N. Butto
10.4236/jbpc.2023.142002 56 Journal of Biophysical Chemistry
11. Discussion
The structure of the new periodic system is based on the 3D model of a gastro-
pod shell, which can be represented as a helical 3D and spiral or tabular 2D that
provides a blueprint for the formation and configuration of elements, as well as a
complete explanation of periodicity, which explains the repetition of all period
lengths. Hence, it is called the periodic system rather than the periodic table
based on the law of sevenths and octaves like musical notes with repetitions in
element properties that the periodic system captures so beautifully.
The new periodic system provides precise and valid laws about chemical ele-
ments.
In this new periodic system, the problems related to the assignment of the hy-
drogen, helium, lanthanide, and actinide groups are solved. No gaps are ob-
served between the elements, and the regularity of the periodic table is presented
to the highest degree.
In the conventional modern periodic table, elements hydrogen and helium fall
into Groups 1 and 18, respectively, the alkali and noble gases. In the new system,
helium is at the top of the noble gases because it is nonreactive, and at the top of
the alkaline earth metals, such as beryllium, magnesium, and calcium because it
contains two electrons.
Hydrogen is placed at Level I of Group I and the vicinity of the halogens in
Group VII. All halogens are the last element before the following noble gases,
and hydrogen in connection with helium occupies the same position as halogens
in connection with noble gases. Simultaneously, hydrogen is at the top of the
carbon group because its atom has a half-filled outer shell like carbon. Further-
more, this arrangement provides a perfect triad of atomic numbers 1H, 9F, and
17Cl.
Many textbooks and wall charts of the periodic table showed that Group 3 con-
sisted of scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and actinium. A similar number of tables
show a difference in the last two elements, lutetium, and lawrencium.
By placing lanthanides and actinides in the opening of the gastropod shell, we
solve the problem in Group III. According to the new system, the group of lan-
thanides starts with lanthanum in Group III, makes a loop, and returns to Group
III, the same is true for the group of actinides, which starts with actinium in
Group III and closes the loop with lawrencium in Group III. This explains the
electron configuration of lanthanum and actinium with their partially filled
d-shells. Therefore, all four elements lanthanum, lutetium, actinium, and lawren-
cium are included in Group III.
This arrangement is justified because lutetium and lawrencium, as the heavier
analogs of scandium and yttrium, are assigned to the d block, as are lanthanum
and actinium, which are considered to lie on the boundary between the f and d
blocks. Moreover, the rule 8, 8, 18, 18, 32, and 32 is maintained between the
element 39Y in Group A and La57, and the rule of difference by 10 between Pe-
riods A and B is maintained between the element Lu71 and the element Ti 81,