Georgia Law Enforcement
and the Open Records Act
A Law Enforcement Ocer’s Guide to Open
Records in Georgia
Georgia Association of Chiefs of Police
Georgia Bureau of Investigation
Georgia Department of Law
Georgia First Amendment Foundation
Georgia Press Association
Georgia Public Safety Training Center
Georgia Sheris’ Association
Georgia Department of Public Safety
Prosecuting Attorneys’ Council of Georgia
ird Edition 2014
is booklet was prepared by Gary eisen of the Georgia Bureau of Investiga-
tion, Hollie Manheimer of the Georgia First Amendment Foundation, and was
approved by the following groups, each of which has reviewed the subject matter
and content. All of these groups encourage law enforcement community members
to acquaint themselves with the Georgia Open Records Act, and to use this book-
let for guidance.
Georgia Association of Chiefs of Police
Frank V. Rotondo, Executive Director
http://www.gachiefs.com/
Georgia Bureau of Investigation
Vernon Keenan, Director
http://www.ganet.org/gbi/
Georgia Department of Law
Stefan Ritter, Senior Assistant Attorney General
http://www.law.state.ga.us/
Georgia First Amendment Foundation
Hollie Manheimer, Executive Director
http://www.gfaf.org/
Georgia Press Association
Robin Rhodes, Executive Director
http://www.gapress.org/
Georgia Public Safety Training Center
Georgia Police Academy Division
Timothy J. Bearden, Director
http://www.state.ga.us/gpstc/
Georgia Sheris’ Association
J. Terry Norris, Executive Director
http://www.georgiasheris.org/
Georgia Department of Public Safety
Colonel Mark W. McDonough, Commissioner
http://dps.georgia.gov/
Prosecuting Attorneys’ Council of Georgia
Charles Spahos, Executive Director
http://www.pacga.org/
Georgia Law Enforcement and the Open Records Act | 1
Georgia Law Enforcement And e Open
Records Act
G
eorgia’s “sunshine laws” are critical to our citizens’ ability to observe the
workings of their government. is edition of “the Blue Book” reects the
important changes made to the open government laws as a result of a collab-
orative eort undertaken by my oce, key legislators and representatives of various
interested groups, including the media. e new law, the rst signicant re-write of
the Sunshine Laws in over a decade, rst became eective on April 17, 2012.
e purpose of this guidebook is to provide a brief, general and non-technical
discussion of Georgia’s Open Records Act, so that all members of Georgia’s law
enforcement community can better understand how this law works and how it
protects the rights of our citizens to be well informed about their government.
is guidebook provides specic reference topics concerning many of the issues
in open records compliance that law enforcement personnel encounter on a regu-
lar basis. It also provides ready reference materials in its appendices. Reference is
made to these helpful appendices throughout the guidebook. While we have tried
to provide you with a comprehensive yet user-friendly resource on open records,
no such eort can ever be a substitute for a well-reasoned policy on such an im-
portant topic, or for the advice of your legal advisor.
e Oce of the Attorney General has an important role to play regarding all of
Georgia’s “sunshine laws,” including those regarding access to public records. As
members of the law enforcement community, we must be ever vigilant to ensure
that the public we are sworn to protect and to serve is also protected in its rights to
know what its government is doing. Moreover, it is oen the case that law enforce-
ment personnel are the most visible part of “government” that people encounter on
a regular basis. It is critical, then, that you be as well informed as possible regarding
the laws governing the access of the public to the information that government has.
I hope that this guidebook will help you in your eorts to better serve our citizens
and our communities.
Sam Olens
Attorney General
July 2014
2 | Georgia Law Enforcement and the Open Records Act
Table of Contents
I. Overview Of Georgia’s Open Records Act ...................5
A. Purpose of the Open Records Act ...............................5
B. Act applies to all law enforcement records ........................5
C. Exemptions to presumption of access interpreted narrowly .........5
D. Exemptions to access usually permissive, not mandatory ...........6
E. Act protects disclosure of information in good faith, punishes
willing nondisclosure .........................................6
F. Act requires an agency to respond and permit access as soon as
reasonably possible ...........................................6
II. Pending Investigations/Prosecutions .......................6
III. Types of Records ........................................7
A. Accident reports ..............................................7
B. Arrest records ................................................8
C. Autopsy/coroner reports .......................................8
D. Case les (investigative records) ................................9
E. Citations ....................................................9
F. Crime laboratory reports ......................................9
G. Criminal histories ............................................9
H. Department policies and procedures ............................9
I. Driving histories/Department of Driver Services records ...........9
J. Electronic surveillance .......................................10
K. Family violence records. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
L. In–car and body camera electronic recordings ...................10
M. Initial incident reports .......................................10
N. Internal Aairs records .......................................11
O. Jail documents ..............................................11
P. 911 materials ................................................11
Q. Probation and parole records ..................................11
R. Photographs ................................................12
S. Records from other law enforcement agencies ...................12
T. Homeland Security Records ...................................12
U. Victim assistance records .....................................13
V. Child pornography records ...................................13
Georgia Law Enforcement and the Open Records Act | 3
IV. Personnel Records ......................................13
A. Applications for employment ..................................14
B. Background investigations ....................................14
C. Benets selections/payroll deductions ..........................14
D. Birth certicates .............................................14
E. Certicates of training ........................................14
F. Commendations .............................................14
G. Criminal history background checks ...........................14
H. DD-214s (military discharge forms) ............................15
I. Driver’s license information ...................................15
J. Financial records ............................................15
K. Health insurance records .....................................15
L. Medical records .............................................15
M. Performance evaluations ......................................15
N. Peace Ocer Standards and Training certication records .........15
O. Reprimands/adverse personnel actions .........................16
P. Training records .............................................16
V. Juvenile Records ........................................16
A. Public inspection of records generally ..........................16
B. Juvenile witnesses/victims ....................................18
C. Publication of the name or picture of a juvenile ..................18
VI. e Open Records Act Process ............................18
A. Release of records ............................................18
B. Non-existent records .........................................19
C. Electronic records ...........................................19
D. Appropriate charges ..........................................19
1. Fee notication requirement ................................19
2. Optional charges ..........................................20
3. Specically permissible charges in excess of 10¢ per page .......20
VII. News Media Access .....................................21
VIII. Records Retention ......................................22
IX. Conclusion ............................................22
Table of Contents
4 | Georgia Law Enforcement and the Open Records Act
X. Appendices .............................................23
1. Sample Open Records request .................................23
2. Sample statement of need .....................................24
3. Sample responses to Open Records requests .....................25
4. Sample Open Records request response owchart ................27
5. Sample Open Records request log sheet .........................28
6. Sample Open Records worksheet ..............................29
7. Information exempt from public disclosure .....................30
Table of Contents
Georgia Law Enforcement and the Open Records Act | 5
I. Overview Of Georgia’s Open Records Act
A. Purpose of the Open Records Act
e purpose of the Open Records Act is both to encourage public access to informa-
tion and to foster condence in government through openness to the public. e
intent of the General Assembly was to aord the public at large a right of access to
government records generally, while permitting some narrow categories of informa-
tion to be withheld where nondisclosure was believed to be in the public interest.
