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ESTIMATIONS
9.1 Margins of error and estimates: The margin of error is a statistic expressing
the amount of random sampling error in a survey's results. The larger the margin of
error, the less confidence one should have that the poll's reported results are close
to the "true" figures; that is, the figures for the whole population. Margin of error
occurs whenever a population is incompletely sampled.
Margin of error is often used in non-survey contexts to indicate observational
error in reporting measured quantities. In astronomy, for example, the convention
is to report the margin of error as, for example, 4.2421(16) light-years (the distance
to Proxima Centauri), with the number in parentheses indicating the expected
range of values in the matching digits preceding; in this case, 4.2421(16) is
equivalent to 4.2421 ± 0.0016.
[1]
The latter notation, with the "±", is more
commonly seen in most other science and engineering fields.
Explanation[edit]
The margin of error is usually defined as the "radius" (or half the width) of
a confidence interval for a particular statistic from a survey. One example is the
percent of people who prefer product A versus product B. When a single, global
margin of error is reported for a survey, it refers to the maximum margin of error
for all reported percentages using the full sample from the survey. If the statistic is
a percentage, this maximum margin of error can be calculated as the radius of the
confidence interval for a reported percentage of 50%.
The margin of error has been described as an "absolute" quantity, equal to a
confidence interval radius for the statistic. For example, if the true value is 50
percentage points, and the statistic has a confidence interval radius of 5 percentage
points, then we say the margin of error is 5 percentage points. As another example,
if the true value is 50 people, and the statistic has a confidence interval radius of 5
people, then we might say the margin of error is 5 people.
In some cases, the margin of error is not expressed as an "absolute" quantity; rather
it is expressed as a "relative" quantity. For example, suppose the true value is 50
people, and the statistic has a confidence interval radius of 5 people. If we use the
"absolute" definition, the margin of error would be 5 people. If we use the
"relative" definition, then we express this absolute margin of error as a percent of
the true value. So in this case, the absolute margin of error is 5 people, but the
"percent relative" margin of error is 10% (because 5 people are ten percent of 50
people). Often, however, the distinction is not explicitly made, yet usually is
apparent from context.