRA account. Tom

doesn't meet any of the exceptions to the 10% additional

tax, so the $3,000 is an early distribution. Tom never

made any nondeductible contributions to his IRA. He must

include the $3,000 in his gross income for the year of the

distribution and pay income tax on it. Tom must also pay

an additional tax of $300 (10% (0.10) × $3,000). He files

Form 5329. See the filled-in Form 5329, later.

Early distributions of funds from a SIMPLE retire-

ment account made within 2 years of beginning

participation in the SIMPLE are subject to a 25%,

rather than a 10%, early distributions tax.

Nondeductible contributions. The tax on early distribu-

tions doesn't apply to the part of a distribution that repre-

sents a return of your nondeductible contributions (basis).

Excess Accumulations

(Insufficient Distributions)

You can't keep amounts in your traditional IRA (including

SEP and SIMPLE IRAs) indefinitely. Generally, you must

begin receiving distributions by April 1 of the year follow-

ing the year in which you reach age 72. The required mini-

mum distribution for any year after the year in which you

reach age 72 must be made by December 31 of that later

year.

CAUTION

Tax on excess. If distributions are less than the re-

quired minimum distribution for the year, discussed earlier

under When Must You Withdraw Assets? (Required Mini-

mum Distributions), you may have to pay a 50% excise

tax for that year on the amount not distributed as required.

Reporting the tax. Use Form 5329 to report the tax on

excess accumulations. See the discussion of Form 5329,

later, under Reporting Additional Taxes for more informa-

tion on filing the form.

Request to waive the tax. If the excess accumulation is

due to reasonable error, and you have taken, or are tak-

ing, steps to remedy the insufficient distribution, you can

request that the tax be waived. If you believe you qualify

for this relief, attach a statement of explanation and com-

plete Form 5329 as instructed under Waiver of tax for rea-

sonable cause in the Instructions for Form 5329.

Exemption from tax. If you are unable to take required

distributions because you have a traditional IRA invested

in a contract issued by an insurance company that is in

state insurer delinquency proceedings, the 50% excise

tax doesn't apply if the conditions and requirements of

Revenue Procedure 92-10 are satisfied. Those conditions

and requirements are summarized below. Revenue Pro-

cedure 92-10 is in Cumulative Bulletin 1992-1. You can

read the revenue procedure at most IRS offices, at many

public libraries, and online at IRS.gov.

Conditions. To qualify for exemption from the tax, the

assets in your traditional IRA must include an affected in-

vestment. Also, the amount of your required distribution

must be determined as discussed earlier under When

Must You Withdraw Assets? (Required Minimum Distribu-

tions).

Affected investment defined. Affected investment

means an annuity contract or a guaranteed investment

contract (with an insurance company) for which payments

under the terms of the contract have been reduced or sus-

pended because of state insurer delinquency proceedings

against the contracting insurance company.

Requirements. If your traditional IRA (or IRAs) in-

cludes assets other than your affected investment, all tra-

ditional IRA assets, including the available portion of your

affected investment, must be used to satisfy as much as

possible of your IRA distribution requirement. If the affec-

ted investment is the only asset in your IRA, as much of

the required distribution as possible must come from the

available portion, if any, of your affected investment.

Chapter 1 Traditional IRAs Page 27

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Form

5329

(Rev. February 2021)

Department of the Treasury

Internal Revenue Service

Additional Taxes on Qualiﬁed Plans

(Including IRAs) and Other Tax-Favored Accounts

Attach to Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR.

Go to www.irs.gov/Form5329 for instructions and the latest information.

OMB No. 1545-0074

2020

Attachment

Sequence No.

Name of individual subject to additional tax. If married ling jointly, see instructions. Your social security number

Fill in Your Address Only

if You Are Filing This

Form by Itself and Not

With Your Tax Return

Home address (number and street), or P.O. box if mail is not delivered to your home Apt. no.

City, town or post ofce, state, and ZIP code. If you have a foreign address, also complete the

spaces below. See instructions.

If this is an amended

return, check here

Foreign country name Foreign province/state/county Foreign postal code

If you only owe the additional 10% tax on the full amount of the early distributions, you may be able to report this tax directly on

Schedule 2 (Form 1040), line 6, without ling Form 5329. See instructions.

Part I

Additional Tax on Early Distributions. Complete this part if you took a taxable distribution before you reached age

59½ from a qualied retirement plan (including an IRA) or modied endowment contract (unless you are reporting this tax

directly on Schedule 2 (Form 1040)—see above). You may also have to complete this part to indicate that you qualify for

an exception to the additional tax on early distributions or for certain Roth IRA distributions. See instructions.

1 Early distributions includible in income (see instructions). For Roth IRA distributions, see instructions .

2 Early distributions included on line 1 that are not subject to the additional tax (see instructions).

Enter the appropriate exception number from the instructions:

. . ... ... . .

3 Amount subject to additional tax. Subtract line 2 from line 1 . . ... . . ....... 3

4 Additional tax. Enter 10% (0.10) of line 3. Include this amount on Schedule 2 (Form 1040), line 6 . . 4

Caution: If any part of the amount on line 3 was a distribution from a SIMPLE IRA, you may have to

include 25% of that amount on line 4 instead of 10%. See instructions.

Part II

Additional Tax on Certain Distributions From Education Accounts and ABLE Accounts. Complete this part

if you included an amount in income, on Schedule 1 (Form 1040), line 8, from a Coverdell education savings account

(ESA), a qualied tuition program (QTP), or an ABLE account.

5 Distributions included in income from a Coverdell ESA, a QTP, or an ABLE account . . ... .

6 Distributions included on line 5 that are not subject to the additional tax (see instructions) . . . . 6

7 Amount subject to additional tax. Subtract line 6 from line 5 . . ... . . ....... 7

8 Additional tax. Enter 10% (0.10) of line 7. Include this amount on Schedule 2 (Form 1040), line 6 . .

Part III

Additional Tax on Excess Contributions to Traditional IRAs. Complete this part if you contributed more to your

traditional IRAs for 2020 than is allowable or you had an amount on line 17 of your 2019 Form 5329.

Enter your excess contributions from line 16 of your 2019 Form 5329. See instructions. If zero, go to line 15

If your traditional IRA contributions for 2020 are less than your maximum

allowable contribution, see instructions. Otherwise, enter -0- . . ... .

11 2020 traditional IRA distributions included in income (see instructions) . . . 11

12 2020 distributions of prior year excess contributions (see instructions) . . . 12

13 Add lines 10, 11, and 12 . . .... ............. . . ..... 13

14 Prior year excess contributions. Subtract line 13 from line 9. If zero or less, enter -0- . . ... . 14

15 Excess contributions for 2020 (see instructions) . . ... ... ... .... . . . 15

16 Total excess contributions. Add lines 14 and 15 . . ... ... ... .... . . . 16

Additional tax. Enter 6% (0.06) of the smaller of line 16 or the value of your traditional IRAs on December

31, 2020 (including 2020 contributions made in 2021). Include this amount on Schedule 2 (Form 1040), line 6

Part IV

Additional Tax on Excess Contributions to Roth IRAs. Complete this part if you contributed more to your Roth

IRAs for 2020 than is allowable or you had an amount on line 25 of your 2019 Form 5329.

Enter your excess contributions from line 24 of your 2019 Form 5329. See instructions. If zero, go to line 23

If your Roth IRA contributions for 2020 are less than your maximum allowable

contribution, see instructions. Otherwise, enter -0- . . ... ... .

20 2020 distributions from your Roth IRAs (see instructions) . . ... . . 20

21 Add lines 19 and 20 . . .... ..... .... . . ..... .... . 21

22 Prior year excess contributions. Subtract line 21 from line 18. If zero or less, enter -0- . . ... . 22

23 Excess contributions for 2020 (see instructions) . . ... ... ... .... . . . 23

24 Total excess contributions. Add lines 22 and 23 . . ... ... ... .... . . . 24

Additional tax. Enter 6% (0.06) of the smaller of line 24 or the value of your Roth IRAs on December 31,

2020 (including 2020 contributions made in 2021). Include this amount on Schedule 2 (Form 1040), line 6

For Privacy Act and Paperwork Reduction Act Notice, see your tax return instructions.

Cat. No. 13329Q

Form 5329 (2020)

Tom Jones 004-00-0000

3000

300

-0-

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Available portion. The available portion of your affec-

ted investment is the amount of payments remaining after

they have been reduced or suspended because of state

insurer delinquency proceedings.

Make up of shortfall in distribution. If the payments

to you under the contract increase because all or part of

the reduction or suspension is canceled, you must make

up the amount of any shortfall in a prior distribution be-

cause of the proceedings. You make up (reduce or elimi-

nate) the shortfall with the increased payments you re-

ceive.

You must make up the shortfall by December 31 of the

calendar year following the year that you receive in-

creased payments.

Reporting Additional Taxes

Generally, you must use Form 5329 to report the tax on

excess contributions, early distributions, and excess ac-

cumulations.

Filing a tax return. If you must file an individual income

tax return, complete Form 5329 and attach it to your Form

1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR. Enter the total additional

taxes due on Schedule 2 (Form 1040), line 6.

Not filing a tax return. If you don't have to file a return,

but do have to pay one of the additional taxes mentioned

earlier, file the completed Form 5329 with the IRS at the

time and place you would have filed Form 1040, 1040-SR,

or 1040-NR. Be sure to include your address on page 1

and your signature and date on page 2. Enclose, but don't

attach, a check or money order payable to “United States

Treasury” for the tax you owe, as shown on Form 5329.

Write your social security number and “2020 Form 5329”

on your check or money order.

Form 5329 not required. You don't have to use Form

5329 if any of the following situations exists.

•

Distribution code 1 (early distribution) is correctly

shown in box 7 of Form 1099-R. If you don't owe any

other additional tax on a distribution, multiply the taxa-

ble part of the early distribution by 10% and enter the

result on Schedule 2 (Form 1040), line 6. Enter “No” to

the left of the line to indicate that you don't have to file

Form 5329. However, if you owe this tax and also owe

any other additional tax on a distribution, don't enter

this 10% additional tax directly on your Form 1040,

1040-SR, or 1040-NR. You must file Form 5329 to re-

port your additional taxes.

•

If you rolled over part or all of a distribution from a

qualified retirement plan, the part rolled over isn't sub-

ject to the tax on early distributions.

•

You have a qualified disaster distribution.

Roth IRAs

Reminders

Disaster relief. If you were affected by a qualified disas-

ter, see chapter 4.

Deemed IRAs. For plan years beginning after 2002, a

qualified employer plan (retirement plan) can maintain a

separate account or annuity under the plan (a deemed

IRA) to receive voluntary employee contributions. If the

separate account or annuity otherwise meets the require-

ments of an IRA, it will be subject only to IRA rules. An

employee's account can be treated as a traditional IRA or

a Roth IRA.

For this purpose, a “qualified employer plan” includes:

•

A qualified pension, profit-sharing, or stock bonus

plan (section 401(a) plan);

•

A qualified employee annuity plan (section 403(a)

plan);

•

A tax-sheltered annuity plan (section 403(b) plan); and

•

A deferred compensation plan (section 457 plan)

maintained by a state, a political subdivision of a state,

or an agency or instrumentality of a state or political

subdivision of a state.

Designated Roth accounts. Designated Roth accounts

are separate accounts under 401(k), 403(b), or 457(b)

plans that accept elective deferrals that are referred to as

Roth contributions. These elective deferrals are included

in your income, but qualified distributions from these ac-

counts aren't included in your income. Designated Roth

accounts aren't IRAs and shouldn’t be confused with Roth

IRAs. Contributions, up to their respective limits, can be

made to Roth IRAs and designated Roth accounts ac-

cording to your eligibility to participate. A contribution to

one doesn't impact your eligibility to contribute to the

other. See Pub. 575 for more information on designated

Roth accounts.

Introduction

Regardless of your age, you may be able to establish and

make nondeductible contributions to an individual retire-

ment plan called a Roth IRA.

Contributions not reported. You don't report Roth IRA

contributions on your return.

Chapter 2 Roth IRAs Page 29

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What Is a Roth IRA?

A Roth IRA is an individual retirement plan that, except as

explained in this chapter, is subject to the rules that apply

to a traditional IRA (defined next). It can be either an ac-

count or an annuity. Individual retirement accounts and

annuities are described in How Can a Traditional IRA Be

Opened? in chapter 1 of Pub. 590-A.

To be a Roth IRA, the account or annuity must be des-

ignated as a Roth IRA when it is opened. A deemed IRA

can be a Roth IRA, but neither a SEP IRA nor a SIMPLE

IRA can be designated as a Roth IRA.

Unlike a traditional IRA, you can't deduct contributions

to a Roth IRA. But, if you satisfy the requirements, quali-

fied distributions (discussed later) are tax free and you

can leave amounts in your Roth IRA as long as you live.

Traditional IRA. A traditional IRA is any IRA that isn't a

Roth IRA or SIMPLE IRA. Traditional IRAs are discussed

in chapter 1.

Are Distributions Taxable?

You don't include in your gross income qualified distribu-

tions or distributions that are a return of your regular con-

tributions from your Roth IRA(s). You also don't include

distributions from your Roth IRA that you roll over tax free

into another Roth IRA. You may have to include part of

other distributions in your income. See Ordering Rules for

Distributions, later.

Basis of distributed property. The basis of property

distributed from a Roth IRA is its fair market value (FMV)

on the date of distribution, whether or not the distribution

is a qualified distribution.

Withdrawals of contributions by due date. If you with-

draw contributions (including any net earnings on the con-

tributions) by the due date of your return for the year in

which you made the contribution, the contributions are

treated as if you never made them. If you have an exten-

sion of time to file your return, you can withdraw the contri-

butions and earnings by the extended due date. The with-

drawal of contributions is tax free, but you must include

the earnings on the contributions in income for the year in

which you made the contributions.

What Are Qualified Distributions?

A qualified distribution is any payment or distribution from

your Roth IRA that meets the following requirements.

1. It is made after the 5-year period beginning with the

first tax year for which a contribution was made to a

Roth IRA set up for your benefit.

2. The payment or distribution is:

a. Made on or after the date you reach age 59

/2,

b. Made because you are disabled (defined earlier),

c. Made to a beneficiary or to your estate after your

death, or

d. One that meets the requirements listed under First

home under Exceptions in chapter 1 (up to a

$10,000 lifetime limit).

If you were affected by a qualified disaster, see

chapter 4.

Additional Tax on Early Distributions

If you receive a distribution that isn't a qualified distribu-

tion, you may have to pay the 10% additional tax on early

distributions as explained in the following paragraphs.

Distributions of conversion and certain rollover con-

tributions within 5-year period. If, within the 5-year pe-

riod starting with the first day of your tax year in which you

convert an amount from a traditional IRA or roll over an

amount from a qualified retirement plan to a Roth IRA, you

take a distribution from a Roth IRA, you may have to pay

the 10% additional tax on early distributions. You must

generally pay the 10% additional tax on any amount attrib-

utable to the part of the amount converted or rolled over

(the conversion or rollover contribution) that you had to in-

clude in income (recapture amount). A separate 5-year

period applies to each conversion and rollover. See Or-

dering Rules for Distributions, later, to determine the re-

capture amount, if any.

The 5-year period used for determining whether the

10% early distribution tax applies to a distribution from a

conversion or rollover contribution is separately deter-

mined for each conversion and rollover, and isn't neces-

sarily the same as the 5-year period used for determining

whether a distribution is a qualified distribution. See What

Are Qualified Distributions, earlier.

For example, if a calendar-year taxpayer makes a con-

version contribution on February 25, 2020, and makes a

regular contribution for 2019 on the same date, the 5-year

period for the conversion begins January 1, 2020, while

the 5-year period for the regular contribution begins on

January 1, 2019.

Unless one of the exceptions listed later applies, you

must pay the additional tax on the portion of the distribu-

tion attributable to the part of the conversion or rollover

contribution that you had to include in income because of

the conversion or rollover.

You must pay the 10% additional tax in the year of the

distribution, even if you had included the conversion or

rollover contribution in an earlier year. You must also pay

the additional tax on any portion of the distribution attribut-

able to earnings on contributions.

Other early distributions. Unless one of the exceptions

listed below applies, you must pay the 10% additional tax

on the taxable part of any distributions that aren't qualified

distributions.

TIP

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Exceptions. You may not have to pay the 10% additional

tax in the following situations.

•

You have reached age 59

/2.

•

You are totally and permanently disabled.

•

You are the beneficiary of a deceased IRA owner.

•

You use the distribution to buy, build, or rebuild a first

home.

•

The distributions are part of a series of substantially

equal payments.

•

You have unreimbursed medical expenses that are

more than 7.5% of your adjusted gross income (de-

fined earlier) for the year.

•

You are paying medical insurance premiums during a

period of unemployment.

•

The distributions aren't more than your qualified

higher education expenses.

•

The distribution is due to an IRS levy of the qualified

plan.

•

The distribution is a qualified reservist distribution.