B. Act applies to all law enforcement records
e starting place for the Open Records Act is that all records prepared and main-
tained or received in the course of the operation of the agency are presumed to be
open for public inspection and copying. is applies to all records compiled for
law enforcement or prosecution purposes, including, but not limited to:
• Documents
• Maps
• Photographs
• Papers
• Books
• Tapes
• Letters
• Computer records
• Data
• Email
C. Exemptions to presumption of access interpreted narrowly
Although all public records are presumed to be subject to inspection and copy-
ing, Georgia law provides that under certain circumstances some categories of
information may be withheld from public disclosure. e Act itself makes clear
that such exemptions to the Open Records Act must be interpreted narrowly. e
Act also provides that once exempt information is removed or “redacted” from a
record, the rest of the record must be made available for inspection and copying.
Two particular exemptions for law enforcement records are:
(1) an exemption that gives law enforcement the discretion to withhold investiga-
tive records (other than initial incident or arrest reports) during a pending inves-
tigation or prosecution; and
(2) an exemption that gives law enforcement the discretion to withhold records that
are reasonably likely to disclose the identity of a condential source, the existence
6 | Georgia Law Enforcement and the Open Records Act
of condential surveillance or investigation, or condential investigative or pros-
ecution material which would endanger the life or physical safety of any person.
D. Exemptions to access usually permissive, not mandatory
Some exemptions to the Open Records Act, however, are mandatory and require
that law enforcement not release the exempt information. A list of permissive and
mandatory exemptions is contained in Appendix 7.
E. Act protects disclosure of information in good faith, punishes will-
ing nondisclosure
Any agency or person who provides access to information in good faith reliance
on the requirements of the Open Records Act shall not be liable in any action on
account of having provided access.
However, any person who knowingly or willingly violates the provisions of the
Open Records Act by failing or refusing to provide access to records not subject to
an exception under the Open Records Act, or by knowingly and willingly failing or
refusing to provide access to records within the time limits set forth in the Open
Records Act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, shall be pun-
ished by a ne not to exceed $1000.00. Alternatively, a civil penalty may be imposed
against any person who negligently violates the Open Records Act. e civil penalty
shall not exceed $1000.00 for the rst violation and $2500.00 for each additional
violation within a 12 month period aer the rst penalty or ne was imposed.
F. Act requires an agency to respond and permit access as soon as rea-
sonably possible
An agency is not required to charge a fee for complying with an Open Records Act
request. If it chooses to do so, it may obtain reimbursement for certain reasonable
costs, but must rst notify the party making the request, prior to fullling the
request, of the estimated cost of the copying, search, retrieval, and other adminis-
trative charges. Such notication is a condition of compliance with the law as well
as condition for the assessment of any fee in which an agency will seek in excess of
$25.00. If an amount in excess of $25.00 is sought, an agency may defer search and
retrieval of the records until the requestor agrees to pay the estimated cost unless
the requestor has stated a willingness to pay a larger amount in his or her request.
In any instance in which the estimated cost for production of the records exceeds
$500.00, an agency may insist on prepayment.
II. Pending Investigations/Prosecutions
Records of law enforcement, prosecution, or regulatory agencies in any pending
investigation or prosecution of criminal or unlawful activity, other than initial po-
Georgia Law Enforcement and the Open Records Act | 7
lice arrest reports and initial incident reports, are not required to be released.
However, an investigation or prosecution shall no longer be deemed to be pend-
ing when all direct litigation involving said investigation and prosecution has be-
come nal or otherwise terminated. e Georgia Supreme Court has interpreted
“pending investigations” as applying until the investigation is concluded and the
le is closed. Records from investigation of cases that are unsolved, but otherwise
closed, are subject to the Act’s disclosure requirements.
When a law enforcement agency receives an Open Records Act request for records
in a case that has been referred to the District Attorney or Solicitor-General for
prosecution but the case has not become nal or otherwise terminated, the pros-
ecutor should be immediately notied and, no records should be released without
the approval of the prosecutor.
A prosecution is deemed to be pending until such time as all direct appeals of
conviction, including writs of certiorari to the United States Supreme Court, have
been exhausted. Habeas Corpus actions are not considered to be part of the direct
appeal process.
1
III. Types of Records
Set forth below is a brief description of the law regarding the inspection and copy-
ing of certain types of records. Although most types of records are subject to ac-
cess, certain specic information contained in the record may not be. For example,
the following information on sworn law enforcement records may be redacted
from a record otherwise open to public inspection: address, home telephone num-
ber, and identication of immediate family or dependents.
A. Accident reports
Georgia Uniform Motor Vehicle Accident Reports are only subject to public dis-
closure under the Open Records Act upon the receipt of a “written statement of
need” by a person(s) or entity entitled to the report. A model “statement of need”
is contained in Appendix 2. Examples of those entitled to obtain accident reports
include an individual who:
• Has a personal, professional, or business connection with a party to the ac-
cident; owns or leases an interest in property allegedly or actually damaged
in the accident.
• Was allegedly or actually injured by the accident; was a witness to the ac-
cident; the actual or alleged insurer of a party to the accident or of property
actually or allegedly damaged by the accident;
1 See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(4); Parker v. Lee, 259 Ga. 195 (1989); Napper v. Georgia
Television Co., 257 Ga. 156 (1987).
8 | Georgia Law Enforcement and the Open Records Act
• Is a prosecutor or a publicly employed law enforcement ocer;
• Is alleged to be liable to another party as a result of the accident;
• Is an attorney stating he or she needs the requested reports as part of a crimi-
nal case, or an investigation of a potential claim involving contentions that a
roadway, railroad crossing, or intersection is unsafe;
• Is gathering information as a representative of a news media organization,
with a written statement arming the use of the accident report is in compli-
ance with O.C.G.A. §33-24-52, which prohibits the use of the reports in ef-
forts to procure clients, patients, or customers of health care service providers
or for attorneys;
• Is conducting research in the public interest for such purposes as accident
prevention, prevention of injuries or damages in accidents, determination of
fault in an accident or accidents, or other similar purposes; provided, howev-
er, this subparagraph will apply only to accident reports on accidents that oc-
curred more than 60 days prior to the request and which shall have the name,
street address, telephone number, and driver’s license number redacted;
• Is a government agency, requesting reports as part of ocial duties.
Individual driver history compilations and motor vehicle registration informa-
tion provided by the Georgia Department of Driver Services and Georgia Depart-
ment of Revenue must be withheld. A driver’s day and month of birth also may
be withheld. However, information gathered from the accident scene, including
drivers’ license numbers, tag numbers, and vehicle registration numbers must be
disclosed.
2
B. Arrest records
Arrest and booking records of an individual are subject to the Act’s disclosure
requirements. ey may not be displayed on a law enforcement agency website.
Any person requesting booking photographs or mug shots must rst arm in
writing that the photographs will not be placed in a publication or on a website
that charges for the removal or deletion of the photograph.
