* Not punishments.
* Natural and/or logical.
* Related to the rule.
Consequences should also:
* Preserve the student's dignity.
* Increase student motivation.
Four generic consequences which work for any rule are: reminders, warnings, practice following the rule, and a
written plan. Contingency contracts, conferences, or meetings and practice sessions are examples of non-punitive
consequences (see "Contingency Contracts," "Shaping," and "Self-Monitoring").
Threats are effective only in creating combative environments. Furthermore, many traditional consequences
result only in making the student dislike school or aspects of it. Writing "I will not throw paper" 100 times only
makes the student's hand sore, makes him or her hate writing, is an illogical consequence, and teaches nothing.
How do I draw up a social contract?
Foremost, the contract should be drawn up with the students. Student involvement makes the contract more
immediate and it is ultimately more likely that students will follow a plan which they help draw up.
Students can develop rules for each other, making sure that they are not too vague or specific, as stated
previously. They can be involved in developing consequences as well. However, do not accept any rules or
consequences which you would not feel comfortable enforcing.
Students can be allowed to vote on negotiable rules. Do not put rules which you deem absolutely necessary
up to a vote. It is advisable that a vast majority (75%) of the students pass the rule.
Furthermore, students can include rules for the teacher. While you should not accept a rule you cannot live
with, such rules can be quite useful. If you are caught breaking a rule, the opportunity is provided to model an
appropriate response. Examples of rules imposed on teachers are:
* If students cannot eat in class, the teacher cannot drink coffee during class.
* Do not call a student's home without first telling him or her of your intent.
* Tests will be corrected and handed back within three days.
What if a student pleads ignorance to a rule or principle in the contract?
You can prevent this from happening by requiring each student to take a test on the social contract. This can
include short answer, true and false, and/or multiple choice questions concerning acceptable behavior for the
classroom and permitted consequences for unallowable behavior. Students must score 100%, although nothing
happens if they do not pass. Go over their incorrect answers with them and have them repeat the test.
How long should I plan on devoting to the formulation of a social contract?
The greater portion of two or three class period leaves plenty of time for discussion, dissent and reaching
consensus and gives students time to think about what they want rather than pressuring them to sign on directly
after being introduced to the idea.
A contract should be drawn up by each class in which you intend to use one. Even if there are only two
different students in second period, do not use the same contract from first period. Every student should be
included in the process.