Most of these exceptions are discussed earlier in chap-

ter 1 under Early Distributions.

If you were affected by a qualified disaster, see

chapter 4.

Ordering Rules for Distributions

If you receive a distribution from your Roth IRA that isn't a

qualified distribution, part of it may be taxable. There is a

set order in which contributions (including conversion con-

tributions and rollover contributions from qualified retire-

ment plans) and earnings are considered to be distributed

from your Roth IRA. For these purposes, disregard the

withdrawal of excess contributions and the earnings on

them (discussed under What if You Contribute Too Much?

in chapter 2 of Pub. 590-A). Order the distributions as fol-

lows.

1. Regular contributions.

2. Conversion and rollover contributions, on a first-in,

first-out basis (generally, total conversions and roll-

overs from the earliest year first). See Aggregation

(grouping and adding) rules, later. Take these conver-

sion and rollover contributions into account as follows.

a. Taxable portion (the amount required to be inclu-

ded in gross income because of the conversion or

rollover) first.

b. Nontaxable portion.

TIP

3. Earnings on contributions.

Disregard rollover contributions from other Roth IRAs for

this purpose.

Aggregation (grouping and adding) rules. Deter-

mine the taxable amounts distributed (withdrawn), distri-

butions, and contributions by grouping and adding them

together as follows.

•

Add all distributions from all your Roth IRAs during the

year together.

•

Add all regular contributions made for the year (includ-

ing contributions made after the close of the year, but

before the due date of your return) together. Add this

total to the total undistributed regular contributions

made in prior years.

•

Add all conversion and rollover contributions made

during the year together. For purposes of the ordering

rules, in the case of any conversion or rollover in

which the conversion or rollover distribution is made in

2020 and the conversion or rollover contribution is

made in 2021, treat the conversion or rollover contri-

bution as contributed before any other conversion or

rollover contributions made in 2021.

Add any recharacterized contributions that end up in a

Roth IRA to the appropriate contribution group for the year

that the original contribution would have been taken into

account if it had been made directly to the Roth IRA.

Disregard any recharacterized contribution that ends

up in an IRA other than a Roth IRA for the purpose of

grouping (aggregating) both contributions and distribu-

tions. Also, disregard any amount withdrawn to correct an

excess contribution (including the earnings withdrawn) for

this purpose.

Example. On October 15, 2016, Justin converted all

$80,000 in his traditional IRA to his Roth IRA. His Forms

8606 from prior years show that $20,000 of the amount

converted is his basis.

Justin included $60,000 ($80,000 − $20,000) in his

gross income.

On February 23, 2020, Justin made a regular contribu-

tion of $5,000 to a Roth IRA. On November 8, 2020, at

age 60, Justin took a $7,000 distribution from his Roth

IRA.

The first $5,000 of the distribution is a return of Justin's

regular contribution and isn't includible in his income.

The next $2,000 of the distribution isn't includible in in-

come because it was included previously.

Figuring your recapture amount. If you had an early

distribution from your Roth IRAs in 2020, you must allo-

cate the early distribution by using the Recapture

Amount—Allocation Chart located in Appendix C.

Chapter 2 Roth IRAs Page 31

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Figure 2-1. Is the Distribution From Your Roth IRA a Qualiﬁed Distribution?

Start Here

Has it been at least 5 years from the beginning of the

year for which you rst set up and contributed to a

Roth IRA?

Were you at least 59

⁄2 years old at the time of the

distribution?

Is the distribution being used to buy or rebuild a rst

home as explained in First home under Early

Distributions in chapter 1?

Is the distribution due to your being disabled (dened

under Early Distributions in chapter 1)?

Was the distribution made to the owner’s beneciary

or the owner’s estate?

The distribution from the Roth IRA is a qualied

distribution. It isn’t subject to tax or penalty.

The distribution from the Roth IRA

isn’t a qualied distribution. The

portion of the distribution allocable

to earnings may be subject to tax

and it may be subject to the 10%

additional tax.

Yes

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Amount to include on Form 5329, line 1. Include on

line 1 of your 2020 Form 5329 the following four amounts

from the Recapture Amount—Allocation Chart that you fil-

led out.

•

The amount you allocated to line 20 of your 2020

Form 8606.

•

The amount(s) allocated to your 2015 through 2020

Forms 8606, line 18.

•

The amount(s) allocated to your 2020 Form 1040,

1040-SR or 1040-NR, line 5b; 2019 Form 1040 or

1040-SR, line 4d; your 2018 Form 1040, line 4b; your

2016 and 2017 Forms 1040, line 16b; Forms 1040A,

line 12b; or 2015 through 2019 Form 1040-NR,

line 17b.

•

The amount from your 2020 Form 8606, line 25c.

Also, include any amount you allocated to line 20 of

your 2020 Form 8606 on your 2020 Form 5329, line 2,

and enter exception number 09.

Example. Ishmael, age 32, opened a Roth IRA in

2000. He made the following transactions into his Roth

IRA.

•

In 2005, he converted $10,000 from his traditional IRA

into his Roth IRA. He filled out a 2005 Form 8606 and

attached it with his 2005 Form 1040. He entered $0 on

line 17 of Form 8606 because he took a deduction for

all the contributions to the traditional IRA; therefore,

he has no basis. He entered $10,000 on line 18 of

Form 8606. He also entered zero on Form 1040,

line 15a, and $10,000 on line 15b.

•

In 2016, he rolled over the balance of his qualified re-

tirement plan, $20,000, into a Roth IRA when he

changed jobs. He used a 2016 Form 1040 to file his

taxes. He entered $20,000 on line 16a of Form 1040

because that was the amount reported in box 1 of his

2016 Form 1099-R. Box 5 of his 2016 Form 1099-R

reported $0 since he didn't make any after-tax contri-

butions to the qualified retirement plan. He entered

$20,000 on line 16b of Form 1040 since that is the tax-

able amount that was rolled over in 2016.

The total balance in his Roth IRA as of January 1,

2020, was $105,000 ($50,000 in contributions from 2000

through 2019 + $10,000 from the 2005 conversion +

$20,000 from the 2016 rollover + $25,000 from earnings).

He hasn't taken any early distribution from his Roth IRA

before 2020. In 2020, he made a contribution of $5,500 to

his Roth IRA.

In August of 2020, he took a $85,500 early distribution

from his Roth IRA to use as a down payment on the pur-

chase of his first home. See his filled out Illustrated Re-

capture Amount—Allocation Chart to see how he alloca-

ted the amounts from the above transactions. Based on

his allocation, he would enter $20,000 on his 2020 Form

5329, line 1 (see Amount to include on Form 5329, line 1,

earlier). He should also report $10,000 on his 2020 Form

5329, line 2, and enter exception 09 because that amount

isn't subject to the 10% additional tax on early distribu-

tions.

Illustrated Recapture Amount—Allocation Chart

Enter the amount from your 2020 Form 8606,

line 19 ......................................

$85,500

Before you begin: You will need your prior year Form(s) 8606 and income tax return(s) if you entered an amount on any line(s) as indicated below.

You will now allocate the amount you entered above (2020 Form 8606, line 19) in the order shown, to the amounts on the lines listed below (to the

extent a prior year distribution wasn't allocable to the amount). The maximum amount you can enter on each line below is the amount entered on the

referenced lines of the form for that year. Note. Once you have allocated the full amount from your 2020 Form 8606, line 19, STOP. See the

Example below.

Tax Year Your Form

2020 Form 8606, line 20 ................. $10,000 Form 8606, line 22 ................. $55,500

2005 Form 8606, line 18 ................. $10,000 Form 8606, line 17 ................. $-0-

2016 Form 8606, line 18;

and

Form 1040, line 16b; Form 1040A,

line 12b; or Form 1040NR,

line 17b* ........................

$20,000

Form 8606, line 17;

and

Form 1040, line 16a; Form 1040A,

line 12a; or Form 1040NR,

line 17a** .......................

$20,000

2020 Form 8606, line 25c ................

* Only include those amounts rolled over to a Roth IRA.

** Only include any contributions (usually box 5 of Form 1099-R) that were taxable to you when made and rolled over to a Roth IRA.

Chapter 2 Roth IRAs Page 33

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How Do You Figure the Taxable Part?

To figure the taxable part of a distribution that isn't a quali-

fied distribution, complete Form 8606, Part III.

Must You Withdraw or Use

Assets?

You aren't required to take distributions from your Roth

IRA at any age. The minimum distribution rules that apply

to traditional IRAs don't apply to Roth IRAs while the

owner is alive. However, after the death of a Roth IRA

owner, certain of the minimum distribution rules that apply

to traditional IRAs also apply to Roth IRAs as explained

later under Distributions After Owner's Death.

Minimum distributions. You can't use your Roth IRA

to satisfy minimum distribution requirements for your tradi-

tional IRA. Nor can you use distributions from traditional

IRAs for required distributions from Roth IRAs. See Distri-

butions to beneficiaries, later.

Distributions After Owner's Death

If a Roth IRA owner dies, the minimum distribution rules

that apply to traditional IRAs apply to Roth IRAs as though

the Roth IRA owner died before his or her required begin-

ning date. See When Can You Withdraw or Use Assets?

in chapter 1.

Distributions to beneficiaries. Generally, the entire in-

terest in the Roth IRA must be distributed by the end of

the 5th or 10th calendar year, as applicable, after the year

of the owner's death unless the interest is payable to an

eligible designated beneficiary over the life or life expect-

ancy of the eligible designated beneficiary. See When

Must You Withdraw Assets? (Required Minimum Distribu-

tions) in chapter 1.

If paid as an annuity, the entire interest must be paya-

ble over a period not greater than the designated benefi-

ciary's life expectancy and distributions must begin before

the end of the calendar year following the year of death.

Distributions from another Roth IRA can't be substituted

for these distributions unless the other Roth IRA was in-

herited from the same decedent.

If the sole beneficiary is the spouse, he or she can ei-

ther delay distributions until the decedent would have

reached age 72 or treat the Roth IRA as his or her own.

Combining with other Roth IRAs. A beneficiary can

combine an inherited Roth IRA with another Roth IRA

maintained by the beneficiary only if the beneficiary either:

•

Inherited the other Roth IRA from the same decedent,

•

Was the spouse of the decedent and the sole benefi-

ciary of the Roth IRA and elects to treat it as his or her

own IRA.

Distributions that aren't qualified distributions. If a

distribution to a beneficiary isn't a qualified distribution, it

is generally includible in the beneficiary's gross income in

the same manner as it would have been included in the

owner's income had it been distributed to the IRA owner

when he or she was alive.

If the owner of a Roth IRA dies before the end of:

•

The 5-year period beginning with the first tax year for

which a contribution was made to a Roth IRA set up

for the owner's benefit, or

•

The 5-year period starting with the year of a conver-

sion contribution from a traditional IRA or a rollover

from a qualified retirement plan to a Roth IRA,

each type of contribution is divided among multiple benefi-

ciaries according to the pro-rata share of each. See Or-

dering Rules for Distributions, earlier in this chapter under

Are Distributions Taxable.

Example. When Ms. Hibbard died in 2020, her Roth

IRA contained regular contributions of $4,000, a conver-

sion contribution of $10,000 that was made in 2016, and

earnings of $2,000. No distributions had been made from

her IRA. She had no basis in the conversion contribution

in 2016.

When she established this Roth IRA (her first) in 2016,

she named each of her four children as equal beneficia-

ries. Each child will receive one-fourth of each type of con-

tribution and one-fourth of the earnings. An immediate dis-

tribution of $4,000 to each child will be treated as $1,000

from regular contributions, $2,500 from conversion contri-

butions, and $500 from earnings.

In this case, because the distributions are made before

the end of the applicable 5-year period for a qualified dis-

tribution, each beneficiary includes $500 in income for

2020. The 10% additional tax on early distributions

doesn't apply because the distribution was made to the

beneficiaries as a result of the death of the IRA owner.

If distributions from an inherited Roth IRA are less

than the required minimum distribution for the

year, discussed in chapter 1 under When Must

You Withdraw Assets? (Required Minimum Distributions),

you may have to pay a 50% excise tax for that year on the

amount not distributed as required. For the tax on excess

accumulations (insufficient distributions), see Excess Ac-

cumulations (Insufficient Distributions) under What Acts

Result in Penalties or Additional Taxes? in chapter 1. If

this applies to you, substitute “Roth IRA” for “traditional

IRA” in that discussion.

CAUTION

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Coronavirus Relief

Introduction

New rules provide for special distributions, during tax year

2020, from IRAs and other retirement plans. These rules

provide tax-favored withdrawals, income inclusion, and

repayments for certain individuals who are impacted by

the coronavirus. See Qualified Coronavirus-Related Distri-

butions next.

Qualified Coronavirus-Related

Distributions

Coronavirus-related distributions. A coronavirus-rela-

ted distribution is a retirement plan distribution that was

made:

1. In 2020 before December 31, 2020; and

2. To a qualified individual. See Qualified individuals

next for details.

If (1) and (2) apply, you can generally designate any

distribution (including periodic payments and required

minimum distributions) from an eligible retirement plan as

a coronavirus-related distribution, regardless of why the

distribution was made. Coronavirus-related distributions

are permitted without regard to your need. See Eligible re-

tirement plan, later, for the list of plans from which corona-

virus-related distributions can be made.

A reduction or offset of your account balance in an eli-

gible retirement plan (other than an IRA) in order to repay

a loan can also be designated as a qualified 2020 disaster

distribution. For more information, see Distribution of plan

loan offsets under Types of Qualified 2020 Disaster Distri-

butions in the Instructions for Form 8915-E.

Qualified individuals. You are a qualified individual if

you are an individual meeting any of the following criteria.

1. You were diagnosed with the virus SARS-CoV-2 or

with coronavirus disease 2019 (referred to collectively

in these instructions as coronavirus) by a test ap-

proved by the Centers for Disease Control and Pre-

vention (including a test authorized under the Federal

Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act).

2. Your spouse or dependent (as defined in section 152)

was diagnosed with coronavirus by a test approved

by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

(including a test authorized under the Federal Food,

Drug, and Cosmetic Act).

3. You experienced adverse financial consequences as

a result of you, your spouse, or a Member of your

household (as defined later):

•

Being quarantined, being furloughed or laid off, or

having work hours reduced due to coronavirus;

•

Being unable to work due to lack of childcare due

to coronavirus;

•

Having to close or reduce the hours of a business

you, your spouse, or a member of your household

owned or operated due to coronavirus; or

•

Having a reduction in pay (or self-employment in-

come) due to coronavirus or having a job offer re-

scinded or start date for a job delayed due to co-

ronavirus.

Member of your household. For purposes of deter-

mining whether you are a qualified individual, anyone who

shares your principal residence is a member of your

household.

Eligible retirement plan. An eligible retirement plan can

be any of the following.

•

A qualified pension, profit-sharing, or stock bonus

plan (including a 401(k) plan).

•

The federal Thrift Savings Plan.

•

A qualified annuity plan.

•

A tax-sheltered annuity contract.

•

A governmental section 457 deferred compensation

plan.

•

A traditional, SEP, SIMPLE, or Roth IRA.

Taxation of Qualified

Coronavirus-Related Distributions

Qualified coronavirus-related distributions are included in

income in equal amounts over 3 years. However, if you

elect, you can include the entire distribution in your in-

come in the year it was received.

Qualified coronavirus-related distributions aren’t sub-

ject to the 10% additional tax (or the additional 25% tax for

certain distributions from SIMPLE IRAs) on early distribu-

tions from qualified retirement plans (including IRAs).

Also, if you are receiving substantially equal periodic pay-

ments from a qualified retirement plan, the receipt of a

qualified coronavirus-related distribution from that plan

won’t be treated as a change in those substantially equal

payments merely because of the qualified coronavirus-re-

lated distribution. However, any distributions you received

in excess of the $100,000 qualified coronavirus-related

distribution limit may be subject to the additional tax on

early distributions.

Note. If a qualified taxpayer dies before the full taxable

amount of the coronavirus-related distribution has been

included in gross income (or repaid), the remainder must

be included in income for the tax year of the taxpayer's

death.

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Repayment and Inclusion in Income

of Qualified Coronavirus-Related

Distributions

If you choose, you can generally repay any portion of a

qualified coronavirus-related distribution that is eligible for

tax-free rollover treatment to an eligible retirement plan.

Also, you can repay a qualified coronavirus-related distri-

bution made on account of a hardship from a retirement

plan.

You have 3 years from the day after the date you re-

ceived the qualified coronavirus-related distribution to

make a repayment. The amount of your repayment can’t

be more than the amount of the original distribution.

Amounts that are repaid are treated as trustee-to-trustee

transfers and are not included in income. Also, for purpo-

ses of the one-rollover-per-year limitation for IRAs, a re-

payment to an IRA is not considered a rollover.

For more information on how to report distributions and

repayments, see the Instructions for Form 8915-E.

Repayment of qualified coronavirus-related distribu-

tions if reporting in income under the 1-year election.