3
C. Autopsy/coroner reports
Autopsy and coroner’s reports, except autopsy photographs and crime scene pho-
tographs or videos depicting a deceased person in a state of dismemberment or
mutilation, are subject to the Act’s disclosure requirements.
4
2 See O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-72(a)(5), 40-2-130(c)
3 See O.C.G.A. §§ 17-4-27, 50-18-72(a)(4), 35-1-18; Lebis v. State, 212 Ga. App. 481 (1994)
4 See O.C.G.A. § 45-16-27; Kilgore v. R.W. Page Corp., 259 Ga. 556 (1989)
Georgia Law Enforcement and the Open Records Act | 9
D. Case les (investigative records)
1. Records in an active investigation or pending prosecution, other than ini-
tial public arrest reports and initial incident reports, are not required to be
released. However, an investigation is no longer deemed to be active when
the matter is closed, even if it did not result in prosecution and may later be
reopened. A prosecution is no longer deemed to be pending when all direct
litigation has become nal or otherwise terminated.
2. Records in closed investigations are subject to the Act’s disclosure require-
ments.
5
E. Citations
Uniform Trac Citations (UTC’s) are subject to the Act’s disclosure requirements.
6
F. Crime laboratory reports
Crime laboratory (GBI Division of Forensic Sciences or “DOFS”) reports on
“closed cases” are subject to the Act’s disclosure requirements.
7
G. Criminal histories
Georgia Crime Information Center (GCIC) or other state, federal, or international
criminal history compilations must be withheld, except for any portion of a his-
tory containing Georgia felony convictions, which must be disclosed. But, when a
criminal history record is in a closed investigatory case le, it is subject to the Act’s
disclosure requirements unless GCIC has notied the investigatory agency that
the history record has been restricted by law.
8
H. Department policies and procedures
Most departmental policies and procedures are subject to the Act’s disclosure re-
quirements. However, departmental policies and procedures which contain infor-
mation that would divulge the identity of condential informants or investiga-
tions, and information that would jeopardize the life or personal safety of any
person are not required to be released.
9
I. Driving histories/Department of Driver Services records
e Georgia Department of Driver Services (DDS) is prohibited from releasing
5 See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(4); Lebis v. State, 212 Ga. App. 481 (1994); Unied Govern-
ment of Athens-Clarke County v. Athens Newspapers, LLC, 284 Ga. 192 (2008)
6 See Waller v. The State, 231 Ga. App. 323 (1998) (UTC as a court record)
7 See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(4)
8 See O.C.G.A. §§ 35-3-34, 35-3-37(k); Napper v. Georgia Television Co., 257 Ga. 156
(1987)
9 See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(3)
10 | Georgia Law Enforcement and the Open Records Act
driving histories or personal information on individual drivers. However, driving
histories that have been incorporated by a law enforcement agency into a closed
investigatory case le, are subject to the Act’s disclosure requirements.
10
J. Electronic surveillance
e “pending investigations/prosecutions” exemption applies to electronic sur-
veillance. is includes attempts, means, methods, results, and even failures, by
law enforcement, so long as the investigation and/or prosecution is pending. e
contents of intercepted communications which are sealed as required by Federal
law may not be disclosed unless they are unsealed or introduced in court pursuant
to a court order, even if the case is closed.
Federal law and state law address the disclosure of legally intercepted wire, oral
and electronic communications providing as follows:
• An investigator or other ocer who has legally obtained such information
may disclose it to another investigator or ocer if pursuant to the ocial du-
ties of both.
• Any person who has legally obtained such information may disclose it while
giving testimony under oath in any court proceeding.
However, the contents of intercepted communications that have already become
“public information” or part of a public record may be disclosed.
11
K. Family violence records
Reports relating to investigations of family violence are not subject to release un-
der the Act unless an arrest has been made in the incident(s).
12
L. In–car and body camera electronic recordings
Police in-car camera or body camera recordings in “closed cases” are subject to
the Act’s disclosure requirements. Georgia appellate courts have not determined
whether such recordings are open records prior to a case being closed.
13
M. Initial incident reports
Initial incident and police arrest reports are subject to the Act’s disclosure require-
ments, regardless of whether they are part of an active investigation. Additionally,
10 See O.C.G.A. §§ 40-5-2(b), 50-18-72(a)(4), (4.1); Napper v. Georgia Television Co., 257
Ga. 156 (1987)
11 See O.C.G.A. §§ 16-11-62, 16-11-64; 18 U.S.C. §§ 2517, 2518; U.S. Senate Judiciary
Committee report on Title III; Sen. Rpt. No. 1097, 90th Cong., 2d Sess. at 93, reprinted
in 1968 US Code, Cong. & Admin News, 2112, 2118
12 See O.C.G.A. §§ 17-4-20.1(d), 49-5-41(e)
13 See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(4)
Georgia Law Enforcement and the Open Records Act | 11
any report, whether entitled a “supplemental report,” “narrative report,” or similar
document name that is produced as part of an initial incident report or can be
characterized as such, is likewise to be disclosed.
14
N. Internal Aairs records
Investigative records of a government agency relating to the suspension, ring,
or investigation of complaints against a public employee are subject to the Act’s
disclosure requirements 10 days aer the investigative record is submitted to the
agency for action or the investigation is otherwise concluded or terminated.
15
O. Jail documents
Sheris are required to keep a record of all persons committed to the jail of the
county of which he or she is sheri. is record must contain the name of the per-
son committed, such person’s age, sex, race, under what process such person was
committed and from what court the process was issued, the crime with which the
person was charged, the date of such person’s commitment to jail, the day of such
person’s discharge, under what order such person was discharged, and the court
from which the order issued. is record is subject to public disclosure.
16
P. 911 materials
911 materials and computer-aided dispatch (CAD) records are subject to the Act’s
disclosure requirements, except for audio recordings which contain speech in dis-
tress of a caller who died during the call or was a minor at the time of the call. e
name, address, or telephone number of the caller may also be redacted if necessary
to prevent the disclosure of a condential source or investigation, or if disclosure
would endanger a person’s life or safety.
17
Q. Probation and parole records
All records relative to the statewide probation system are condential and exempt
from release, even by subpoena or under the Open Records Act, unless declassi-
ed by the Commissioner of the Department of Corrections by written order. All
records relative to the supervision of probationers by private corporations also are
exempt from release under the Open Records Act.
14 See O.C.G.A. §§ 40-5-2(b), 50-18-72(a)(4); Napper v. Georgia Television Co., 257 Ga. 156
(1987); see also Atlanta Journal and Constitution, et al. v. City of Brunswick, et al., 265
Ga. 413 (1995)
15 See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(8); Fincher v. State, 231 Ga. App. 49 (1998)
16 See O.C.G.A. § 42-4-7
17 See O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-72(a)(26), 50-18-72(a)(26.1); Robert Allen v. Athens Clarke County
et al, Superior Court of Athens-Clarke County, Case No.: SU-99-CV-1112-J (Aug. 2,
1999) (“911 tapes and CAD transcripts are not exempted by exception (a)(4)); The
Bainbridge Post Searchlight, Inc. v. Decatur County, Georgia et al., Case No. 96-V-302
(Sept. 10, 1996) (“911 incident cards are public records”)
12 | Georgia Law Enforcement and the Open Records Act
All information, both oral and written, received by the members of the State Board
of Pardons and Paroles in the performance of their duties also is condential and
exempt from release, unless the records were already public when received by the
Board, even by subpoena or under the Open Records Act, unless declassied by a
majority vote of the State Board of Pardons and Parole. However, an alleged parole
or probation violator may review the evidence introduced against him at a nal
hearing on the matter of revocation of parole or conditional release.
Unlawful disclosure of condential probation and parole records is a misde-
meanor.
18
R. Photographs
Photographs in “closed cases” are subject to the Act’s disclosure requirements.
However, autopsy photographs and crime scene photographs or videos depicting
a deceased person in a state of dismemberment or mutilation, are not subject to
disclosure unless requested by a family member who provides proof of kinship or
otherwise provides a written release.
19
S. Records from other law enforcement agencies
Records from a government agency that are incorporated into a closed case are
subject to the Act’s disclosure requirements unless excluded by a specic exemp-
tion. For example, certain federal records that are required to be kept condential,
Department of Family and Children Services records relating to child abuse, and/
or records from the Department of Corrections are generally not subject to public
disclosure.
Because some records or information received from a federal law enforcement
agency may be required to be kept condential, it is advisable to contact the fed-
eral law enforcement agency for guidance regarding public disclosure.
20
T. Homeland Security Records
Records, the disclosure of which would compromise security against sabotage or
criminal or terrorist acts and the nondisclosure of which is necessary for the pro-
tection of life, safety, or public property, are exempted from disclosure in certain
circumstances, including records of any government sponsored programs con-
cerning training relative to government security measures which would identify
persons being trained or instructors or would reveal prohibited information.
Records subject to this exception are limited to certain records specially identi-
ed in the statute. ese include current security plans, and vulnerability assess-
ments for any public utility, technology infrastructure, building, facility, function,
18 See O.C.G.A. §§ 42-8-40, 42-8-106, 42-9-53
19 See O.C.G.A. § 45-16-27(d)
20 See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(1); United States v. Napper, 887 F2d. 1528 (11th Cir. 1989)
Georgia Law Enforcement and the Open Records Act | 13
or activity; certain plans for protection against terrorist or other attacks; certain
documents relating to the existence, nature, location, or function of security de-
vices designed to protect against terrorist or other attacks; certain blueprints, and
plans or contingencies that contemplate what will or might be done in response to
events of sabotage, criminal, or terrorist acts that might transpire.
21
U. Victim assistance records
Records of victim assistance personnel appointed by a prosecuting attorney re-
garding communications with victims, other than a law enforcement ocer, are
not subject to disclosure, unless the information is disclosed in court.
22
V. Child pornography records
Electronic communication and other records subpoenaed from a service provider
as part of a prosecution or investigation for exploitation of children or computer
or electronic pornography are exempt from disclosure.
23
IV. Personnel Records
Personnel records of law enforcement personnel are generally subject to public
disclosure, but it is permissible to redact:
For any person in the records:
• Social Security number
• Day / month of birth
• Financial information
• Insurance/medical information
• Unlisted or cellular phone
• Personal e-mail address
• Mother’s birth name
• Utility account information
• Passwords
For public employees, teachers and sworn law enforcement ocers:
• Home address and home telephone number
• Identity of immediate family members or dependents
21 See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(25)(A)
22 See O.C.G.A. §17-17-9.1
23 See O.C.G.A. §§35-3-4.1, 16-12-100, 16-12-100.1, 16-12-100.2.
14 | Georgia Law Enforcement and the Open Records Act
In certain circumstances, news agencies, however, may obtain, upon proper writ-
ten request, Social Security numbers and day and month of birth.
24
e following are examples of personnel records:
A. Applications for employment
Applications for employment are subject to the Act’s disclosure requirements aer
redaction of the information cited above.
25
B. Background investigations
Background investigations are subject to the Act’s disclosure requirements with
the exception of condential evaluations, examinations undertaken in connection
with the employee’s appointment or hiring, and background information received
from a prior employer if that information would be privileged in the possession of
the prior employer.
26
C. Benets selections/payroll deductions
Employee benets selections and payroll deductions are exempt from release.
27
D. Birth certicates
Birth certicates are exempt from release.
28
E. Certicates of training
Certicates of training and course completion are subject to the Act’s disclosure
requirements aer redaction of the information cited above.
29
F. Commendations
Commendations are subject to the Act’s disclosure requirements. However, infor-
mation in commendations, which may disclose pending investigations or criminal
intelligence, may be withheld.
30
G. Criminal history background checks
Criminal history background checks which have been incorporated into a person-
24 Consult with your legal advisor as to the applicability of the news media exemption
to sworn law enforcement ocer’s data
25 See O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-72(a)(20)(A), 50-18-72(21)
26 See O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-72(a)(7); 35-8-8(b)(3)
27 See O.C.G.A. § 45-18-53(b)
28 See O.C.G.A. § 31-10-25
29 See O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-72(a)(20)(A), 50-18-72(21)
30 See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(4); 28 CFR § 23.20(f)(1)
Georgia Law Enforcement and the Open Records Act | 15
nel le are subject to the Act’s disclosure requirements, unless the agency has been
told by GCIC that the record has been restricted by law. e federal portion of the
criminal history record from the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Interstate Iden-
tication Index is exempt from disclosure under Federal law.
31
H. DD-214s (military discharge forms)
Military discharge forms (DD-214s) are exempt from release and must not be
disclosed pursuant to the Open Records Act until aer a period of 50 years has
elapsed from the date of its ling.
32
I. Driver’s license information
Driver’s license information, which has been incorporated into a personnel le is
subject to the Act’s disclosure requirements.
33
J. Financial records
Personal nancial data (bank account numbers, direct deposit information, etc.)
is exempt from release. e salary and other compensation paid to an employee,
however, is subject to the Act’s disclosure requirements.
34
K. Health insurance records
Health insurance records are exempt from release.
35
L. Medical records
Medical records are exempt from release.
36
M. Performance evaluations
Performance evaluations are subject to the Act’s disclosure requirements aer re-
daction of the information cited above.
37
N. Peace Ocer Standards and Training certication records
Georgia Peace Ocer Standards and Training (POST) certication records are
subject to the Act’s disclosure requirements aer redaction of the information
31 See O.C.G.A. §§ 35-3-34, 35-3-37(k); 50-18-72(a); United States v. Napper, 887 F2d.
1528 (11th Cir. 1989); 28 C.F.R. §20.33
32 See O.C.G.A. § 15-6-72(c)(1)
33 See Napper v. Georgia Television Co., 257 Ga. 156 (1987)
34 See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(20)(A)
35 See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(20)(A)
36 See O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-72(a)(2), 50-18-72(a)(20)(A), 50-18-72(21)
37 See O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-72(a)(20)(A), 50-18-72(21)
16 | Georgia Law Enforcement and the Open Records Act
cited above.