If you elect to include all of your qualified coronavirus-rela-

ted distributions received in a year in income for that year

and then repay any portion of the distribution during the

allowable 3-year period, the amount repaid will reduce the

amount included in income for the year of distribution.

If the repayment is made after the due date (including

extensions) for your return for the year of distribution, you

will need to file, with an amended return, a revised Form

8915-E. See Amending Your Return, later.

Example. Maria received a $45,000 qualified corona-

virus-related distribution on November 1, 2020. Maria re-

pays $45,000 of the qualified distribution on March 31,

2021. She reports the distribution and the repayment on

Form 8915-E, which she files with her timely filed 2020 tax

return. As a result, no portion of the distribution is included

in income on her return.

Repayment of qualified coronavirus-related distribu-

tions if reporting in income under the 3-year method.

If you are reporting the qualified coronavirus-related distri-

bution in income over a 3-year period and you repay any

portion of the qualified coronavirus-related distribution to

an eligible retirement plan before filing your 2020 tax re-

turn, the repayment will reduce the portion of the distribu-

tion that is included in income in 2020.

If you repay a portion after the due date (including ex-

tensions) for filing your 2020 return, the repayment will re-

duce the portion of the distribution that is included in in-

come on your 2020 return. If, during a year in the 3-year

period, you repay more than is otherwise includible in in-

come for that year, the excess may be carried forward or

back to reduce the amount included in income for the

year.

If the repayment is made after the due date (including

extensions) for your return for the year of distribution, you

will need to file, with an amended return, a revised Form

8915-E. See Amending Your Return, later.

Example. John received a $90,000 qualified coronavi-

rus-related distribution from his IRA on March 15, 2020.

He doesn’t elect to include the entire distribution in his

2020 income but elects to include $30,000 in each of his

2020, 2021, and 2022 returns. John decides to repay

$45,000 on November 10, 2020. He makes no other re-

payments during the allowable 3-year period. John re-

ports $0 in income on his 2020 return and carries the

$15,000 excess repayment ($45,000 – $30,000) forward

to 2021 and reduces the amount reported in that year to

$15,000. John will report $30,000 on his 2022 tax return.

Disaster-Related Relief

Introduction

Recent legislation contains new rules that provide for

tax-favored withdrawals, income inclusion, and repay-

ments for individuals who suffered economic losses as a

result of certain major disasters that occurred in 2018,

2019, and 2020. See Qualified 2018, 2019, and 2020 dis-

aster distributions, later, for more information.

Previously enacted legislation contains rules that pro-

vide for tax-favored withdrawals, income inclusion, and re-

payments for individuals who suffered economic losses as

a result of disasters in 2016 and certain disasters in 2017.

The principles set forth in Notice 2005-92, 2005-51

I.R.B. 1165, available at IRS.gov/IRB/2005-51_IRB (which

provides guidance on the tax-favored treatment of distri-

butions for victims of Hurricane Katrina), and Notice

2020-50, 2020-28 I.R.B. 35, available at IRS.gov/IRB/

2020-28_IRB, generally also apply to these rules.

If you received a qualified disaster distribution (defined

later), it is taxable, but isn’t subject to the 10% additional

tax on early distributions. The taxable amount is figured in

the same manner as other IRA distributions. However, the

distribution is included in income ratably over 3 years un-

less you elect to report the entire amount in the year of

distribution. For example, if you received a $60,000 quali-

fied disaster distribution in 2018, you can include $20,000

in your income in 2018, 2019, and 2020. However, you

can elect to include the entire distribution in your income

in the year it was received. Also, you can repay the distri-

bution and not be taxed on the distribution. See Qualified

Disaster Distributions, later.

If you received a distribution from an eligible retirement

plan to purchase or construct a main home but didn’t pur-

chase or construct a main home because of certain major

disasters in 2018, 2019, or 2020, you may be able to re-

pay the distribution and not pay income tax or the 10% ad-

ditional tax on early distributions. See Repayment of

Qualified 2018, 2019, and 2020 Distributions for the Pur-

chase or Construction of a Main Home, later.

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Form 8915-C, Qualified 2018 Disaster Retirement Plan

Distributions and Repayments, and Form 8915-D, Quali-

fied 2019 Disaster Retirement Plan Distributions and Re-

payments, and Form 8915-E, Qualified 2020 Disaster Re-

tirement Plan Distributions and Repayments, are used to

report qualified disaster distributions and repayments.

Also report repayments of qualified distributions for home

purchases and construction that were canceled because

of qualified 2018, 2019, or 2020 disasters on Form

8915-C, Form 8915-D, or Form 8915-E, as applicable.

Qualified Disaster

Distributions

Qualified 2016 disaster distribution. A qualified 2016

disaster distribution is any distribution you received from

an eligible retirement plan made on or after January 1,

2016, and before January 1, 2018, if at any time during

the calendar year 2016 your main home was located in a

major disaster area declared in 2016 by the President un-

der section 401 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief

and Emergency Assistance Act and you sustained an

economic loss by reason of the events giving rise to such

Presidential declaration. If the previous sentence applied

to you, you could generally designate any distribution (in-

cluding a periodic payment or a required minimum distri-

bution) from an eligible retirement plan as a qualified 2016

disaster distribution, regardless of whether the distribution

was made on account of a federally declared disaster in

calendar year 2016. Qualified 2016 disaster distributions

were permitted without regard to your need or the actual

amount of your economic loss, described later.

See Qualified 2016 Disasters in Pub. 976 for a list of

disasters declared by the President in 2016. Also, see

Form 8915-A, Qualified 2016 Disaster Retirement Plan

Distributions and Repayments, for more information on re-

porting qualified 2016 disaster distributions.

Qualified 2017 disaster distribution. A qualified 2017

disaster distribution is any distribution you received from

an eligible retirement plan if all of the following conditions

apply.

1. The distribution was made:

a. After August 22, 2017, and before January 1,

2019, for Hurricane Harvey or Tropical Storm Har-

vey;

b. After September 3, 2017, and before January 1,

2019, for Hurricane Irma;

c. After September 15, 2017, and before January 1,

2019, for Hurricane Maria; or

d. After October 7, 2017, and before January 1,

2019, for the California wildfires.

2. Your main home was located in a qualified disaster

area listed below on the date or any date in the period

shown for that area.

a. August 23, 2017, for the Hurricane Harvey and

Tropical Storm Harvey disaster area. For this pur-

pose, that area includes the states of Texas and

Louisiana.

b. September 4, 2017, for the Hurricane Irma disas-

ter area. For this purpose, that area includes the

U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico; the states of

Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina; and the

Seminole Tribe of Florida and associated lands.

c. September 16, 2017, for the Hurricane Maria dis-

aster area. For this purpose, that area includes the

U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico.

d. October 8, 2017, to December 31, 2017, for the

California wildfire disaster area. For this purpose,

that area includes the state of California.

3. You sustained an economic loss because of the dis-

aster(s) in (2) above.

If (1) through (3) above apply, you could generally des-

ignate any distribution (including a periodic payment or a

required minimum distribution) from an eligible retirement

plan (including IRAs) as a qualified 2017 disaster distribu-

tion, regardless of whether the distribution was made on

account of Hurricane Harvey, Tropical Storm Harvey, Hur-

ricane Irma, Hurricane Maria, or the California wildfires.

Qualified 2017 disaster distributions were permitted with-

out regard to your need or the actual amount of your eco-

nomic loss.

Qualified 2018, 2019, and 2020 disaster distributions.

The definition of a qualified disaster distribution has been

expanded to include distributions made from an eligible

retirement plan to an individual whose main home was in

a qualified disaster area (described next) at any time dur-

ing that disaster's incident period and who sustained an

economic loss because of the disaster.

Qualified disaster area. Any area with respect to

which a major disaster was declared after 2017 and be-

fore February 19, 2020, by the President under section

401 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emer-

gency Assistance Act, except the California wildfire disas-

ter area defined in the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018, and

any area with respect to which a major disaster has been

declared solely due to COVID-19.

Incident period. The incident period for any qualified

disaster is the period specified by the Federal Emergency

Management Agency (FEMA) as the period during which

the disaster occurred, but not including any dates before

2018.

Qualified disaster distribution. Qualified disaster distri-

butions for 2018, 2019, and 2020 disasters are those dis-

tributions from an eligible retirement plan:

1. Made on or after the first day of the incident period of

a qualified disaster and before June 17, 2020 (before

June 25, 2021, for a qualified 2020 disaster);

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2. Made to an individual whose main home at any time

during the incident period of such qualified disaster

was in the qualified disaster area; and

3. That individual sustained an economic loss because

of the disaster.

Economic loss. Qualified disaster distributions are per-

mitted without regard to your need or the actual amount of

your economic loss. Examples of an economic loss in-

clude, but aren’t limited to:

1. Loss, damage to, or destruction of real or personal

property from fire, flooding, looting, vandalism, theft,

wind, or other cause;

2. Loss related to displacement from your home; or

3. Loss of livelihood due to temporary or permanent lay-

offs.

Distribution limit for 2018, 2019, and 2020 disaster

distributions. The total of your qualified disaster distribu-

tions from all plans is limited to $100,000 per disaster for

certain major disasters that occurred in 2018, 2019, and

2020. If you take distributions from more than one type of

plan, such as a 401(k) plan and an IRA, and the total

amount of your distributions exceeds $100,000 for a sin-

gle disaster, you may allocate the $100,000 limit among

the plans by any reasonable method you choose.

Example. In 2019, you received a distribution of

$50,000. In 2020, you receive a distribution of $125,000

for the same disaster. Separately, each distribution meets

the requirements for a qualified disaster distribution. If you

decide to treat the entire $50,000 received in 2019 as a

qualified disaster distribution, only $50,000 of the 2020

distribution can be treated as a qualified disaster distribu-

tion for the same disaster.

Eligible retirement plan. An eligible retirement plan can

be any of the following.

•

A qualified pension, profit-sharing, or stock bonus

plan (including a 401(k) plan).

•

The federal Thrift Savings Plan.

•

A qualified annuity plan.

•

A tax-sheltered annuity contract.

•

A governmental section 457 deferred compensation

plan.

•

A traditional, SEP, SIMPLE, or Roth IRA.

Main home. Generally, your main home is the home

where you live most of the time. A temporary absence due

to special circumstances, such as illness, education, busi-

ness, military service, evacuation, or vacation, won’t

change your main home.

Taxation of Qualified Disaster

Distributions

Qualified disaster distributions are included in income in

equal amounts over 3 years. However, if you elect, you

can include the entire distribution in your income in the

year it was received.

Qualified disaster distributions aren’t subject to the

10% additional tax (or the additional 25% tax for certain

distributions from SIMPLE IRAs) on early distributions

from qualified retirement plans (including IRAs). Also, if

you are receiving substantially equal periodic payments

from a qualified retirement plan, the receipt of a qualified

disaster distribution from that plan won't be treated as a

change in those substantially equal payments merely be-

cause of the qualified disaster distribution. However, any

distributions you received in excess of the $100,000 quali-

fied disaster distribution limit may be subject to the addi-

tional tax on early distributions.

Repayment of Qualified Disaster

Distributions

If you choose, you can generally repay any portion of a

qualified disaster distribution that is eligible for tax-free

rollover treatment to an eligible retirement plan. Also, you

can repay a qualified disaster distribution made on ac-

count of a hardship from a retirement plan. However, see

Exceptions, later, for qualified disaster distributions you

cannot repay.

You have 3 years from the day after the date you re-

ceived the qualified disaster distribution to make a repay-

ment. The amount of your repayment can't be more than

the amount of the original distribution. Amounts that are

repaid are treated as trustee-to-trustee transfers and are

not included in income. Also, for purposes of the one-roll-

over-per-year limitation for IRAs, a repayment to an IRA is

not considered a rollover.

For more information on how to report distributions and

repayments, see the Instructions for Form 8915-A (in the

case of qualified 2016 disasters), the Instructions for Form

8915-B (in the case of qualified 2017 disasters), the In-

structions for Form 8915-C (in the case of qualified 2018

disasters), the Instructions for Form 8915-D (in the case of

qualified 2019 disasters), or the Instructions for Form

8915-E (in the case of qualified 2020 disasters).

Exceptions. You cannot repay the following types of

distributions.

1. Qualified disaster distributions received as a benefi-

ciary (other than as a surviving spouse).

2. Required minimum distributions.

3. Periodic payments (other than from an IRA) that are

for:

a. A period of 10 years or more,

b. Your life or life expectancy, or

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c. The joint lives or joint life expectancies of you and

your beneficiary.

Repayment of distributions if reporting under the

1-year election. If you elect to include all of your quali-

fied disaster distributions received in a year in income for

that year and then repay any portion of the distribution

during the allowable 3-year period, the amount repaid will

reduce the amount included in income for the year of dis-

tribution. If the repayment is made after the due date (in-

cluding extensions) for your return for the year of distribu-

tion, you will need to file, with an amended return, a

revised Form 8915-A (if the repayment is for a qualified

2016 disaster distribution), a revised Form 8915-B (if the

repayment is for a qualified 2017 disaster distribution), a

revised Form 8915-C (if the repayment is for a qualified

2018 disaster distribution), a revised Form 8915-D (if the

repayment is for a qualified 2019 disaster distribution), or

a revised Form 8915-E (in the case of a qualified 2020

disaster distribution). See Amending Your Return, later.

Example. Maria received a $45,000 qualified disaster

distribution on November 1, 2020. After receiving reim-

bursement from her insurance company for a casualty

loss, Maria repays $45,000 of the qualified distribution on

March 31, 2021. She reports the distribution and the re-

payment on Form 8915-E, which she files with her timely

filed 2020 tax return. As a result, no portion of the distribu-

tion is included in income on her return.

Repayment of qualified disaster distributions if re-

porting under the 3-year method. If you are reporting

the qualified disaster distribution in income over a 3-year

period and you repay any portion of the qualified disaster

distribution to an eligible retirement plan before filing your

2020 tax return, the repayment will reduce the portion of

the distribution that is included in income in 2020. If you

repay a portion after the due date (including extensions)

for filing your 2020 return, the repayment will reduce the

portion of the distribution that is included in income on

your 2021 return, unless you are eligible to amend your

2018, 2019, or 2020 return, as applicable. If, during a year

in the 3-year period, you repay more than is otherwise in-

cludible in income for that year, the excess may be carried

forward or back to reduce the amount included in income

for the year.

Example. John received a $90,000 qualified disaster

distribution from his pension plan on November 15, 2019.

He doesn't elect to include the entire distribution in his

2019 income, but elects to include $30,000 in each of his

2019, 2020, and 2021 returns. On November 10, 2020,

John repays $45,000. He makes no other repayments

during the allowable 3-year period. John may report the

distribution and repayment in either of the following ways.

•

Report $0 in income on his 2020 return, and carry the

$15,000 excess repayment ($45,000 – $30,000) for-

ward to 2021 and reduce the amount reported in that

year to $15,000.

•

Report $0 in income on his 2020 return, report

$30,000 on his 2021 return, and file an amended

return for 2019 to reduce the amount previously inclu-

ded in income to $15,000 ($30,000 – $15,000).

Repayment of Qualified 2018, 2019,

and 2020 Distributions for the

Purchase or Construction of a Main

Home

If you received a qualified distribution to purchase or con-

struct a main home in certain major disaster areas, you

can repay all or any part of that distribution to an eligible

retirement plan during the period beginning on the first

day of the incident period of a qualified disaster and end-

ing on June 17, 2020 (June 25, 2021, for qualified 2020

distributions).

To be a qualified distribution, the distribution must meet

all of the following requirements.

1. The distribution is a hardship distribution from a

401(k) plan, a hardship distribution from a tax-shel-

tered annuity plan (403(b) plan), or a qualified

first-time homebuyer distribution from an IRA.

2. The distribution was received during the period begin-

ning on the date which is 180 days before the first day

of the incident period of the qualified disaster and

ending on the date which is 30 days after the last day

of such incident period.

3. The distribution was to be used to purchase or con-

struct a main home in the disaster area and was not

purchased or constructed because of the disaster.

Any amount that is repaid during the period beginning

on the first day of the incident period of such qualified dis-

aster and ending on June 17, 2020 (June 25, 2021, for

qualified 2020 distributions), is treated as a

trustee-to-trustee transfer and is not included in income.

Also, for purposes of the one-rollover-per-year limitation

for IRAs, a repayment to an IRA is not considered a roll-

over.

A qualified distribution not repaid before June 18, 2020

(June 25, 2021, for qualified 2020 distributions), may be

taxable for 2020 (the year distributed) and subject to the

additional 10% tax (or the additional 25% tax for certain

SIMPLE IRAs) on early distributions.

See Form 8915-C (for qualified 2018 disaster distribu-

tions), Form 8915-D (for qualified 2019 disaster distribu-

tions), or Form 8915-E (for qualified 2020 disaster distri-

butions) if you received a qualified distribution that you

repaid, in whole or in part, before June 18, 2020 (June 25,

2021, for qualified 2020 distributions).