38
However, the contents of POST applications, except to the extent
they include court proceedings, shall be considered as condential and shall be
released only to the candidate or peace ocer to whom they pertain or to a law
enforcement unit considering the candidate or peace ocer for employment.
39
O. Reprimands/adverse personnel actions
Reprimands and adverse personnel actions are subject to the Act’s disclosure re-
quirements aer redaction of the information cited above.
40
P. Training records
Training records are subject to the Act’s disclosure requirements aer redaction of
the information cited above.
41
V. Juvenile Records
A. Public inspection of records generally
Although interpretations of the law on the right of public access to some juvenile
law enforcement records vary, there is agreement that the following juvenile re-
cords should be disclosed to the public:
For juveniles age 13 or over:
• Incident reports, arrest reports, or closed case les involving crimes that are
in the exclusive jurisdiction of the Superior Court or that have been trans-
ferred to the Superior Court. ese crimes include:
1. Murder
2. Murder in the second degree
3. Voluntary manslaughter
4. Rape
5. Aggravated sodomy
6. Aggravated child molestation
7. Aggravated sexual battery
8. Armed robbery if committed with a rearm
38 See O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-72(a)(20)(A), 50-18-72(21)
39 See O.C.G.A. § 35-8-15(b)
40 See O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-72(a)(20)(A), 50-18-72(21)
41 See O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-72(a)(20)(A), 50-18-72(21)
Georgia Law Enforcement and the Open Records Act | 17
• Incident reports, arrest reports, or closed case les involving crimes identi-
ed as Class A or Class B designated felony acts in the Juvenile Court Code,
which include:
1. Aggravated assault or assault with a deadly weapon
2. Aggravated battery
3. Armed robbery not involving a rearm
4. Arson in the rst degree
5. Attempted murder
6. Escape, if prior Class A or Class B felony act
7. Hijacking a motor vehicle
8. Home invasion in the rst degree
9. Kidnapping
10. Participating in criminal gang activity
11. Tracking in substances
12. Arson in the second degree
13. Battery if the victim is a teacher or other school personnel
14. Racketeering
15. Robbery
16. Smash and grab burglary
17. Possessing, manufacturing, distributing a destructive device
18. Distribution to persons under the age of 21
For all juveniles:
• Incident reports, arrest reports, or closed case les that concern a juvenile
who has previously been adjudicated delinquent, except as it relates to allega-
tions of sexual assault or dependency.
• Incident reports, arrest reports, accident reports or closed case les involving
juvenile trac oenses (unless the oense is excluded pursuant to O.C.G.A.
§15-11-630(b) and the juvenile has not been previously adjudicated for com-
mitting a delinquent act).
• Records relating to charges which a juvenile court adjudicated in open court,
or records otherwise authorized for disclosure by a juvenile court.
42
42 See O.C.G.A. §§ 15-11-630, 15-11-700, 15-11-708
18 | Georgia Law Enforcement and the Open Records Act
B. Juvenile witnesses/victims
Incident reports, arrest reports and closed investigations where juveniles appear
as witnesses or victims should be disclosed. e law does not permit a witness or
victim’s name to be redacted because of age.
C. Publication of the name or picture of a juvenile
Although the Georgia Code states that the news media may not publish “the name
or picture of any child under the jurisdiction of the juvenile court for the rst
time,” this Code section has been ruled unconstitutional.
43
VI. e Open Records Act Process
A. Release of records
A law enforcement agency may, but is not required to, require that all written re-
quests be submitted to a designated person, who may be one of the following: the
agency’s director, chairperson, or chief executive ocer; the senior ocial at any
satellite oce; or a designated records custodian clerk or open records ocer. If
the agency elects to use such a designee, the agency must make the designation in
writing and provide it upon request. e agency must also prominently identify the
designee on its website, and notify the legal organ of the county of the identity of the
designee. e agency cannot delay its response if the designee is unavailable.
A written request for open records is not required by law. However, it is advisable
to log or attempt to obtain such requests in writing, to eliminate any dispute as to
what was requested or when the request was made. Also, sanctions may not be
sought against an agency if the request was oral.
A sample Open Records Act request is attached as Appendix 1. A sample model by
which to log a verbal Open Records Act request is attached as Appendix 5.
When records are readily available and subject to public access, they must be pro-
vided immediately. When this is not the case, the custodian of records is allowed
a “reasonable amount of time” to determine whether the requested records are
subject to access under the law. In no event shall this time exceed three business
days. e records custodian must respond in one of three ways:
1. If the records exist, are available, and subject to public disclosure under
the Open Records Act, the records custodian must permit inspection and
copying.
2. If the records exist and are subject to public disclosure but are not available
43 See generally O.C.G.A. §§ 15-11-708; Florida Publishing Co. v. Morgan, 253 Ga. 467
(1984) ; Op. Att’y Gen. 80-11
Georgia Law Enforcement and the Open Records Act | 19
within three business days of the request, a written description of such records
and a timetable for their inspection and copying must be provided within the
three-day period. Also, if some, but not all, records are available within three
business days, those records should be produced with a timetable for inspec-
tion and copying of the remaining records.
3. If access to a record is denied in whole or in part, the records custodian must
provide, in writing, the specic legal authority by code section and any ap-
plicable subsection exempting such record from release.
Appendix 3 includes several sample model responses to Open Records Act requests.
Appendix 4 is a ow chart showing how to process an Open Records Act request.
NOTE: Any person who knowingly or willingly violates the provisions of the Act
by failing or refusing to provide access to records not subject to an exception un-
der the Act, or by knowingly and willingly failing or refusing to provide access to
records within the time limits set forth in the Act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor
and, upon conviction, shall be punished by a ne not to exceed $1000.00. Negli-
gent failure to comply with the Open Records Act can lead to a civil ne not to
exceed $1000.00.
B. Non-existent records
If a report, summary, or compilation is not in existence at the time of the request,
the records custodian is not required to prepare one in order to respond to the
request. However, if the record already exists and is subject to disclosure, the cus-
todian must permit inspection and copying.
44
C. Electronic records
Records maintained by computer shall be made available where practicable by
electronic means, including Internet access, subject to reasonable security restric-
tions preventing access to records not requested or records exempt from release.
In lieu of providing separate printouts or copies of records, an agency may provide
access to records through a website accessible to the public.
45
D. Appropriate charges
1. Fee notication requirement
An agency is not required to charge for complying with an Open Records
Act request and may waive any charges. However, if a fee is to be charged,
the agency must notify the requester of the estimated costs associated
with processing the records within the three-day period and prior to ful-
lling the request. If an amount in excess of $25.00 is sought, an agency
44 See O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-71(j)
45 See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(f)
20 | Georgia Law Enforcement and the Open Records Act
may defer search and retrieval of the records until the requestor agrees
to pay the estimated cost unless the requestor has stated a willingness to
pay a larger amount in his or her request. In any instance in which the
estimated cost for production of the records exceeds $500.00, an agency
may insist on prepayment.
46
2. Optional charges
An agency may charge a reasonable fee for the administrative costs asso-
ciated with the search, retrieval, redaction, review, copying, reproduction
and mailing of public records. However, an agency must provide copies
of requested documents “in the most economical means available.” For
any charge, it is the agency’s burden to demonstrate the charge meets this
standard. An agency may also waive this charge.
Agencies may recover copying costs, but must be able to substantiate
the per page charge imposed. Unless otherwise specied by state law, an
agency may not charge more than 10¢ per page for each copy.
Hourly charges for administrative/clerical tasks may not exceed the salary
of the lowest paid, full-time employee who, in the discretion of the custo-
dian of records, has the necessary skill and training to perform the request.
No charge may be made for the rst quarter-hour of administrative time.
Where the information requested is maintained by computer, an agency
may charge the public its actual cost of a computer disk or tape onto
which the information is transferred. However, no charges other than
those directly attributable to providing access may be charged where the
records are made available by electronic means.
e Georgia Supreme Court has held that no fee may be charged when
a person seeks only to review records that are routinely subject to public
inspection, such as deeds, city ordinances and zoning maps. An agency
also may not charge for time its attorneys spend advising whether re-
cords should be disclosed.
47
3. Specically permissible charges in excess of 10¢ per page
e Georgia Department of Transportation may charge a fee of $5.00 for
each copy of any accident report received and maintained by the agen-
cy.
48
e Georgia Bureau of Investigation may charge an individual a
maximum fee of $20.00 for a criminal history.
49
46 See O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-71(c), 50-18-71(d)
47 See O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-71(c), 50-18-71(d); McFrugal Rental of Riverdale v. Garr, 262 Ga.
369 (1992)
48 See O.C.G.A. § 40-9-30
49 See O.C.G.A.§ 35-3-34(d.3)
Georgia Law Enforcement and the Open Records Act | 21
VII. News Media Access
For the most part, the news media has the same rights of access to information as
the public. However, in certain instances, the news media has several additional
rights of access.
For example, the news media has access to motor vehicle accident reports if it is
gathering information for news reporting and arms its use of the report com-
plies with the law.
50
Additionally, the news media has access to individual Social
Security numbers and other similar information.
51
As a general rule, the news media has the right to conduct news gathering activi-
ties, free from government interference, on property open to the public and from
publicly owned property. Government ocials may restrict the news media and
public from crime and accident scenes only to the extent necessary to preserve the
integrity of a site for investigation purposes, for ingress and egress of emergency
vehicles, or other reasons of protecting against damage to persons or property.
Absent a court order, government ocials have no right to restrict photographs
that may be taken or interviews that witnesses are willing to give to the media. If
private property owners object to the presence of the media on their property, law
enforcement ocers may enforce trespass laws against the journalists.
No law enforcement ocer or other public ocial should demand the lm, cam-
eras or notes of reporters or photographers, though they may be subject to sub-
poena or other legal process in certain circumstances.
52
Additionally, law enforce-
ment ocers should not interfere with, demand or seize photographs or video
recordings of law enforcement activity taken by private citizens on property open
to the public or from publicly owned property. Such records may, however, be
subject to subpoena or other legal process.
53
50 See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(5)
51 See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(20)(A)
52 See O.C.G.A. 24-5-508 (Georgia Reporter’s Privilege), 42 U.S.C. §2000aa et seq
53 See, e.g., Smith v. City of Cumming, 212 F.3d 1332, 1333 (11th Cir. 2000) (“The First
Amendment protects the right to gather information about what public ocials do
on public property, and specically, a right to record matters of public interest.”);
Williamson v. Mills, 65 F.3d 155 (11th Cir 1995) (reversing district court’s grant of
qualied immunity to a law enforcement ocer who seized the lm of and arrested
a participant in a demonstration); Glik v. Cunnie, 655 F.3d 78 (1st Cir. 2012) (denying
claim of qualied immunity to police ocer who interfered in plainti’s use of video
recorder: “It is rmly established that the First Amendment’s aegis extends further
than the text’s proscription on laws ‘abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press’
and encompasses a range of conduct related to gathering and dissemination of
information.”)
22 | Georgia Law Enforcement and the Open Records Act
VIII. Records Retention
e retention of public records is a statutory requirement described in the Georgia
Records Act. Public ocials have the responsibility to ensure that records cre-
ated within their oce be retained as long as required by an approved retention
schedule. ese schedules are created under the direction of the Georgia Archives,
which is part of the University System of Georgia.
Local law enforcement agencies that do not have established record retention
schedules should adopt the state’s public safety retention schedules for specic
record categories. State law enforcement agencies may use their own approved
retention schedules or those on the statewide schedule. Prosecutors should use the
Judicial Retention Schedules.
Questions regarding the use of and creation of retention schedules should be di-
rected to Georgia Archives. ey may be reached at (678) 364-3710. Additional in-
formation is available at the program’s website at http://www.georgiaarchives.org/.
IX. Conclusion
Law enforcement ocers should remember that the general rule for open records
compliance is one of public disclosure. e Open Records Act mandates that law
enforcement records are subject to public inspection and copying unless specic
exemptions exist to exclude their release. It is improper for law enforcement of-
cers to circumvent the requirements of the Open Records Act and to restrict
public access to these records.
Georgia Law Enforcement and the Open Records Act | 23
X. Appendices
1. SAMPLE OPEN RECORDS REQUEST
Note: If you want to have evidence of the date of delivery, then delivery can be by
hand delivery or by certied mail, return receipt requested.
[Requestor’s Letterhead]
[Date]
[Custodian’s name]
[Agency’s name]
[Street address]
[City, State, Zip]
To whom it may concern:
Pursuant to the Georgia Open Records Act (O.C.G.A § 50-18-70 et seq.) (the
“Act”), you are hereby requested to make available for review and copying all les,
records and other documents in your possessions that refer, reect or relate to
________________. is request includes, but is not limited to, all documents,
notes, correspondence and memoranda evidencing ________________, and
all communication and correspondence in whatever tangible medium between
________________ and among ________________ and ________________.
If this request is denied in whole or in part, we ask that you cite in writing the
specic statutory exemption upon which you have relied, as required by law.
We also ask that you release all separate portions of otherwise exempt material.
Please waive any costs associated with this request, or rst inform us about such
costs as required by Georgia law.
As you know, the Act requires a response by you within three business days of
your receipt of this letter and provides sanctions for non-compliance.
Should you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact me at [Your
phone number] or [Your E-mail address].
Sincerely,
[Your name]
[Your title]
[Your fax number]
24 | Georgia Law Enforcement and the Open Records Act
Appendices
2. SAMPLE STATEMENT OF NEED
Accident Reports:
Pursuant to O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72a(5)
Date: _________________________
To: Custodian of the Records
From: ___________________________________________________________
Re: Motor Vehicle Accident Report No. _________________________________
I have a personal, professional, or business relationship with __________________.
I own or lease an interest in __________________________________________.