Amending Your Return

If, after filing your original return, you make a repayment,

the repayment may reduce the amount of your qualified

disaster distributions that were previously included in in-

come. Depending on when a repayment is made, you

may need to file an amended tax return to refigure your

taxable income.

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If you make a repayment by the due date of your origi-

nal return (including extensions), include the repayment

on your amended return.

If you make a repayment after the due date of your orig-

inal return (including extensions), include it on your amen-

ded return only if either of the following applies.

•

You elected to include all of your qualified disaster

distributions in income in the year of the distribution

(not over 3 years) on your original return.

•

The amount of the repayment exceeds the portion of

the qualified disaster distributions that are includible in

income for 2021 and you choose to carry the excess

back to your 2019 or 2020 tax return.

Example. You received a qualified disaster distribution

in the amount of $90,000 on October 16, 2019. You

choose to spread the $90,000 over 3 years ($30,000 in in-

come for 2019, 2020, and 2021). On November 19, 2021,

you make a repayment of $45,000. For 2021, none of the

qualified disaster distribution is includible in income. The

excess repayment of $15,000 can be carried back to 2020

or 2019, as applicable.

File Form 1040-X to amend a return you have already

filed. Generally, Form 1040-X must be filed within 3 years

after the date the original return was filed, or within 2 years

after the date the tax was paid, whichever is later.

How To Get Tax Help

If you have questions about a tax issue, need help prepar-

ing your tax return, or want to download free publications,

forms, or instructions, go to IRS.gov and find resources

that can help you right away.

Preparing and filing your tax return. After receiving all

your wage and earnings statements (Form W-2, W-2G,

1099-R, 1099-MISC, 1099-NEC, etc.); unemployment

compensation statements (by mail or in a digital format) or

other government payment statements (Form 1099-G);

and interest, dividend, and retirement statements from

banks and investment firms (Forms 1099), you have sev-

eral options to choose from to prepare and file your tax re-

turn. You can prepare the tax return yourself, see if you

qualify for free tax preparation, or hire a tax professional to

prepare your return.

Free options for tax preparation. Go to IRS.gov to see

your options for preparing and filing your return online or

in your local community, if you qualify, which include the

following.

•

Free File. This program lets you prepare and file your

federal individual income tax return for free using

brand-name tax-preparation-and-filing software or

Free File fillable forms. However, state tax preparation

may not be available through Free File. Go to IRS.gov/

FreeFile to see if you qualify for free online federal tax

preparation, e-filing, and direct deposit or payment op-

tions.

•

VITA. The Volunteer Income Tax Assistance (VITA)

program offers free tax help to people with

low-to-moderate incomes, persons with disabilities,

and limited-English-speaking taxpayers who need

help preparing their own tax returns. Go to IRS.gov/

VITA, download the free IRS2Go app, or call

800-906-9887 for information on free tax return prepa-

ration.

•

TCE. The Tax Counseling for the Elderly (TCE) pro-

gram offers free tax help for all taxpayers, particularly

those who are 60 years of age and older. TCE volun-

teers specialize in answering questions about pen-

sions and retirement-related issues unique to seniors.

Go to IRS.gov/TCE, download the free IRS2Go app,

or call 888-227-7669 for information on free tax return

preparation.

•

MilTax. Members of the U.S. Armed Forces and

qualified veterans may use MilTax, a free tax service

offered by the Department of Defense through Military

OneSource.

Also, the IRS offers Free Fillable Forms, which can

be completed online and then filed electronically re-

gardless of income.

Using online tools to help prepare your return. Go to

IRS.gov/Tools for the following.

•

The Earned Income Tax Credit Assistant (IRS.gov/

EITCAssistant) determines if you’re eligible for the

earned income credit (EIC).

•

The Online EIN Application (IRS.gov/EIN) helps you

get an employer identification number (EIN).

•

The Tax Withholding Estimator (IRS.gov/W4app)

makes it easier for everyone to pay the correct amount

of tax during the year. The tool is a convenient, online

way to check and tailor your withholding. It’s more

user-friendly for taxpayers, including retirees and

self-employed individuals. The features include the

following.

–

Easy to understand language.

–

The ability to switch between screens, correct pre-

vious entries, and skip screens that don’t apply.

–

Tips and links to help you determine if you qualify

for tax credits and deductions.

–

A progress tracker.

–

A self-employment tax feature.

–

Automatic calculation of taxable social security ben-

efits.

•

The First Time Homebuyer Credit Account Look-up

(IRS.gov/HomeBuyer) tool provides information on

your repayments and account balance.

•

The Sales Tax Deduction Calculator (IRS.gov/

SalesTax) figures the amount you can claim if you

itemize deductions on Schedule A (Form 1040).

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Getting answers to your tax questions. On

IRS.gov, you can get up-to-date information on

current events and changes in tax law.

•

IRS.gov/Help: A variety of tools to help you get an-

swers to some of the most common tax questions.

•

IRS.gov/ITA: The Interactive Tax Assistant, a tool that

will ask you questions on a number of tax law topics

and provide answers.

•

IRS.gov/Forms: Find forms, instructions, and publica-

tions. You will find details on 2020 tax changes and

hundreds of interactive links to help you find answers

to your questions.

•

You may also be able to access tax law information in

your electronic filing software.

Need someone to prepare your tax return? There are

various types of tax return preparers, including tax prepar-

ers, enrolled agents, certified public accountants (CPAs),

attorneys, and many others who don’t have professional

credentials. If you choose to have someone prepare your

tax return, choose that preparer wisely. A paid tax pre-

parer is:

•

Primarily responsible for the overall substantive accu-

racy of your return,

•

Required to sign the return, and

•

Required to include their preparer tax identification

number (PTIN).

Although the tax preparer always signs the return,

you're ultimately responsible for providing all the informa-

tion required for the preparer to accurately prepare your

return. Anyone paid to prepare tax returns for others

should have a thorough understanding of tax matters. For

more information on how to choose a tax preparer, go to

Tips for Choosing a Tax Preparer on IRS.gov.

Coronavirus. Go to IRS.gov/Coronavirus for links to in-

formation on the impact of the coronavirus, as well as tax

relief available for individuals and families, small and large

businesses, and tax-exempt organizations.

Tax reform. Tax reform legislation affects individuals,

businesses, and tax-exempt and government entities. Go

to IRS.gov/TaxReform for information and updates on

how this legislation affects your taxes.

Employers can register to use Business Services On-

line. The Social Security Administration (SSA) offers on-

line service at SSA.gov/employer for fast, free, and secure

online W-2 filing options to CPAs, accountants, enrolled

agents, and individuals who process Form W-2, Wage

and Tax Statement, and Form W-2c, Corrected Wage and

Tax Statement.

IRS social media. Go to IRS.gov/SocialMedia to see the

various social media tools the IRS uses to share the latest

information on tax changes, scam alerts, initiatives, prod-

ucts, and services. At the IRS, privacy and security are

paramount. We use these tools to share public informa-

tion with you. Don’t post your SSN or other confidential in-

formation on social media sites. Always protect your iden-

tity when using any social networking site.

The following IRS YouTube channels provide short, in-

formative videos on various tax-related topics in English,

Spanish, and ASL.

•

Youtube.com/irsvideos.

•

Youtube.com/irsvideosmultilingua.

•

Youtube.com/irsvideosASL.

Watching IRS videos. The IRS Video portal

(IRSVideos.gov) contains video and audio presentations

for individuals, small businesses, and tax professionals.

Online tax information in other languages. You can

find information on IRS.gov/MyLanguage if English isn’t

your native language.

Free interpreter service. Multilingual assistance, provi-

ded by the IRS, is available at Taxpayer Assistance Cen-

ters (TACs) and other IRS offices. Over-the-phone inter-

preter service is accessible in more than 350 languages.

Getting tax forms and publications. Go to IRS.gov/

Forms to view, download, or print all of the forms, instruc-

tions, and publications you may need. You can also down-

load and view popular tax publications and instructions

(including the Instructions for Forms 1040 and 1040-SR)

on mobile devices as an eBook at IRS.gov/eBooks. Or

you can go to IRS.gov/OrderForms to place an order.

Access your online account (individual taxpayers

only). Go to IRS.gov/Account to securely access infor-

mation about your federal tax account.

•

View the amount you owe, pay online, or set up an on-

line payment agreement.

•

Access your tax records online.

•

Review your payment history.

•

Go to IRS.gov/SecureAccess to review the required

identity authentication process.

Using direct deposit. The fastest way to receive a tax

refund is to file electronically and choose direct deposit,

which securely and electronically transfers your refund di-

rectly into your financial account. Direct deposit also

avoids the possibility that your check could be lost, stolen,

or returned undeliverable to the IRS. Eight in 10 taxpayers

use direct deposit to receive their refunds. The IRS issues

more than 90% of refunds in less than 21 days.

Getting a transcript of your return. The quickest way

to get a copy of your tax transcript is to go to IRS.gov/

Transcripts. Click on either “Get Transcript Online” or “Get

Transcript by Mail” to order a free copy of your transcript.

If you prefer, you can order your transcript by calling

800-908-9946.

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Reporting and resolving your tax-related identity

theft issues.

•

Tax-related identity theft happens when someone

steals your personal information to commit tax fraud.

Your taxes can be affected if your SSN is used to file a

fraudulent return or to claim a refund or credit.

•

The IRS doesn’t initiate contact with taxpayers by

email, text messages, telephone calls, or social media

channels to request personal or financial information.

This includes requests for personal identification num-

bers (PINs), passwords, or similar information for

credit cards, banks, or other financial accounts.

•

Go to IRS.gov/IdentityTheft, the IRS Identity Theft

Central webpage, for information on identity theft and

data security protection for taxpayers, tax professio-

nals, and businesses. If your SSN has been lost or

stolen or you suspect you’re a victim of tax-related

identity theft, you can learn what steps you should

take.

•

Get an Identity Protection PIN (IP PIN). IP PINs are

six-digit numbers assigned to eligible taxpayers to

help prevent the misuse of their SSNs on fraudulent

federal income tax returns. When you have an IP PIN,

it prevents someone else from filing a tax return with

your SSN. To learn more, go to IRS.gov/IPPIN.

Checking on the status of your refund.

•

Go to IRS.gov/Refunds.

•

The IRS can’t issue refunds before mid-February 2021

for returns that claimed the EIC or the additional child

tax credit (ACTC). This applies to the entire refund,

not just the portion associated with these credits.

•

Download the official IRS2Go app to your mobile de-

vice to check your refund status.

•

Call the automated refund hotline at 800-829-1954.

Making a tax payment. The IRS uses the latest encryp-

tion technology to ensure your electronic payments are

safe and secure. You can make electronic payments on-

line, by phone, and from a mobile device using the

IRS2Go app. Paying electronically is quick, easy, and

faster than mailing in a check or money order. Go to

IRS.gov/Payments for information on how to make a pay-

ment using any of the following options.

•

IRS Direct Pay: Pay your individual tax bill or estima-

ted tax payment directly from your checking or sav-

ings account at no cost to you.

•

Debit or Credit Card: Choose an approved payment

processor to pay online, by phone, or by mobile de-

vice.

•

Electronic Funds Withdrawal: Offered only when filing

your federal taxes using tax return preparation soft-

ware or through a tax professional.

•

Electronic Federal Tax Payment System: Best option

for businesses. Enrollment is required.

•

Check or Money Order: Mail your payment to the ad-

dress listed on the notice or instructions.

•

Cash: You may be able to pay your taxes with cash at

a participating retail store.

•

Same-Day Wire: You may be able to do same-day

wire from your financial institution. Contact your finan-

cial institution for availability, cost, and cut-off times.

What if I can’t pay now? Go to IRS.gov/Payments for

more information about your options.

•

Apply for an online payment agreement (IRS.gov/

OPA) to meet your tax obligation in monthly install-

ments if you can’t pay your taxes in full today. Once

you complete the online process, you will receive im-

mediate notification of whether your agreement has

been approved.

•

Use the Offer in Compromise Pre-Qualifier to see if

you can settle your tax debt for less than the full

amount you owe. For more information on the Offer in

Compromise program, go to IRS.gov/OIC.

Filing an amended return. You can now file Form

1040-X electronically with tax filing software to amend

2019 Forms 1040 and 1040-SR. To do so, you must have

e-filed your original 2019 return. Amended returns for all

prior years must be mailed. See Tips for taxpayers who

need to file an amended tax return and go to IRS.gov/

Form1040X for information and updates.

Checking the status of your amended return. Go to

IRS.gov/WMAR to track the status of Form 1040-X amen-

ded returns. Please note that it can take up to 3 weeks

from the date you filed your amended return for it to show

up in our system, and processing it can take up to 16

weeks.

Understanding an IRS notice or letter you’ve re-

ceived. Go to IRS.gov/Notices to find additional informa-

tion about responding to an IRS notice or letter.

Contacting your local IRS office. Keep in mind, many

questions can be answered on IRS.gov without visiting an

IRS Taxpayer Assistance Center (TAC). Go to IRS.gov/

LetUsHelp for the topics people ask about most. If you still

need help, IRS TACs provide tax help when a tax issue

can’t be handled online or by phone. All TACs now pro-

vide service by appointment, so you’ll know in advance

that you can get the service you need without long wait

times. Before you visit, go to IRS.gov/TACLocator to find

the nearest TAC and to check hours, available services,

and appointment options. Or, on the IRS2Go app, under

the Stay Connected tab, choose the Contact Us option

and click on “Local Offices.”

The Taxpayer Advocate Service (TAS)

Is Here To Help You

What Is TAS?

TAS is an independent organization within the IRS that

helps taxpayers and protects taxpayer rights. Their job is

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to ensure that every taxpayer is treated fairly and that you

know and understand your rights under the Taxpayer Bill

of Rights.

How Can You Learn About Your Taxpayer

Rights?

The Taxpayer Bill of Rights describes 10 basic rights that

all taxpayers have when dealing with the IRS. Go to

TaxpayerAdvocate.IRS.gov to help you understand what

these rights mean to you and how they apply. These are

your rights. Know them. Use them.

What Can TAS Do For You?

TAS can help you resolve problems that you can’t resolve

with the IRS. And their service is free. If you qualify for

their assistance, you will be assigned to one advocate

who will work with you throughout the process and will do

everything possible to resolve your issue. TAS can help

you if:

•

Your problem is causing financial difficulty for you,

your family, or your business;

•

You face (or your business is facing) an immediate

threat of adverse action; or

•

You’ve tried repeatedly to contact the IRS but no one

has responded, or the IRS hasn’t responded by the

date promised.

How Can You Reach TAS?

TAS has offices in every state, the District of Columbia,

and Puerto Rico. Your local advocate’s number is in your

local directory and at TaxpayerAdvocate.IRS.gov/

Contact-Us. You can also call them at 877-777-4778.

How Else Does TAS Help Taxpayers?

TAS works to resolve large-scale problems that affect

many taxpayers. If you know of one of these broad issues,

please report it to them at IRS.gov/SAMS.

TAS for Tax Professionals

TAS can provide a variety of information for tax professio-

nals, including tax law updates and guidance, TAS pro-

grams, and ways to let TAS know about systemic prob-

lems you’ve seen in your practice.

Low Income Taxpayer Clinics (LITCs)

LITCs are independent from the IRS. LITCs represent in-

dividuals whose income is below a certain level and need

to resolve tax problems with the IRS, such as audits, ap-

peals, and tax collection disputes. In addition, clinics can

provide information about taxpayer rights and responsibili-

ties in different languages for individuals who speak Eng-

lish as a second language. Services are offered for free or

a small fee for eligible taxpayers. To find a clinic near you,

visit www.TaxpayerAdvocate.IRS.gov/about-us/Low-

Income-Taxpayer-Clinics-LITC/ or see IRS Pub. 4134,

Low Income Taxpayer Clinic List.

Publication 590-B (2020) Page 43

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Appendices

To help you complete your tax return, use the following

appendices that include worksheets and tables.

1. Appendix A—Worksheet for Determining Required

Minimum Distributions.

2. Appendix B—Life Expectancy Tables. These tables

are included to assist you in computing your required

minimum distribution amount if you haven't taken all

your assets from all your traditional IRAs before age

/2 or age 72, whichever applies.

a. Table I (Single Life Expectancy).

b. Table II (Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy).

c. Table III (Uniform Lifetime).

3. Appendix C—Recapture Amount—Allocation Chart.

This chart allocates amounts that comprise an early

distribution.

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Worksheet for Determining Required Minimum

Distributions

Appendix A.