I was allegedly or actually injured by the accident which is the subject of this re-
port.
I was a witness to the accident which is the subject of this report.
I am the actual or alleged insurer of a party to the accident or of property actually
or allegedly damaged by the accident which is the subject of this report.
I am a prosecutor or a publicly employed law enforcement ocer.
I am alleged to be liable to another party as a result of the accident which is the
subject of this report.
I am an attorney and need the requested reports as part of a criminal case, or an
investigation of a potential claim involving contentions that a roadway, railroad
crossing, or intersection is unsafe.
I am a representative for ________________________. I am obtaining access to
motor vehicle accident reports for the sole purpose of news gathering for my news
media organization, and I arm the use of the accident report is in compliance
with O.C.G.A. §33-24-52.
I am conducting research in the public interest for such purposes as accident pre-
vention, prevention of injuries or damages in accidents, determination of fault in
an accident or accidents, or other similar purposes.
________________________________
Signature
Georgia Law Enforcement and the Open Records Act | 25
Appendices
3. SAMPLE RESPONSES TO OPEN RECORDS REQUESTS
Sample Response:
Records Available
[Agency’s letterhead]
[Date]
John Q. Public
123 Main St.
Anytown, Ga. 30001
Reference: Complete murder investigation case le of Jane Doe
Dear Mr. Public:
e following is in response to your Open Records request, received by the [De-
partment] on [date], regarding the above referenced item. A search for the re-
quested information was made and six case volumes have been identied and are
available for review. In addition, the [Department] expects to exempt the follow-
ing information from dissemination:
1. Social Security numbers, month and day of birth, and other personally identi-
able information. [See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(20)(A)]
2. Any record or related material which identies any condential source [See
O.C.G.A. § 50-18- 72 (a)(3)]
Please contact [Specify name] at [Telephone number] to make arrangements to
review the records.
If you wish to retain a copy of the records or would like the records to be sent
directly to you, an invoice for the total administrative costs associated with the
preparation of the records is enclosed.
Sincerely,
[Respondent’s name]
[Title]
26 | Georgia Law Enforcement and the Open Records Act
Appendices
3. SAMPLE RESPONSES TO OPEN RECORDS REQUESTS CONT
Sample Response:
Cost Estimate
[Agency’s letterhead]
[Date]
John Q. Public
123 Main St.
Anytown, Ga. 30001
Reference: Complete murder investigation case le of Jane Doe
Dear Mr. Public:
In response to your Open Records request, received by the [Department] on
[date], this will acknowledge the availability of the records requested on the above
referenced subject. e charge to provide copies of the records is as follows:
Payment must be received prior to our mailing the requested documents. e [De-
partment’s] FIN is 58-1195856. Please mail a copy of this invoice, along with a
check or money order for the full amount and payable to [Department], to:
ORA Record # G196L Qty Cost
Search, retrieval and review of 0.75 $18.07
records @ $24.09/hour
Photocopying of case le @
$14.12/hour 0.5 $7.06
Page(s) @ .10/page 80 $8.00
Photographs @ $3/print 2 $6.00
Other: Videotape @ $10/copy 1 $10.00
Mailing costs (estimate) $5.00
Total Cost $54.13
[Records custodian]
[Department]
[Street address]
[City, State, Zip]
Georgia Law Enforcement and the Open Records Act | 27
Appendices
4. SAMPLE OPEN RECORDS REQUEST RESPONSE FLOWCHART
28 | Georgia Law Enforcement and the Open Records Act
Appendices
5. SAMPLE OPEN RECORDS REQUEST LOG SHEET
Telephone Request (Date/Time): ______________________________
Request made in Person (Time): _________________________
Requestor Name: __________________________________________________
Requestor Address: ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Requestor Phone/Email: _____________________________________________
Type of Records Requested: __________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Name of Individual (victim/suspect): ___________________________________
Date of Incident: ___________________________________________________
County where occurred: _____________________________________________
Case Number (if available): __________________________________________
Other information: ________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Prepared By: _____________________________
Department Employee
Georgia Law Enforcement and the Open Records Act | 29
Appendices
6. SAMPLE OPEN RECORDS WORKSHEET
is sheet may be used to determine cost estimates, nal costs, and serve as the
requestor’s receipt
[AGENCY NAME]
OPEN RECORDS COST WORKSHEET
The following are the actual costs incurred in complying with the request to copy
<Agency> records under O.C.G.A. § 50-18-70. (There is no charge for the rst quar-
ter hour of time expended in record preparation.) The open records act allows an
agency to waive all fees should it so choose. It also authorizes an agency to charge
anywhere between $.00 per page and $.10 per page. There is no charge for simple
inspection of records that are routinely subject to public inspection.
Number of hours of Search, Review, & Retrieval
(< 15 minutes - No Charge)
_____Total hours of Preparation x <hourly rate of preparer>* = $
_____ Number of hours of copying x <hourly rate of preparer>* = $
_____ Number of pages x <agency cost per page>** = $
SUB TOTAL = $
The following additional costs may be applicable:
_____ # of Copies of Audio Tapes x <agency cost per copy> = $
_____ # of Copies of Video Tapes x <agency cost per copy> = $
_____ # of Copies of Photographs x <agency cost per copy> = $
_____ # of CD's with Digital Photos x <agency cost per CD> = $
Other Agency Cost <actual agency cost> = $
Postage <cost of postage> = $
GRAND TOTAL = $
Case Number / Description of Records
Preparer’s Name: Date: / /
Amount Received: $ Received by:
Signature
Date:
* Hourly charges for administrative / clerical tasks may not exceed the salary of the lowest
paid, full-time employee who, in the discretion of the custodian of the records, has the
necessary skill and training to perform the request.
** An agency may not charge more than 10¢ per page for each copy, and also may opt to
waive fees.
30 | Georgia Law Enforcement and the Open Records Act
EXEMPTION AUTHORITY
DISCRETIONARY
OR MANDATORY
AIDS/HIV information 50-18-72(a)(2), 31-22-9.1(a)(2) Mandatory
Autopsy photographs (un-
less from family member
with proof of kinship)
45-16-27(d) Mandatory
Background investigations
of applicants to the Lottery
Corporation
50-27-12(e) Mandatory
Birth certicates 31-10-25(a) Mandatory
Burglar/re alarm infor-
mation (names, home
addresses, telephone num-
bers, security codes, e-mail
addresses collected by gov-
ernment agencies through
neighborhood watch or
notication programs, or
alarm systems)
50-18-72 (a)(19) Discretionary
Carpooling information 50-18-72(a)(24) Discretionary
Condential informants 50-18-72(a)(3) Mandatory
Child abuse reports (where
condential)
49-5-40(b), but disclosure
may be required by juvenile
court order under 49-5-41(b)
or by law if child is deceased
pursuant to 49-5-41(e)
Mandatory
Credit report 15 U.S.C. 1681b(a)(4)(D) Mandatory
Appendices
7. INFORMATION EXEMPT FROM PUBLIC DISCLOSURE
Public disclosure is not required for certain records and information. e follow-
ing is a list of records and information exempt from release and the corresponding
legal authority. Any agency or person who provides access to information in good
faith reliance on the requirements of the Open Records Act shall not be liable in
any action on account of having provided access.