Keep for Your Records

1. Age 70

/2 71

/2 72

/2 73

/2 74

2. Year age was reached

3. Value of IRA at the close of business on

December 31 of the year immediately prior to the

year on line 2

4. Distribution period from Table III or life expectancy

from Life Expectancy Table I or Table II

5. Required distribution (divide line 3 by line 4)

1. Age 75

/2 76

/2 77

/2 78

/2 79

2. Year age was reached

3. Value of IRA at the close of business on

December 31 of the year immediately prior to the

year on line 2

4. Distribution period from Table III or life expectancy

from Life Expectancy Table I or Table II

5. Required distribution (divide line 3 by line 4)

1. Age 80

/2 81

/2 82

/2 83

/2 84

2. Year age was reached

3. Value of IRA at the close of business on

December 31 of the year immediately prior to the

year on line 2

4. Distribution period from Table III or life expectancy

from Life Expectancy Table I or Table II

5. Required distribution (divide line 3 by line 4)

1. Age 85

/2 86

/2 87

/2 88

/2 89

2. Year age was reached

3. Value of IRA at the close of business on

December 31 of the year immediately prior to the

year on line 2

4. Distribution period from Table III or life expectancy

from Life Expectancy Table I or Table II

5. Required distribution (divide line 3 by line 4)

If you have more than one IRA, you must figure the required distribution separately for each IRA.

Use the appropriate life expectancy or distribution period for each year and for each IRA.

If you have more than one IRA, you must withdraw an amount equal to the total of the required distributions figured for each

IRA. You can, however, withdraw the total from one IRA or from more than one IRA.

Publication 590-B (2020) Page 45

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Appendix B. Life Expectancy Tables

Table I

(Single Life Expectancy)

(For Use by Beneficiaries)

Age Life Expectancy Age Life Expectancy

0 82.4 28 55.3

1 81.6 29 54.3

2 80.6 30 53.3

3 79.7 31 52.4

4 78.7 32 51.4

5 77.7 33 50.4

6 76.7 34 49.4

7 75.8 35 48.5

8 74.8 36 47.5

9 73.8 37 46.5

10 72.8 38 45.6

11 71.8 39 44.6

12 70.8 40 43.6

13 69.9 41 42.7

14 68.9 42 41.7

15 67.9 43 40.7

16 66.9 44 39.8

17 66.0 45 38.8

18 65.0 46 37.9

19 64.0 47 37.0

20 63.0 48 36.0

21 62.1 49 35.1

22 61.1 50 34.2

23 60.1 51 33.3

24 59.1 52 32.3

25 58.2 53 31.4

26 57.2 54 30.5

27 56.2 55 29.6

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Appendix B. (Continued)

Table I

(Single Life Expectancy)

(For Use by Beneficiaries)

Age Life Expectancy Age Life Expectancy

56 28.7 84 8.1

57 27.9 85 7.6

58 27.0 86 7.1

59 26.1 87 6.7

60 25.2 88 6.3

61 24.4 89 5.9

62 23.5 90 5.5

63 22.7 91 5.2

64 21.8 92 4.9

65 21.0 93 4.6

66 20.2 94 4.3

67 19.4 95 4.1

68 18.6 96 3.8

69 17.8 97 3.6

70 17.0 98 3.4

71 16.3 99 3.1

72 15.5 100 2.9

73 14.8 101 2.7

74 14.1 102 2.5

75 13.4 103 2.3

76 12.7 104 2.1

77 12.1 105 1.9

78 11.4 106 1.7

79 10.8 107 1.5

80 10.2 108 1.4

81 9.7 109 1.2

82 9.1 110 1.1

83 8.6 111 and over 1.0

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Appendix B. Life Expectancy Tables (Continued)

Table II

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

20 70.1 69.6 69.1 68.7 68.3 67.9 67.5 67.2 66.9 66.6

21 69.6 69.1 68.6 68.2 67.7 67.3 66.9 66.6 66.2 65.9

22 69.1 68.6 68.1 67.6 67.2 66.7 66.3 65.9 65.6 65.2

23 68.7 68.2 67.6 67.1 66.6 66.2 65.7 65.3 64.9 64.6

24 68.3 67.7 67.2 66.6 66.1 65.6 65.2 64.7 64.3 63.9

25 67.9 67.3 66.7 66.2 65.6 65.1 64.6 64.2 63.7 63.3

26 67.5 66.9 66.3 65.7 65.2 64.6 64.1 63.6 63.2 62.8

27 67.2 66.6 65.9 65.3 64.7 64.2 63.6 63.1 62.7 62.2

28 66.9 66.2 65.6 64.9 64.3 63.7 63.2 62.7 62.1 61.7

29 66.6 65.9 65.2 64.6 63.9 63.3 62.8 62.2 61.7 61.2

30 66.3 65.6 64.9 64.2 63.6 62.9 62.3 61.8 61.2 60.7

31 66.1 65.3 64.6 63.9 63.2 62.6 62.0 61.4 60.8 60.2

32 65.8 65.1 64.3 63.6 62.9 62.2 61.6 61.0 60.4 59.8

33 65.6 64.8 64.1 63.3 62.6 61.9 61.3 60.6 60.0 59.4

34 65.4 64.6 63.8 63.1 62.3 61.6 60.9 60.3 59.6 59.0

35 65.2 64.4 63.6 62.8 62.1 61.4 60.6 59.9 59.3 58.6

36 65.0 64.2 63.4 62.6 61.9 61.1 60.4 59.6 59.0 58.3

37 64.9 64.0 63.2 62.4 61.6 60.9 60.1 59.4 58.7 58.0

38 64.7 63.9 63.0 62.2 61.4 60.6 59.9 59.1 58.4 57.7

39 64.6 63.7 62.9 62.1 61.2 60.4 59.6 58.9 58.1 57.4

40 64.4 63.6 62.7 61.9 61.1 60.2 59.4 58.7 57.9 57.1

41 64.3 63.5 62.6 61.7 60.9 60.1 59.3 58.5 57.7 56.9

42 64.2 63.3 62.5 61.6 60.8 59.9 59.1 58.3 57.5 56.7

43 64.1 63.2 62.4 61.5 60.6 59.8 58.9 58.1 57.3 56.5

44 64.0 63.1 62.2 61.4 60.5 59.6 58.8 57.9 57.1 56.3

45 64.0 63.0 62.2 61.3 60.4 59.5 58.6 57.8 56.9 56.1

46 63.9 63.0 62.1 61.2 60.3 59.4 58.5 57.7 56.8 56.0

47 63.8 62.9 62.0 61.1 60.2 59.3 58.4 57.5 56.7 55.8

48 63.7 62.8 61.9 61.0 60.1 59.2 58.3 57.4 56.5 55.7

49 63.7 62.8 61.8 60.9 60.0 59.1 58.2 57.3 56.4 55.6

50 63.6 62.7 61.8 60.8 59.9 59.0 58.1 57.2 56.3 55.4

51 63.6 62.6 61.7 60.8 59.9 58.9 58.0 57.1 56.2 55.3

52 63.5 62.6 61.7 60.7 59.8 58.9 58.0 57.1 56.1 55.2

53 63.5 62.5 61.6 60.7 59.7 58.8 57.9 57.0 56.1 55.2

54 63.5 62.5 61.6 60.6 59.7 58.8 57.8 56.9 56.0 55.1

55 63.4 62.5 61.5 60.6 59.6 58.7 57.8 56.8 55.9 55.0

56 63.4 62.4 61.5 60.5 59.6 58.7 57.7 56.8 55.9 54.9

57 63.4 62.4 61.5 60.5 59.6 58.6 57.7 56.7 55.8 54.9

58 63.3 62.4 61.4 60.5 59.5 58.6 57.6 56.7 55.8 54.8

59 63.3 62.3 61.4 60.4 59.5 58.5 57.6 56.7 55.7 54.8

Page 48 Publication 590-B (2020)

Page 49 of 66 Fileid: … ions/P590B/2020/A/XML/Cycle06/source 11:04 - 13-May-2021

The type and rule above prints on all proofs including departmental reproduction proofs. MUST be removed before printing.

Appendix B. (Continued)

Table II (continued)

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

60 63.3 62.3 61.4 60.4 59.5 58.5 57.6 56.6 55.7 54.7

61 63.3 62.3 61.3 60.4 59.4 58.5 57.5 56.6 55.6 54.7

62 63.2 62.3 61.3 60.4 59.4 58.4 57.5 56.5 55.6 54.7

63 63.2 62.3 61.3 60.3 59.4 58.4 57.5 56.5 55.6 54.6

64 63.2 62.2 61.3 60.3 59.4 58.4 57.4 56.5 55.5 54.6

65 63.2 62.2 61.3 60.3 59.3 58.4 57.4 56.5 55.5 54.6

66 63.2 62.2 61.2 60.3 59.3 58.4 57.4 56.4 55.5 54.5

67 63.2 62.2 61.2 60.3 59.3 58.3 57.4 56.4 55.5 54.5

68 63.1 62.2 61.2 60.2 59.3 58.3 57.4 56.4 55.4 54.5

69 63.1 62.2 61.2 60.2 59.3 58.3 57.3 56.4 55.4 54.5

70 63.1 62.2 61.2 60.2 59.3 58.3 57.3 56.4 55.4 54.4

71 63.1 62.1 61.2 60.2 59.2 58.3 57.3 56.4 55.4 54.4

72 63.1 62.1 61.2 60.2 59.2 58.3 57.3 56.3 55.4 54.4

73 63.1 62.1 61.2 60.2 59.2 58.3 57.3 56.3 55.4 54.4

74 63.1 62.1 61.2 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3 55.4 54.4

75 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3 55.3 54.4

76 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3 55.3 54.4

77 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3 55.3 54.4

78 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.3 56.3 55.3 54.4

79 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.2 59.2 58.2 57.2 56.3 55.3 54.3

80 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.1 59.2 58.2 57.2 56.3 55.3 54.3

81 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.1 59.2 58.2 57.2 56.3 55.3 54.3

82 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.1 59.2 58.2 57.2 56.3 55.3 54.3

83 63.1 62.1 61.1 60.1 59.2 58.2 57.2 56.3 55.3 54.3

84 63.0 62.1 61.1 60.1 59.2 58.2 57.2 56.3 55.3 54.3

85 63.0 62.1 61.1 60.1 59.2 58.2 57.2 56.3 55.3 54.3

86 63.0 62.1 61.1 60.1 59.2 58.2 57.2 56.2 55.3 54.3

87 63.0 62.1 61.1 60.1 59.2 58.2 57.2 56.2 55.3 54.3

88 63.0 62.1 61.1 60.1 59.2 58.2 57.2 56.2 55.3 54.3

89 63.0 62.1 61.1 60.1 59.1 58.2 57.2 56.2 55.3 54.3

90 63.0 62.1 61.1 60.1 59.1 58.2 57.2 56.2 55.3 54.3

91 63.0 62.1 61.1 60.1 59.1 58.2 57.2 56.2 55.3 54.3

92 63.0 62.1 61.1 60.1 59.1 58.2 57.2 56.2 55.3 54.3

93 63.0 62.1 61.1 60.1 59.1 58.2 57.2 56.2 55.3 54.3

94 63.0 62.1 61.1 60.1 59.1 58.2 57.2 56.2 55.3 54.3

95 63.0 62.1 61.1 60.1 59.1 58.2 57.2 56.2 55.3 54.3

96 63.0 62.1 61.1 60.1 59.1 58.2 57.2 56.2 55.3 54.3

97 63.0 62.1 61.1 60.1 59.1 58.2 57.2 56.2 55.3 54.3

98 63.0 62.1 61.1 60.1 59.1 58.2 57.2 56.2 55.3 54.3

99 63.0 62.1 61.1 60.1 59.1 58.2 57.2 56.2 55.3 54.3

Publication 590-B (2020) Page 49

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The type and rule above prints on all proofs including departmental reproduction proofs. MUST be removed before printing.

Appendix B. (Continued)

Table II (continued)

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

100 63.0 62.1 61.1 60.1 59.1 58.2 57.2 56.2 55.3 54.3

101 63.0 62.1 61.1 60.1 59.1 58.2 57.2 56.2 55.3 54.3

102 63.0 62.1 61.1 60.1 59.1 58.2 57.2 56.2 55.3 54.3

103 63.0 62.1 61.1 60.1 59.1 58.2 57.2 56.2 55.3 54.3

104 63.0 62.1 61.1 60.1 59.1 58.2 57.2 56.2 55.3 54.3

105 63.0 62.1 61.1 60.1 59.1 58.2 57.2 56.2 55.3 54.3

106 63.0 62.1 61.1 60.1 59.1 58.2 57.2 56.2 55.3 54.3

107 63.0 62.1 61.1 60.1 59.1 58.2 57.2 56.2 55.3 54.3

108 63.0 62.1 61.1 60.1 59.1 58.2 57.2 56.2 55.3 54.3

109 63.0 62.1 61.1 60.1 59.1 58.2 57.2 56.2 55.3 54.3

110 63.0 62.1 61.1 60.1 59.1 58.2 57.2 56.2 55.3 54.3

111 63.0 62.1 61.1 60.1 59.1 58.2 57.2 56.2 55.3 54.3

112 63.0 62.1 61.1 60.1 59.1 58.2 57.2 56.2 55.3 54.3

113 63.0 62.1 61.1 60.1 59.1 58.2 57.2 56.2 55.3 54.3

114 63.0 62.1 61.1 60.1 59.1 58.2 57.2 56.2 55.3 54.3

115+ 63.0 62.1 61.1 60.1 59.1 58.2 57.2 56.2 55.3 54.3

Appendix B. (Continued)

Table II (continued)

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

30 60.2 59.7 59.2 58.8 58.4 58.0 57.6 57.3 57.0 56.7

31 59.7 59.2 58.7 58.2 57.8 57.4 57.0 56.6 56.3 56.0

32 59.2 58.7 58.2 57.7 57.2 56.8 56.4 56.0 55.6 55.3

33 58.8 58.2 57.7 57.2 56.7 56.2 55.8 55.4 55.0 54.7

34 58.4 57.8 57.2 56.7 56.2 55.7 55.3 54.8 54.4 54.0

35 58.0 57.4 56.8 56.2 55.7 55.2 54.7 54.3 53.8 53.4

36 57.6 57.0 56.4 55.8 55.3 54.7 54.2 53.7 53.3 52.8

37 57.3 56.6 56.0 55.4 54.8 54.3 53.7 53.2 52.7 52.3

38 57.0 56.3 55.6 55.0 54.4 53.8 53.3 52.7 52.2 51.7

39 56.7 56.0 55.3 54.7 54.0 53.4 52.8 52.3 51.7 51.2

40 56.4 55.7 55.0 54.3 53.7 53.0 52.4 51.8 51.3 50.8

41 56.1 55.4 54.7 54.0 53.3 52.7 52.0 51.4 50.9 50.3

42 55.9 55.2 54.4 53.7 53.0 52.3 51.7 51.1 50.4 49.9

43 55.7 54.9 54.2 53.4 52.7 52.0 51.3 50.7 50.1 49.5

44 55.5 54.7 53.9 53.2 52.4 51.7 51.0 50.4 49.7 49.1

45 55.3 54.5 53.7 52.9 52.2 51.5 50.7 50.0 49.4 48.7

46 55.1 54.3 53.5 52.7 52.0 51.2 50.5 49.8 49.1 48.4

47 55.0 54.1 53.3 52.5 51.7 51.0 50.2 49.5 48.8 48.1

48 54.8 54.0 53.2 52.3 51.5 50.8 50.0 49.2 48.5 47.8

Page 50 Publication 590-B (2020)

Page 51 of 66 Fileid: … ions/P590B/2020/A/XML/Cycle06/source 11:04 - 13-May-2021

The type and rule above prints on all proofs including departmental reproduction proofs. MUST be removed before printing.

Appendix B. (Continued)

Table II (continued)

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

49 54.7 53.8 53.0 52.2 51.4 50.6 49.8 49.0 48.2 47.5

50 54.6 53.7 52.9 52.0 51.2 50.4 49.6 48.8 48.0 47.3

51 54.5 53.6 52.7 51.9 51.0 50.2 49.4 48.6 47.8 47.0

52 54.4 53.5 52.6 51.7 50.9 50.0 49.2 48.4 47.6 46.8

53 54.3 53.4 52.5 51.6 50.8 49.9 49.1 48.2 47.4 46.6

54 54.2 53.3 52.4 51.5 50.6 49.8 48.9 48.1 47.2 46.4

55 54.1 53.2 52.3 51.4 50.5 49.7 48.8 47.9 47.1 46.3

56 54.0 53.1 52.2 51.3 50.4 49.5 48.7 47.8 47.0 46.1

57 54.0 53.0 52.1 51.2 50.3 49.4 48.6 47.7 46.8 46.0

58 53.9 53.0 52.1 51.2 50.3 49.4 48.5 47.6 46.7 45.8

59 53.8 52.9 52.0 51.1 50.2 49.3 48.4 47.5 46.6 45.7

60 53.8 52.9 51.9 51.0 50.1 49.2 48.3 47.4 46.5 45.6

61 53.8 52.8 51.9 51.0 50.0 49.1 48.2 47.3 46.4 45.5

62 53.7 52.8 51.8 50.9 50.0 49.1 48.1 47.2 46.3 45.4

63 53.7 52.7 51.8 50.9 49.9 49.0 48.1 47.2 46.3 45.3

64 53.6 52.7 51.8 50.8 49.9 48.9 48.0 47.1 46.2 45.3

65 53.6 52.7 51.7 50.8 49.8 48.9 48.0 47.0 46.1 45.2

66 53.6 52.6 51.7 50.7 49.8 48.9 47.9 47.0 46.1 45.1

67 53.6 52.6 51.7 50.7 49.8 48.8 47.9 46.9 46.0 45.1

68 53.5 52.6 51.6 50.7 49.7 48.8 47.8 46.9 46.0 45.0

69 53.5 52.6 51.6 50.6 49.7 48.7 47.8 46.9 45.9 45.0

70 53.5 52.5 51.6 50.6 49.7 48.7 47.8 46.8 45.9 44.9

71 53.5 52.5 51.6 50.6 49.6 48.7 47.7 46.8 45.9 44.9

72 53.5 52.5 51.5 50.6 49.6 48.7 47.7 46.8 45.8 44.9

73 53.4 52.5 51.5 50.6 49.6 48.6 47.7 46.7 45.8 44.8

74 53.4 52.5 51.5 50.5 49.6 48.6 47.7 46.7 45.8 44.8

75 53.4 52.5 51.5 50.5 49.6 48.6 47.7 46.7 45.7 44.8

76 53.4 52.4 51.5 50.5 49.6 48.6 47.6 46.7 45.7 44.8

77 53.4 52.4 51.5 50.5 49.5 48.6 47.6 46.7 45.7 44.8

78 53.4 52.4 51.5 50.5 49.5 48.6 47.6 46.6 45.7 44.7

79 53.4 52.4 51.5 50.5 49.5 48.6 47.6 46.6 45.7 44.7

80 53.4 52.4 51.4 50.5 49.5 48.5 47.6 46.6 45.7 44.7

81 53.4 52.4 51.4 50.5 49.5 48.5 47.6 46.6 45.7 44.7

82 53.4 52.4 51.4 50.5 49.5 48.5 47.6 46.6 45.6 44.7

83 53.4 52.4 51.4 50.5 49.5 48.5 47.6 46.6 45.6 44.7

84 53.4 52.4 51.4 50.5 49.5 48.5 47.6 46.6 45.6 44.7

85 53.3 52.4 51.4 50.4 49.5 48.5 47.5 46.6 45.6 44.7

86 53.3 52.4 51.4 50.4 49.5 48.5 47.5 46.6 45.6 44.6

87 53.3 52.4 51.4 50.4 49.5 48.5 47.5 46.6 45.6 44.6

88 53.3 52.4 51.4 50.4 49.5 48.5 47.5 46.6 45.6 44.6

Publication 590-B (2020) Page 51

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The type and rule above prints on all proofs including departmental reproduction proofs. MUST be removed before printing.

Appendix B. (Continued)

Table II (continued)

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

89 53.3 52.4 51.4 50.4 49.5 48.5 47.5 46.6 45.6 44.6

90 53.3 52.4 51.4 50.4 49.5 48.5 47.5 46.6 45.6 44.6

91 53.3 52.4 51.4 50.4 49.5 48.5 47.5 46.6 45.6 44.6

92 53.3 52.4 51.4 50.4 49.5 48.5 47.5 46.6 45.6 44.6

93 53.3 52.4 51.4 50.4 49.5 48.5 47.5 46.6 45.6 44.6

94 53.3 52.4 51.4 50.4 49.5 48.5 47.5 46.6 45.6 44.6

95 53.3 52.4 51.4 50.4 49.5 48.5 47.5 46.5 45.6 44.6

96 53.3 52.4 51.4 50.4 49.5 48.5 47.5 46.5 45.6 44.6

97 53.3 52.4 51.4 50.4 49.5 48.5 47.5 46.5 45.6 44.6

98 53.3 52.4 51.4 50.4 49.5 48.5 47.5 46.5 45.6 44.6

99 53.3 52.4 51.4 50.4 49.5 48.5 47.5 46.5 45.6 44.6

100 53.3 52.4 51.4 50.4 49.5 48.5 47.5 46.5 45.6 44.6

101 53.3 52.4 51.4 50.4 49.5 48.5 47.5 46.5 45.6 44.6

102 53.3 52.4 51.4 50.4 49.5 48.5 47.5 46.5 45.6 44.6

103 53.3 52.4 51.4 50.4 49.5 48.5 47.5 46.5 45.6 44.6

104 53.3 52.4 51.4 50.4 49.5 48.5 47.5 46.5 45.6 44.6

105 53.3 52.4 51.4 50.4 49.4 48.5 47.5 46.5 45.6 44.6

106 53.3 52.4 51.4 50.4 49.4 48.5 47.5 46.5 45.6 44.6

107 53.3 52.4 51.4 50.4 49.4 48.5 47.5 46.5 45.6 44.6

108 53.3 52.4 51.4 50.4 49.4 48.5 47.5 46.5 45.6 44.6

109 53.3 52.4 51.4 50.4 49.4 48.5 47.5 46.5 45.6 44.6

110 53.3 52.4 51.4 50.4 49.4 48.5 47.5 46.5 45.6 44.6

111 53.3 52.4 51.4 50.4 49.4 48.5 47.5 46.5 45.6 44.6

112 53.3 52.4 51.4 50.4 49.4 48.5 47.5 46.5 45.6 44.6

113 53.3 52.4 51.4 50.4 49.4 48.5 47.5 46.5 45.6 44.6

114 53.3 52.4 51.4 50.4 49.4 48.5 47.5 46.5 45.6 44.6

115+ 53.3 52.4 51.4 50.4 49.4 48.5 47.5 46.5 45.6 44.6

Appendix B. (Continued)

Table II (continued)

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49

40 50.2 49.8 49.3 48.9 48.5 48.1 47.7 47.4 47.1 46.8

41 49.8 49.3 48.8 48.3 47.9 47.5 47.1 46.7 46.4 46.1

42 49.3 48.8 48.3 47.8 47.3 46.9 46.5 46.1 45.8 45.4

43 48.9 48.3 47.8 47.3 46.8 46.3 45.9 45.5 45.1 44.8

44 48.5 47.9 47.3 46.8 46.3 45.8 45.4 44.9 44.5 44.2

45 48.1 47.5 46.9 46.3 45.8 45.3 44.8 44.4 44.0 43.6

46 47.7 47.1 46.5 45.9 45.4 44.8 44.3 43.9 43.4 43.0

47 47.4 46.7 46.1 45.5 44.9 44.4 43.9 43.4 42.9 42.4

Page 52 Publication 590-B (2020)

Page 53 of 66 Fileid: … ions/P590B/2020/A/XML/Cycle06/source 11:04 - 13-May-2021

The type and rule above prints on all proofs including departmental reproduction proofs. MUST be removed before printing.

Appendix B. (Continued)

Table II (continued)

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49

48 47.1 46.4 45.8 45.1 44.5 44.0 43.4 42.9 42.4 41.9

49 46.8 46.1 45.4 44.8 44.2 43.6 43.0 42.4 41.9 41.4

50 46.5 45.8 45.1 44.4 43.8 43.2 42.6 42.0 41.5 40.9

51 46.3 45.5 44.8 44.1 43.5 42.8 42.2 41.6 41.0 40.5

52 46.0 45.3 44.6 43.8 43.2 42.5 41.8 41.2 40.6 40.1

53 45.8 45.1 44.3 43.6 42.9 42.2 41.5 40.9 40.3 39.7

54 45.6 44.8 44.1 43.3 42.6 41.9 41.2 40.5 39.9 39.3

55 45.5 44.7 43.9 43.1 42.4 41.6 40.9 40.2 39.6 38.9

56 45.3 44.5 43.7 42.9 42.1 41.4 40.7 40.0 39.3 38.6

57 45.1 44.3 43.5 42.7 41.9 41.2 40.4 39.7 39.0 38.3

58 45.0 44.2 43.3 42.5 41.7 40.9 40.2 39.4 38.7 38.0

59 44.9 44.0 43.2 42.4 41.5 40.7 40.0 39.2 38.5 37.8

60 44.7 43.9 43.0 42.2 41.4 40.6 39.8 39.0 38.2 37.5

61 44.6 43.8 42.9 42.1 41.2 40.4 39.6 38.8 38.0 37.3

62 44.5 43.7 42.8 41.9 41.1 40.3 39.4 38.6 37.8 37.1

63 44.5 43.6 42.7 41.8 41.0 40.1 39.3 38.5 37.7 36.9

64 44.4 43.5 42.6 41.7 40.8 40.0 39.2 38.3 37.5 36.7

65 44.3 43.4 42.5 41.6 40.7 39.9 39.0 38.2 37.4 36.6

66 44.2 43.3 42.4 41.5 40.6 39.8 38.9 38.1 37.2 36.4

67 44.2 43.3 42.3 41.4 40.6 39.7 38.8 38.0 37.1 36.3

68 44.1 43.2 42.3 41.4 40.5 39.6 38.7 37.9 37.0 36.2

69 44.1 43.1 42.2 41.3 40.4 39.5 38.6 37.8 36.9 36.0

70 44.0 43.1 42.2 41.3 40.3 39.4 38.6 37.7 36.8 35.9

71 44.0 43.1 42.2 41.3 40.3 39.4 38.6 37.7 36.8 35.9

72 43.9 43.0 42.0 41.1 40.2 39.3 38.4 37.5 36.6 35.7

73 43.9 43.0 42.0 41.1 40.1 39.2 38.3 37.4 36.5 35.6

74 43.9 42.9 42.0 41.1 40.1 39.2 38.3 37.4 36.5 35.6

75 43.8 42.9 42.0 41.0 40.1 39.2 38.3 37.4 36.5 35.6

76 43.8 42.9 42.0 41.0 40.1 39.2 38.3 37.3 36.5 35.6

77 43.8 42.9 41.9 41.0 40.1 39.1 38.2 37.3 36.4 35.5

78 43.8 42.8 41.9 40.9 40.0 39.1 38.2 37.2 36.3 35.4

79 43.8 42.8 41.9 40.9 40.0 39.1 38.1 37.2 36.3 35.4

80 43.7 42.8 41.8 40.9 40.0 39.0 38.1 37.2 36.3 35.4

81 43.7 42.8 41.8 40.9 40.0 39.0 38.1 37.2 36.3 34.3

82 43.7 42.8 41.8 40.9 39.9 39.0 38.0 37.1 36.2 36.2

83 43.7 42.7 41.8 40.9 39.9 39.10 38.0 37.0 36.2 35.3

84 43.7 42.7 41.8 40.8 39.9 38.9 38.0 37.1 36.2 35.2

85 43.7 42.7 41.8 40.8 39.9 38.9 38.0 37.1 36.2 35.2

86 43.7 42.7 41.8 340.8 39.9 38.9 38.0 37.0 36.1 35.2

87 43.7 42.7 41.8 40.8 39.9 38.9 38.0 37.0 36.1 35.2

Publication 590-B (2020) Page 53

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The type and rule above prints on all proofs including departmental reproduction proofs. MUST be removed before printing.

Appendix B. (Continued)

Table II (continued)

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49

88 43.7 42.7 41.8 40.8 39.9 38.9 38.0 37.0 36.1 35.2

89 43.7 42.7 41.7 40.8 39.8 38.9 38.0 37.0 36.1 35.2

90 43.7 42.7 41.7 40.8 39.8 38.9 38.0 37.0 36.1 35.2

91 43.7 42.7 41.7 40.8 39.8 38.9 37.9 37.0 36.1 35.2

92 43.7 42.7 41.7 40.8 39.8 38.9 37.9 37.0 36.1 35.1

93 43.7 42.7 41.7 40.8 39.8 38.9 37.9 37.0 36.1 35.1

94 43.7 42.7 41.7 40.8 39.8 38.9 37.9 37.0 36.1 35.1

95 43.6 42.7 41.7 40.8 39.8 38.9 37.9 37.0 36.1 35.1

96 43.6 42.7 41.7 40.8 39.8 38.9 37.9 37.0 36.1 35.1

97 43.6 42.7 41.7 40.8 39.8 38.9 37.9 37.0 36.1 35.1

98 43.6 42.7 41.7 40.8 39.8 38.9 37.9 37.0 36.0 35.1

99 43.6 42.7 41.7 40.8 39.8 38.9 37.9 37.0 36.0 35.1

100 43.6 42.7 41.7 40.8 39.8 38.9 37.9 37.0 36.0 35.1

101 43.6 42.7 41.7 40.8 39.8 38.9 37.9 37.0 36.0 35.1

102 43.6 42.7 41.7 40.8 39.8 38.9 37.9 37.0 36.0 35.1

103 43.6 42.7 41.7 40.8 39.8 38.9 37.9 37.0 36.0 35.1

104 43.6 42.7 41.7 40.8 39.8 38.8 37.9 37.0 36.0 35.1

105 43.6 42.7 41.7 40.8 39.8 38.8 37.9 37.0 36.0 35.1

106 43.6 42.7 41.7 40.8 39.8 38.8 37.9 37.0 36.0 35.1

107 43.6 42.7 41.7 40.8 39.8 38.8 37.9 37.0 36.0 35.1

108 43.6 42.7 41.7 40.8 39.8 38.8 37.9 37.0 36.0 35.1

109 43.6 42.7 41.7 40.7 39.8 38.8 37.9 37.0 36.0 35.1

110 43.6 42.7 41.7 40.7 39.8 38.8 37.9 37.0 36.0 35.1

111 43.6 42.7 41.7 40.7 39.8 38.8 37.9 37.0 36.0 35.1

112 43.6 42.7 41.7 40.7 39.8 38.8 37.9 37.0 36.0 35.1

113 43.6 42.7 41.7 40.7 39.8 38.8 37.9 37.0 36.0 35.1

114 43.6 42.7 41.7 40.7 39.8 38.8 37.9 37.0 36.0 35.1

115+ 43.6 42.7 41.7 40.7 39.8 38.8 37.9 37.0 36.0 35.1

Appendix B. (Continued)

Table II (continued)

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59

50 40.4 40.0 39.5 39.1 38.7 38.3 38.0 37.6 37.3 37.1

51 40.0 39.5 39.0 38.5 38.1 37.7 37.4 37.0 36.7 36.4

52 39.5 39.0 38.5 38.0 37.6 37.2 36.8 36.4 36.0 35.7

53 39.1 38.5 38.0 37.5 37.1 36.6 36.2 35.8 35.4 35.1

54 38.7 38.1 37.6 37.1 36.6 36.1 35.7 35.2 34.8 34.5

55 38.3 37.7 37.2 36.6 36.1 35.6 35.1 34.7 34.3 33.9

56 38.0 37.4 36.8 36.2 35.7 35.1 34.7 34.2 33.7 33.3

Page 54 Publication 590-B (2020)

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The type and rule above prints on all proofs including departmental reproduction proofs. MUST be removed before printing.