**Before relying on an exemption, you must assure yourself that it applies**
Georgia Law Enforcement and the Open Records Act | 31
Appendices
7. INFORMATION EXEMPT FROM PUBLIC DISCLOSURE CONT
**Before relying on an exemption, you must assure yourself that it applies**
EXEMPTION AUTHORITY
DISCRETIONARY
OR MANDATORY
Criminal history records
other than in-Georgia
felony convictions
35-3-34, 35-3-37(k), 28 U.S.C.
§ 534, 28 C.F.R. §20.33 (NCIC
record) (but see Chapter III(G)
of this manual regarding dis-
closure when in closed case
le and Chapter IV(G) when
in a personnel le)
Mandatory
Deferred compensation sal-
ary deductions
45-18-36(b) Mandatory
Department of Corrections
(classied inmate les)
42-5-36(c) Mandatory
Department of Corrections
(classied investigative
reports and intelligence
data prepared by Internal
Aairs)
42-5-36(b) Mandatory
Department of Human of
Resources clinical records
37-3-166(a) Mandatory
Driver’s license information
to the extent it is obtained
from the Georgia Depart-
ment of Driver Services
(DDS)
40-5-2(b) Mandatory
Evaluations or examinations
in connection with new ap-
pointments or hires (where
condential)
50-18-72(a)(7) Discretionary
32 | Georgia Law Enforcement and the Open Records Act
EXEMPTION AUTHORITY
DISCRETIONARY
OR MANDATORY
Federal records required
by the federal statute or
regulation to be kept con-
dential
50-18-72(a)(1), but see Geor-
gia Hospital Associationv.
Ledbetter, 260 Ga. 477 (1990)
(no requirement “that a re-
port generated by or used by
the state for state purposes
be exempted from disclosure
merely because the report
would be kept condential
if generated or used by the
federal government.”)
Mandatory
Flexible employee benet
plan
45-18-53(b) Mandatory
Grand jury testimony
(where condential)
Federal Rule Criminal Proce-
dure 6(e), Kessler v. State, 249
Ga. 462, 474 (1982)
Mandatory
Home address, home tele-
phone number, social secu-
rity number, and insurance
or medical information of
public employees, teachers
and employees of a public
school
50-18-72(a)(21) Discretionary
Home address, home
telephone number, social
security number, and insur-
ance or medical information
of law enforcement, judges,
crime lab scientists and cor-
rectional ocers
50-18-72(a)(21) Discretionary
Information received from
an insurance company in-
vestigating a re loss of real
or personal property
25-2-33(d) Mandatory, but
review statute
Appendices
7. INFORMATION EXEMPT FROM PUBLIC DISCLOSURE CONT
**Before relying on an exemption, you must assure yourself that it applies**
Georgia Law Enforcement and the Open Records Act | 33
Appendices
7. INFORMATION EXEMPT FROM PUBLIC DISCLOSURE CONT
**Before relying on an exemption, you must assure yourself that it applies**
EXEMPTION AUTHORITY
DISCRETIONARY
OR MANDATORY
Information, the disclosure
of which would constitute
an actionable invasion of
privacy
50-18-72(a)(2); Harris v. Cox
Enterprises, 256 Ga. 299
(1986) ; Athens Observer v.
Anderson, 245 Ga. 63 (1980)
(“where an incident is a mat-
ter of public interest, or the
subject matter of a public
investigation, a publication in
connection therewith can be
a violation of no one’s legal
right of privacy”)
Mandatory
Juvenile records (where
condential)
15-11-708, but see Chapter
V of this manual for list of
crimes for which disclosure is
required
Mandatory
Medical records 50-18-72(a)(2), (20) Mandatory
Military discharge (DD-214) 15-6-72(c)(1) Mandatory Mandatory
Name/ID of rape victim Doe v. Board of Regents of
the University System of
Georgia, 215 Ga. App. 684
(1994)
Mandatory, but
see Dye v. Wallace,
274 Ga. 257, n.1
(2001).
Open investigation/pend-
ing Prosecution
50-18-72(a)(4) Discretionary
Pardons and Parole Board
(classied records)
42-9-53(b) Mandatory
Probation records (classied
records)
42-8-40 Mandatory
34 | Georgia Law Enforcement and the Open Records Act
Appendices
7. INFORMATION EXEMPT FROM PUBLIC DISCLOSURE CONT
**Before relying on an exemption, you must assure yourself that it applies**
EXEMPTION AUTHORITY
DISCRETIONARY
OR MANDATORY
The identities of the resi-
dent, the alleged perpetra-
tor, and persons making
a report or providing
information or evidence,
of abuse or exploitation of
residents in long-term care
facilities
31-8-86 Mandatory
Social Security number,
mother’s maiden name, day
and month of birth, credit,
bank account, account
number, including a utility
account number, insur-
ance and medical informa-
tion, unlisted and cellular
telephone numbers, e-mail
addresses
50-18-72(a)(20)(A) Mandatory, but
see media excep-
tion Chapter IV of
this manual.
Surveillance/ Investigation
(where condential)
50-18-72(a)(3) Discretionary
Condential tax information 48-7-60(a), 48-7-61, Bowers v.
Shelton, 265 Ga. 247 (1995)
Mandatory
Vehicle tag number and
registration to the extent it
is obtained from the Geor-
gia Department of Revenue
40-2-130(c) Mandatory
Whistleblower’s identity
(public employee issuing
a complaint or providing
information concerning the
possible existence of any
activity constituting fraud,
waste, and abuse in or relat-
ing to any state programs
and operations)
45-1-4 (c) Mandatory
Georgia Law Enforcement and the Open Records Act | 35
Appendices
7. INFORMATION EXEMPT FROM PUBLIC DISCLOSURE CONT
**Before relying on an exemption, you must assure yourself that it applies**
EXEMPTION AUTHORITY
DISCRETIONARY
OR MANDATORY
Wiretap (technical data) 18 U.S.C. § 2517, 50-18-72(a)
(3)
Mandatory
Wiretap (records/docu-
ments of)
18 U.S.C. § 2517 Mandatory
is page is intentionally blank.
A Law Enforcement Ocer’s Guide to Open Records in Georgia
e authors wish to thank the following people for their help in preparing
this manual:
Gary Bergman Tom Clyde
Dawn Diedrich Joan Crumpler
Lesli Gaither David Hudson
Sherry Lang Brent Loeer
Chuck Olson Chris Philpot
Terry Sosebee John Whitaker
For further information about this project, please contact the Georgia Bureau of
Investigation at (404) 270-8525 or the Georgia First Amendment Foundation at
(404) 525-3646.
A Law Enforcement Ocer’s Guide to Open
Records in Georgia
For further information about this project, please contact the Georgia Bureau of
Investigation at (404) 270-8525 or the Georgia First Amendment Foundation at
(404) 525-3646.