Appendix B. (Continued)

Table II (continued)

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59

57 37.6 37.0 36.4 35.8 35.2 34.7 34.2 33.7 33.2 32.8

58 37.3 36.7 36.0 35.4 34.8 34.3 33.7 33.2 32.8 32.3

59 37.1 36.4 35.7 35.1 34.5 33.9 33.3 32.8 32.3 31.8

60 36.8 36.1 35.4 34.8 34.1 33.5 32.9 32.4 31.9 31.3

61 36.6 35.8 35.1 34.5 33.8 33.2 32.6 32.0 31.4 30.9

62 36.3 35.6 34.9 34.2 33.5 32.9 32.2 31.6 31.1 30.5

63 36.1 35.4 34.6 33.9 33.2 32.6 31.9 31.3 30.7 30.1

64 35.9 35.2 34.4 33.7 33.0 32.3 31.6 31.0 30.4 29.8

65 35.8 35.0 34.2 33.5 32.7 32.0 31.4 30.7 30.0 29.4

66 35.6 34.8 34.0 33.3 32.5 31.8 31.1 30.4 29.8 29.1

67 35.5 34.7 33.9 33.1 32.3 31.6 30.9 30.2 29.5 28.8

68 35.3 34.5 33.7 32.9 32.1 31.4 30.7 29.9 29.2 28.6

69 35.2 34.4 33.6 32.8 32.0 31.2 30.5 29.7 29.0 28.3

70 35.1 34.3 33.4 32.6 31.8 31.1 30.3 29.5 28.8 28.1

71 35.0 34.2 33.3 32.5 31.7 30.9 30.1 29.4 28.6 27.9

72 34.9 34.1 33.2 32.4 31.6 30.8 30.0 29.2 28.4 27.7

73 34.8 34.0 33.1 32.3 31.5 30.6 29.8 29.1 28.3 27.5

74 34.8 33.9 33.0 32.2 31.4 30.5 29.7 28.9 28.1 27.4

75 34.7 33.8 33.0 32.1 31.3 30.4 29.6 28.8 28.0 27.2

76 34.6 33.8 32.9 32.0 31.2 30.3 29.5 28.7 27.9 27.1

77 34.6 33.7 32.8 32.0 31.1 30.3 29.4 28.6 27.8 27.0

78 34.5 33.6 32.8 31.9 31.0 30.2 29.3 28.5 27.7 26.9

79 34.5 33.6 32.7 31.8 31.0 30.1 29.3 28.4 27.6 26.8

80 34.5 33.6 32.7 31.8 30.9 30.1 29.2 28.4 27.5 26.7

81 34.4 33.5 32.6 31.8 30.9 30.0 29.2 28.3 27.5 26.6

82 34.4 33.5 32.6 31.7 30.8 30.0 29.1 28.3 27.4 26.6

83 34.4 33.5 32.6 31.7 30.8 29.9 29.1 28.2 27.4 26.5

84 34.3 33.4 32.5 31.7 30.8 29.9 29.0 28.2 27.3 26.5

85 34.3 33.4 32.5 31.6 30.7 29.9 29.0 28.1 27.3 26.4

86 34.3 33.4 32.5 31.6 30.7 29.8 29.0 28.1 27.2 26.4

87 34.3 33.4 32.5 31.6 30.7 29.8 28.9 28.1 27.2 26.4

88 34.3 33.4 32.5 31.6 30.7 29.8 28.9 28.0 27.2 26.3

89 34.3 33.3 32.4 31.5 30.7 29.8 28.9 28.0 27.2 26.3

90 34.2 33.3 32.4 31.5 30.6 29.8 28.9 28.0 27.1 26.3

91 34.2 33.3 32.4 31.5 30.6 29.7 28.9 28.0 27.1 26.3

92 34.2 33.3 32.4 31.5 30.6 29.7 28.8 28.0 27.1 26.2

93 34.2 33.3 32.4 31.5 30.6 29.7 28.8 28.0 27.1 26.2

94 34.2 33.3 32.4 31.5 30.6 29.7 28.8 27.9 27.1 26.2

95 34.2 33.3 32.4 31.5 30.6 29.7 28.8 27.9 27.1 26.2

96 34.2 33.3 32.4 31.5 30.6 29.7 28.8 27.9 27.0 26.2

Publication 590-B (2020) Page 55

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The type and rule above prints on all proofs including departmental reproduction proofs. MUST be removed before printing.

Appendix B. (Continued)

Table II (continued)

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59

97 34.2 33.3 32.4 31.5 30.6 29.7 28.8 27.9 27.0 26.2

98 34.2 33.3 32.4 31.5 30.6 29.7 28.8 27.9 27.0 26.2

99 34.2 33.3 32.4 31.5 30.6 29.7 28.8 27.9 27.0 26.2

100 34.2 33.3 32.4 31.5 30.6 29.7 28.8 27.9 27.0 26.1

101 34.2 33.3 32.4 31.5 30.6 29.7 28.8 27.9 27.0 26.1

102 34.2 33.3 32.4 31.4 30.5 29.7 28.8 27.9 27.0 26.1

103 34.2 33.3 32.4 31.4 30.5 29.7 28.8 27.9 27.0 26.1

104 34.2 33.3 32.4 31.4 30.5 29.6 28.8 27.9 27.0 26.1

105 34.2 33.3 32.3 31.4 30.5 29.6 28.8 27.9 27.0 26.1

106 34.2 33.3 32.3 31.4 30.5 29.6 28.8 27.9 27.0 26.1

107 34.2 33.3 32.3 31.4 30.5 29.6 28.8 27.9 27.0 26.1

108 34.2 33.3 32.3 31.4 30.5 29.6 28.8 27.9 27.0 26.1

109 34.2 33.3 32.3 31.4 30.5 29.6 28.7 27.9 27.0 26.1

110 34.2 33.3 32.3 31.4 30.5 29.6 28.7 27.9 27.0 26.1

111 34.2 33.3 32.3 31.4 30.5 29.6 28.7 27.9 27.0 26.1

112 34.2 33.3 32.3 31.4 30.5 29.6 28.7 27.9 27.0 26.1

113 34.2 33.3 32.3 31.4 30.5 29.6 28.7 27.9 27.0 26.1

114 34.2 33.3 32.3 31.4 30.5 29.6 28.7 27.9 27.0 26.1

115+ 34.2 33.3 32.3 31.4 30.5 29.6 28.7 27.9 27.0 26.1

Appendix B. (Continued)

Table II (continued)

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69

60 30.9 30.4 30.0 29.6 29.2 28.8 28.5 28.2 27.9 27.6

61 30.4 29.9 29.5 29.0 28.6 28.3 27.9 27.6 27.3 27.0

62 30.0 29.5 29.0 28.5 28.1 27.7 27.3 27.0 26.7 26.4

63 29.6 29.0 28.5 28.1 27.6 27.2 26.8 26.4 26.1 25.7

64 29.2 28.6 28.1 27.6 27.1 26.7 26.3 25.9 25.5 25.2

65 28.8 28.3 27.7 27.2 26.7 26.2 25.8 25.4 25.0 24.6

66 28.5 27.9 27.3 26.8 26.3 25.8 25.3 24.9 24.5 24.1

67 28.2 27.6 27.0 26.4 25.9 25.4 24.9 24.4 24.0 23.6

68 27.9 27.3 26.7 26.1 25.5 25.0 24.5 24.0 23.5 23.1

69 27.6 27.0 26.4 25.7 25.2 24.6 24.1 23.6 23.1 22.6

70 27.4 26.7 26.1 25.4 24.8 24.3 23.7 23.2 22.7 22.2

71 27.2 26.5 25.8 25.2 24.5 23.9 23.4 22.8 22.3 21.8

72 27.0 26.3 25.6 24.9 24.3 23.7 23.1 22.5 22.0 21.4

73 26.8 26.1 25.4 24.7 24.0 23.4 22.8 22.2 21.6 21.1

74 26.6 25.9 25.2 24.5 23.8 23.1 22.5 21.9 21.3 20.8

75 26.5 25.7 25.0 24.3 23.6 22.9 22.3 21.6 21.0 20.5

Page 56 Publication 590-B (2020)

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The type and rule above prints on all proofs including departmental reproduction proofs. MUST be removed before printing.

Appendix B. (Continued)

Table II (continued)

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69

76 26.3 25.6 24.8 24.1 23.4 22.7 22.0 21.4 20.8 20.2

77 26.2 25.4 24.7 23.9 23.2 22.5 21.8 21.2 20.6 19.9

78 26.1 25.3 24.6 23.8 23.1 22.4 21.7 21.0 20.3 19.7

79 26.0 25.2 24.4 23.7 22.9 22.2 21.5 20.8 20.1 19.5

80 25.9 25.1 24.3 23.6 22.8 22.1 21.3 20.6 20.0 19.3

81 25.8 25.0 24.2 23.4 22.7 21.9 21.2 20.5 19.8 19.1

82 25.8 24.9 24.1 23.4 22.6 21.8 21.1 20.4 19.7 19.0

83 25.7 24.9 24.1 23.3 22.5 21.7 21.0 20.2 19.5 18.8

84 25.6 24.8 24.0 23.2 22.4 21.6 20.9 20.1 19.4 18.7

85 25.6 24.8 23.9 23.1 22.3 21.6 20.8 20.1 19.3 18.6

86 25.5 24.7 23.9 23.1 22.3 21.5 20.7 20.0 19.2 18.5

87 25.5 24.7 23.8 23.0 22.2 21.4 20.7 19.9 19.2 18.4

88 25.5 24.6 23.8 23.0 22.2 21.4 20.6 19.8 19.1 18.3

89 25.4 24.6 23.8 22.9 22.1 21.3 20.5 19.8 19.0 18.3

90 25.4 24.6 23.7 22.9 22.1 21.3 20.5 19.7 19.0 18.2

91 25.4 24.5 23.7 22.9 22.1 21.3 20.5 19.7 18.9 18.2

92 25.4 24.5 23.7 22.9 22.0 21.2 20.4 19.6 18.9 18.1

93 25.4 24.5 23.7 22.8 22.0 21.2 20.4 19.6 18.8 18.1

94 25.3 24.5 23.6 22.8 22.0 21.2 20.4 19.6 18.8 18.0

95 25.3 24.5 23.6 22.8 22.0 21.1 20.3 19.6 18.8 18.0

96 25.3 24.5 23.6 22.8 21.9 21.1 20.3 19.5 18.8 18.0

97 25.3 24.5 23.6 22.8 21.9 21.1 20.3 19.5 18.7 18.0

98 25.3 24.4 23.6 22.8 21.9 21.1 20.3 19.5 18.7 17.9

99 25.3 24.4 23.6 22.7 21.9 21.1 20.3 19.5 18.7 17.9

100 25.3 24.4 23.6 22.7 21.9 21.1 20.3 19.5 18.7 17.9

101 25.3 24.4 23.6 22.7 21.9 21.1 20.2 19.4 18.7 17.9

102 25.3 24.4 23.6 22.7 21.9 21.1 20.2 19.4 18.6 17.9

103 25.3 24.4 23.6 22.7 21.9 21.0 20.2 19.4 18.6 17.9

104 25.3 24.4 23.5 22.7 21.9 21.0 20.2 19.4 18.6 17.8

105 25.3 24.4 23.5 22.7 21.9 21.0 20.2 19.4 18.6 17.8

106 25.3 24.4 23.5 22.7 21.9 21.0 20.2 19.4 18.6 17.8

107 25.2 24.4 23.5 22.7 21.8 21.0 20.2 19.4 18.6 17.8

108 25.2 24.4 23.5 22.7 21.8 21.0 20.2 19.4 18.6 17.8

109 25.2 24.4 23.5 22.7 21.8 21.0 20.2 19.4 18.6 17.8

110 25.2 24.4 23.5 22.7 21.8 21.0 20.2 19.4 18.6 17.8

111 25.2 24.4 23.5 22.7 21.8 21.0 20.2 19.4 18.6 17.8

112 25.2 24.4 23.5 22.7 21.8 21.0 20.2 19.4 18.6 17.8

113 25.2 24.4 23.5 22.7 21.8 21.0 20.2 19.4 18.6 17.8

114 25.2 24.4 23.5 22.7 21.8 21.0 20.2 19.4 18.6 17.8

115+ 25.2 24.4 23.5 22.7 21.8 21.0 20.2 19.4 18.6 17.8

Publication 590-B (2020) Page 57

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The type and rule above prints on all proofs including departmental reproduction proofs. MUST be removed before printing.

Appendix B. (Continued)

Table II (continued)

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79

70 21.8 21.3 20.9 20.6 20.2 19.9 19.6 19.4 19.1 18.9

71 21.3 20.9 20.5 20.1 19.7 19.4 19.1 18.8 18.5 18.3

72 20.9 20.5 20.0 19.6 19.3 18.9 18.6 18.3 18.0 17.7

73 20.6 20.1 19.6 19.2 18.8 18.4 18.1 17.8 17.5 17.2

74 20.2 19.7 19.3 18.8 18.4 18.0 17.6 17.3 17.0 16.7

75 19.9 19.4 18.9 18.4 18.0 17.6 17.2 16.8 16.5 16.2

76 19.6 19.1 18.6 18.1 17.6 17.2 16.8 16.4 16.0 15.7

77 19.4 18.8 18.3 17.8 17.3 16.8 16.4 16.0 15.6 15.3

78 19.1 18.5 18.0 17.5 17.0 16.5 16.0 15.6 15.2 14.9

79 18.9 18.3 17.7 17.2 16.7 16.2 15.7 15.3 14.9 14.5

80 18.7 18.1 17.5 16.9 16.4 15.9 15.4 15.0 14.5 14.1

81 18.5 17.9 17.3 16.7 16.2 15.6 15.1 14.7 14.2 13.8

82 18.3 17.7 17.1 16.5 15.9 15.4 14.9 14.4 13.9 13.5

83 18.2 17.5 16.9 16.3 15.7 15.2 14.7 14.2 13.7 13.2

84 18.0 17.4 16.7 16.1 15.5 15.0 14.4 13.9 13.4 13.0

85 17.9 17.3 16.6 16.0 15.4 14.8 14.3 13.7 13.2 12.8

86 17.8 17.1 16.5 15.8 15.2 14.6 14.1 13.5 13.0 12.5

87 17.7 17.0 16.4 15.7 15.1 14.5 13.9 13.4 12.9 12.4

88 17.6 16.9 16.3 15.6 15.0 14.4 13.8 13.2 12.7 12.2

89 17.6 16.9 16.2 15.5 14.9 14.3 13.7 13.1 12.6 12.0

90 17.5 16.8 16.1 15.4 14.8 14.2 13.6 13.0 12.4 11.9

91 17.4 16.7 16.0 15.4 14.7 14.1 13.5 12.9 12.3 11.8

92 17.4 16.7 16.0 15.3 14.6 14.0 13.4 12.8 12.2 11.7

93 17.3 16.6 15.9 15.2 14.6 13.9 13.3 12.7 12.1 11.6

94 17.3 16.6 15.9 15.2 14.5 13.9 13.2 12.6 12.0 11.5

95 17.3 16.5 15.8 15.1 14.5 13.8 13.2 12.6 12.0 11.4

96 17.2 16.5 15.8 15.1 14.4 13.8 13.1 12.5 11.9 11.3

97 17.2 16.5 15.8 15.1 14.4 13.7 13.1 12.5 11.9 11.3

98 17.2 16.4 15.7 15.0 14.3 13.7 13.0 12.4 11.8 11.2

99 17.2 16.4 15.7 15.0 14.3 13.6 13.0 12.4 11.8 11.2

100 17.1 16.4 15.7 15.0 14.3 13.6 12.9 12.3 11.7 11.1

101 17.1 16.4 15.6 14.9 14.2 13.6 12.9 12.3 11.7 11.1

102 17.1 16.4 15.6 14.9 14.2 13.5 12.9 12.2 11.6 11.0

103 17.1 16.3 15.6 14.9 14.2 13.5 12.9 12.2 11.6 11.0

104 17.1 16.3 15.6 14.9 14.2 13.5 12.8 12.2 11.6 11.0

105 17.1 16.3 15.6 14.9 14.2 13.5 12.8 12.2 11.5 10.9

106 17.1 16.3 15.6 14.8 14.1 13.5 12.8 12.2 11.5 10.9

107 17.0 16.3 15.6 14.8 14.1 13.4 12.8 12.1 11.5 10.9

108 17.0 16.3 15.5 14.8 14.1 13.4 12.8 12.1 11.5 10.9

109 17.0 16.3 15.5 14.8 14.1 13.4 12.8 12.1 11.5 10.9

Page 58 Publication 590-B (2020)

Page 59 of 66 Fileid: … ions/P590B/2020/A/XML/Cycle06/source 11:04 - 13-May-2021

The type and rule above prints on all proofs including departmental reproduction proofs. MUST be removed before printing.

Appendix B. (Continued)

Table II (continued)

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79

110 17.0 16.3 15.5 14.8 14.1 13.4 12.7 12.1 11.5 10.9

111 17.0 16.3 15.5 14.8 14.1 13.4 12.7 12.1 11.5 10.8

112 17.0 16.3 15.5 14.8 14.1 13.4 12.7 12.1 11.5 10.8

113 17.0 16.3 15.5 14.8 14.1 13.4 12.7 12.1 11.4 10.8

114 17.0 16.3 15.5 14.8 14.1 13.4 12.7 12.1 11.4 10.8

115+ 17.0 16.3 15.5 14.8 14.1 13.4 12.7 12.1 11.4 10.8

Publication 590-B (2020) Page 59

Page 60 of 66 Fileid: … ions/P590B/2020/A/XML/Cycle06/source 11:04 - 13-May-2021

The type and rule above prints on all proofs including departmental reproduction proofs. MUST be removed before printing.

Appendix B. (Continued)

Table II (continued)

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89

80 13.8 13.4 13.1 12.8 12.6 12.3 12.1 11.9 11.7 11.5

81 13.4 13.1 12.7 12.4 12.2 11.9 11.7 11.4 11.3 11.1

82 13.1 12.7 12.4 12.1 11.8 11.5 11.3 11.0 10.8 10.6

83 12.8 12.4 12.1 11.7 11.4 11.1 10.9 10.6 10.4 10.2

84 12.6 12.2 11.8 11.4 11.1 10.8 10.5 10.3 10.1 9.9

85 12.3 11.9 11.5 11.1 10.8 10.5 10.2 9.9 9.7 9.5

86 12.1 11.7 11.3 10.9 10.5 10.2 9.9 9.6 9.4 9.2

87 11.9 11.4 11.0 10.6 10.3 9.9 9.6 9.4 9.1 8.9

88 11.7 11.3 10.8 10.4 10.1 9.7 9.4 9.1 8.8 8.6

89 11.5 11.1 10.6 10.2 9.9 9.5 9.2 8.9 8.6 8.3

90 11.4 10.9 10.5 10.1 9.7 9.3 9.0 8.6 8.3 8.1

91 11.3 10.8 10.3 9.9 9.5 9.1 8.8 8.4 8.1 7.9

92 11.2 10.7 10.2 9.8 9.3 9.0 8.6 8.3 8.0 7.7

93 11.1 10.6 10.1 9.6 9.2 8.8 8.5 8.1 7.8 7.5

94 11.0 10.5 10.0 9.5 9.1 8.7 8.3 8.0 7.6 7.3

95 10.9 10.4 9.9 9.4 9.0 8.6 8.2 7.8 7.5 7.2

96 10.8 10.3 9.8 9.3 8.9 8.5 8.1 7.7 7.4 7.1

97 10.7 10.2 9.7 9.2 8.8 8.4 8.0 7.6 7.3 6.9

98 10.7 10.1 9.6 9.2 8.7 8.3 7.9 7.5 7.1 6.8

99 10.6 10.1 9.6 9.1 8.6 8.2 7.8 7.4 7.0 6.7

100 10.6 10.0 9.5 9.0 8.5 8.1 7.7 7.3 6.9 6.6

101 10.5 10.0 9.4 9.0 8.5 8.0 7.6 7.2 6.9 6.5

102 10.5 9.9 9.4 8.9 8.4 8.0 7.5 7.1 6.8 6.4

103 10.4 9.9 9.4 8.8 8.4 7.9 7.5 7.1 6.7 6.3

104 10.4 9.8 9.3 8.8 8.3 7.9 7.4 7.0 6.6 6.3

105 10.4 9.8 9.3 8.8 8.3 7.8 7.4 7.0 6.6 6.2

106 10.3 9.8 9.2 8.7 8.2 7.8 7.3 6.9 6.5 6.2

107 10.3 9.8 9.2 8.7 8.2 7.7 7.3 6.9 6.5 6.1

108 10.3 9.7 9.2 8.7 8.2 7.7 7.3 6.8 6.4 6.1

109 10.3 9.7 9.2 8.7 8.2 7.7 7.2 6.8 6.4 6.0

110 10.3 9.7 9.2 8.6 8.1 7.7 7.2 6.8 6.4 6.0

111 10.3 9.7 9.1 8.6 8.1 7.6 7.2 6.8 6.3 6.0

112 10.2 9.7 9.1 8.6 8.1 7.6 7.2 6.7 6.3 5.9

113 10.2 9.7 9.1 8.6 8.1 7.6 7.2 6.7 6.3 5.9

114 10.2 9.7 9.1 8.6 8.1 7.6 7.1 6.7 6.3 5.9

115+ 10.2 9.7 9.1 8.6 8.1 7.6 7.1 6.7 6.3 5.9

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Appendix B. (Continued)

Table II (continued)

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

90 7.8 7.6 7.4 7.2 7.1 6.9 6.8 6.6 6.5 6.4

91 7.6 7.4 7.2 7.0 6.8 6.7 6.5 6.4 6.3 6.1

92 7.4 7.2 7.0 6.8 6.6 6.4 6.3 6.1 6.0 5.9

93 7.2 7.0 6.8 6.6 6.4 6.2 6.1 5.9 5.8 5.6

94 7.1 6.8 6.6 6.4 6.2 6.0 5.9 5.7 5.6 5.4

95 6.9 6.7 6.4 6.2 6.0 5.8 5.7 5.5 5.4 5.2

96 6.8 6.5 6.3 6.1 5.9 5.7 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.0

97 6.6 6.4 6.1 5.9 5.7 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.0 4.9

98 6.5 6.3 6.0 5.8 5.6 5.4 5.2 5.0 4.8 4.7

99 6.4 6.1 5.9 5.6 5.4 5.2 5.0 4.9 4.7 4.5

100 6.3 6.0 5.8 5.5 5.3 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.5 4.4

101 6.2 5.9 5.6 5.4 5.2 5.0 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.2

102 6.1 5.8 5.5 5.3 5.1 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.3 4.1

103 6.0 5.7 5.4 5.2 5.0 4.7 4.5 4.3 4.1 4.0

104 5.9 5.6 5.4 5.1 4.9 4.6 4.4 4.2 4.0 3.8

105 5.9 5.6 5.3 5.0 4.8 4.5 4.3 4.1 3.9 3.7

106 5.8 5.5 5.2 4.9 4.7 4.5 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.6

107 5.8 5.4 5.1 4.9 4.6 4.4 4.2 3.9 3.7 3.5

108 5.7 5.4 5.1 4.8 4.6 4.3 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.5

109 5.7 5.3 5.0 4.8 4.5 4.3 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.4

110 5.6 5.3 5.0 4.7 4.5 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.5 3.3

111 5.6 5.3 5.0 4.7 4.4 4.2 3.9 3.7 3.5 3.3

112 5.6 5.3 4.9 4.7 4.4 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.5 3.2

113 5.6 5.2 4.9 4.6 4.4 4.1 3.9 3.6 3.4 3.2

114 5.6 5.2 4.9 4.6 4.3 4.1 3.9 3.6 3.4 3.2

115+ 5.5 5.2 4.9 4.6 4.3 4.1 3.8 3.6 3.4 3.1

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Appendix B. (Continued)

Table II (continued)

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109

100 4.2 4.1 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.2

101 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.0

102 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8

103 3.8 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6

104 3.7 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4

105 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3

106 3.4 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1

107 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0

108 3.3 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.8

109 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.7

110 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.6

111 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.5

112 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.4

113 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.3

114 3.0 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.3

115+ 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.2

Appendix B. (Continued)

Table II (continued)

(Joint Life and Last Survivor Expectancy)

(For Use by Owners Whose Spouses Are More Than 10 Years Younger and Are the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Ages 110 111 112 113 114 115+

110 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1

111 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0

112 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

113 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

114 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

115+ 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Page 62 Publication 590-B (2020)

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Appendix B. Uniform Lifetime Table

Table III

(Uniform Lifetime)

(For Use by:

•

Unmarried Owners,

•

Married Owners Whose Spouses aren't More Than 10 Years Younger, and

•

Married Owners Whose Spouses aren't the Sole Beneficiaries of Their IRAs)

Age Distribution Period Age Distribution Period

70 27.4 93 9.6

71 26.5 94 9.1

72 25.6 95 8.6

73 24.7 96 8.1

74 23.8 97 7.6

75 22.9 98 7.1

76 22.0 99 6.7

77 21.2 100 6.3

78 20.3 101 5.9

79 19.5 102 5.5

80 18.7 103 5.2

81 17.9 104 4.9

82 17.1 105 4.5

83 16.3 106 4.2

84 15.5 107 3.9

85 14.8 108 3.7

86 14.1 109 3.4

87 13.4 110 3.1

88 12.7 111 2.9

89 12.0 112 2.6

90 11.4 113 2.4

91 10.8 114 2.1

92 10.2 115 and over 1.9

Publication 590-B (2020) Page 63

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Appendix C. Recapture Amount—Allocation Chart

Enter the amount from your 2020 Form 8606,

line 19 ..............................

Before you begin: You will need your prior year Form(s) 8606 and income tax return(s) if you entered an amount on any line(s) as indicated below.

You will now allocate the amount you entered above (2020 Form 8606, line 19) in the order shown, to the amounts on the lines listed below (to the

extent a prior year distribution wasn't allocable to the amount). The maximum amount you can enter on each line below is the amount entered on the

referenced lines of the form for that year. Note. Once you have allocated the full amount from your 2020 Form 8606, line 19, STOP.

Tax Year Your Form

2020 Form 8606, line 20 ................. Form 8606, line 22 ................

1998 Form 8606, line 16 ................. Form 8606, line 15 ................

1999 Form 8606, line 16 ................. Form 8606, line 15 ................

2000 Form 8606, line 16 ................. Form 8606, line 15 ................

2001 Form 8606, line 18 ................. Form 8606, line 17 ................

2002 Form 8606, line 18 ................. Form 8606, line 17 ................

2003 Form 8606, line 18 ................. Form 8606, line 17 ................

2004 Form 8606, line 18 ................. Form 8606, line 17 ................

2005 Form 8606, line 18 ................. Form 8606, line 17 ................

2006 Form 8606, line 18 ................. Form 8606, line 17 ................

2007 Form 8606, line 18 ................. Form 8606, line 17 ................

2008 Form 8606, line 18;

and

Form 1040, line 16b; Form 1040A,

line 12b; or Form 1040NR,

line 17b* ........................

Form 8606, line 17;

and

Form 1040, line 16a; Form 1040A,

line 12a; or Form 1040NR,

line 17a** ......................

2009 Form 8606, line 18;

and

Form 1040, line 16b; Form 1040A,

line 12b; or Form 1040NR,

line 17b* ........................

Form 8606, line 17;

and

Form 1040, line 16a; Form 1040A,

line 12a; or Form 1040NR,

line 17a** ......................

2010 Form 8606, lines 18 and 23* .......... Form 8606, lines 17 and 22** ........

2011 Form 8606, line 18;

and

Form 1040, line 16b; Form 1040A,

line 12b; or Form 1040NR,

line 17b* ........................

Form 8606, line 17;

and

Form 1040, line 16a; Form 1040A,

line 12a; or Form 1040NR,

line 17a** ......................

2012 Form 8606, line 18;

and

Form 1040, line 16b; Form 1040A,

line 12b; or Form 1040NR,

line 17b* ........................

Form 8606, line 17;

and

Form 1040, line 16a; Form 1040A,

line 12a; or Form 1040NR,

line 17a** ......................

2013 Form 8606, line 18;

and

Form 1040, line 16b; Form 1040A,

line 12b; or Form 1040NR,

line 17b* ........................

Form 8606, line 17;

and

Form 1040, line 16a; Form 1040A,

line 12a; or Form 1040NR,

line 17a** ......................

2014 Form 8606, line 18;

and

Form 1040, line 16b; Form 1040A,

line 12b; or Form 1040NR,

line 17b* ........................

Form 8606, line 17;

and

Form 1040, line 16a; Form 1040A,

line 12a; or Form 1040NR,

line 17a** ......................

2015 Form 8606, line 18;

and

Form 1040, line 16b; Form 1040A,

line 12b; or Form 1040NR,

line 17b* ........................

Form 8606, line 17;

and

Form 1040, line 16a; Form 1040A,

line 12a; or Form 1040NR,

line 17a** ......................

2016 Form 8606, line 18;

and

Form 1040, line 16b; Form 1040A,

line 12b; or Form 1040NR,

line 17b* ........................

Form 8606, line 17;

and

Form 1040, line 16a; Form 1040A,

line 12a; or Form 1040NR,

line 17a** ......................

2017 Form 8606, line 18;

and

Form 1040, line 16b; Form 1040A,

line 12b; or Form 1040NR,

line 17b* ........................

Form 8606, line 17;

and

Form 1040, line 16a; Form 1040A,

line 12a; or Form 1040NR,

line 17a** ......................

2018 Form 8606, line 18;

and

Form 1040, line 4b or Form 1040NR,

line 17b* ........................

Form 8606, line 17;

and

Form 1040, line 4a or Form 1040NR,

line 17a** ......................

2019 Form 8606, line 18;

and

Form 1040 or 1040-SR, line 4d or Form

1040-NR, line 17b* ................

Form 8606, line 17;

and

Form 1040 or 1040-SR, line 4c or Form

1040-NR, line 17a** ...............

2020 Form 8606, line 18;

and

and Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR,

line 5b ..........................

Form 8606, line 17;

and

Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR,

line 5a .........................

2020 Form 8606, line 25c ................

* Only include those amounts rolled over to a Roth IRA.

** Only include any contributions (usually box 5 of Form 1099-R) that were taxable to you when made and rolled over to a Roth IRA.

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To help us develop a more useful index, please let us know if you have ideas for index entries.

See “Comments and Suggestions” in the “Introduction” for the ways you can reach us.

Index

10% additional tax 24, 27

10-year rule 11

5-year rule (See Five-year rule)

Account balance 8

Additional taxes 22, 27

(See also Penalties)

Reporting 29

Age 59 1/2 rule 24

Age 72 rule:

Required minimum distributions

(RMD) 7

Annuity contracts:

Borrowing on 22

Distribution from insurance

company 14

Distribution from IRA account 21

Early distributions 25

Assistance (See Tax help)

Basis:

Inherited IRAs 6

Roth IRAs 30

Beginning date, required 8

Age 72 7

Beneficiaries 9–12

Change of 8

Death of beneficiary 10

Early distributions to 25

Individual as 11

More than one 10, 13

Not an individual 12

Roth IRAs 34

Sole beneficiary spouse more than

10 years younger 8

Change in marital status 8

Change of beneficiary 8

Charitable distributions,

qualified 14

Collectibles 23

Coronavirus Relief 35

Death of beneficiary 10

Deemed IRAs 2, 29

Disabilities, persons with:

Early distributions to 25

Disaster-related relief 36

Distributions:

After required beginning date 8

Age 59 1/2 rule 24

Beneficiaries (See Beneficiaries)

Delivered outside U.S. 21

Figuring nontaxable and taxable

amounts 15

From individual retirement

accounts 8

From individual retirement

annuities 8

Fully or partly taxable 15

Inherited IRAs (See Inherited IRAs)

Insufficient 27

Qualified charitable 14

Qualified HSA funding 15

Qualified reservist 26

Roth IRAs 30–34

Ordering rules for 31

Recapture amount 31

Taxable status of 14

Early distributions 22, 24–27

(See also Penalties)

Age 59 1/2 rule 24

Defined 24

Disability exception 25

First-time homebuyers,

exception 26

Higher education expenses,

exception 25

Medical insurance, exception 25

Roth IRAs 30

Unreimbursed medical expenses,

exception 24

Education expenses 25

Employer retirement plans:

Prohibited transactions 22

Estate tax 22

Deduction for inherited IRAs 6

Excess accumulations 27–29

Roth IRAs 34

Exempt transactions 23

Failed financial institutions 14

Fiduciaries:

Prohibited transactions 22

First-time homebuyers 26

Five-year rule

5-year rule 11

Form 1099-R 21

Distribution code 1 used on 29

Letter codes used on 21

Number codes used on 21

Form 5329 27, 29

Recapture tax 25

Form 8606 15, 16, 21

Higher education expenses 25

HSA funding distributions,

qualified 15

Individual retirement accounts:

Distributions from 8

Individual retirement annuities:

Distributions from 8

Individual retirement bonds:

Cashing in 21

Inherited IRAs 6

Insufficient distributions 27

Interest on IRA 2

Investment in collectibles:

Collectibles defined 23

Exception 24

Life expectancy 8

Tables (Appendix B) 46

Marital status, change in 8

Medical expenses,

unreimbursed 24

Medical insurance 25

Minimum distribution (See Required

minimum distribution)

Missing children, photographs of 3

More than one beneficiary 10

More than one IRA:

Required minimum distribution 13

Nondeductible contributions 27

Penalties 22–29

Early distributions 24–27

Excess accumulations 27–29

Exempt transactions 23

Prohibited transactions 22, 23

Reporting 29

Pledging account as security 22

Prohibited transactions 22, 23

Taxes on 23

Publications (See Tax help)

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Qualified birth or adoption

distribution 26

Qualified charitable

distributions 14

Qualified Disaster Distributions 37

Qualified plan loan offsets 2

Recapture tax:

Changes in distribution method 25

Receivership distributions 24

Reporting:

Additional taxes 29

Nontaxable distribution on Form

8606 16

Taxable amounts 21

Taxable distributions 22

Required beginning date 8

Required minimum distribution 2,

7–14

Distribution period 8

During lifetime 8

Figuring 8

For beneficiary 11

Table to use 12

Installments allowed 13

In year of owner's death 9

More than one IRA 13

Sole beneficiary spouse who is

more than 10 years younger 8

Reservists:

Qualified reservist distribution 26

RMD repayments:

2020 7

RMDs 2

2020 2, 7

Special Rule 7

Rollovers:

2020 7

Roth IRAs 29–34

Defined 30

Distributions 30–34

After death of owner 34

Insufficient 34

Ordering rules for 31

Early distributions 30

Excess accumulations 34

Figuring taxable part 34

Withdrawing or using assets 34

Services received at reduced or no

cost 23

Special Rule:

RMDs 7

Students:

Education expenses 25

Surviving spouse 9, 12

Table I (Single Life Expectancy) 46

Table II (Joint Life and Last

Survivor Expectancy) 48

Table III (Uniform Lifetime) 63

Tables:

Life expectancy (Appendix B) 46

Using this publication (Table I-1) 5

Tax advantages of IRAs 3

Tax help 40

Ten-year rule 11

10-year rule 11

Traditional IRAs 6–29

Age 59 1/2 rule 24

Defined 6

Inherited IRAs 6

Loss of IRA status 23

Withdrawing or using assets 7

Trusts:

As beneficiary 13

Unreimbursed medical

expenses 24

Withdrawing or using assets:

Roth IRAs 34

Traditional IRAs 7

Withholding 21

Page 66 Publication 590-B (2020)