The Sister Study

www.SisterStudy.niehs.nih.gov

Investigators

Dale P. Sandler, PI Epidemiology Branch

Clarice R. Weinberg, Co-Investigator Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch

Jack A. Taylor, Co-Investigator Epidemiology Branch

Alexandra J. White, Co-Investigator Epidemiology Branch

Chandra L. Jackson, Co-Investigator Epidemiology Branch

Katie M. O’Brien, Co-Investigator Epidemiology Branch

Overview

The Sister Study is a prospective cohort study of environmental and genetic risk factors for breast

cancer and other diseases among 50,884 sisters of women who have had breast cancer. Such

sisters have about twice the risk of developing breast cancer as other women, thus about 300

new cases of breast cancer are expected to be diagnosed each year. Study enrollment opened

nationally in October 2004 and closed in July 2009. Eligible women were 35 to 74 years of age,

lived in the United States, including Puerto Rico, and had a sister diagnosed with breast cancer

but did not have breast cancer themselves. Multiple recruitment strategies were used to enroll a

diverse cohort of women with a variety of different life experiences and exposures. Baseline data

on potential risk factors and current health status were collected in telephone interviews and

mailed questionnaires. Blood, urine, and environmental samples were collected during a baseline

home visit and banked for future use in nested case-cohort or case-control studies of breast

cancer or other diseases. Stored samples include whole blood, cryopreserved whole blood or

lymphocytes (12% random sample), plasma, serum, urine, toenail clippings, and household dust

collected with alcohol wipes. The cohort is being followed prospectively. Contact information and

major changes to health are updated annually. Comprehensive triennial questionnaires update

medical history and changes in exposures. Medical records, pathology reports, and tumor tissue

blocks are sought for women who develop breast and (recently) ovarian cancer. For other

cancers, pathology reports are requested. Other self-reported health outcomes are validated for

special studies. Analyses assess the effects of environmental and lifestyle exposures and genetic

factors on breast cancer risk and risk for other diseases (e.g. heart disease, osteoporosis, other

hormonal cancers, and autoimmune diseases). Future studies of environmental and genetic

influences on breast cancer prognosis are made possible by continuing to follow women in the

cohort who develop breast cancer.

Background and Rationale

Breast cancer is the leading (non-skin) cancer among women with approximately 282,000

diagnoses of breast cancer and 44,000 deaths per year in the United States. Known risk factors

explain less than 50% of variation in breast cancer risk and known breast cancer genes account

for fewer than 10% of cases. The Sister Study was designed to study environmental and genetic

risk factors for breast cancer and other women’s health conditions. The study creates a framework

for addressing current and future hypotheses as science advances over the follow up period,

including studies related to biological mechanisms. Studying sisters of women diagnosed with

breast cancer is advantageous because it allows for a smaller cohort size and shorter follow-up

than needed to study women in general. These sisters have about twice the risk of breast cancer

as other women and the frequency of relevant genes and shared risk factors will also be higher,

increasing the statistical power of the study. This enhances the ability to assess the interplay of

genes and environment in breast cancer risk and to identify potential modifiable risk factors. In

addition, sisters are often highly motivated to participate in long-term breast cancer research

because their family member has experienced the disease so the response rates and compliance

are high. The prospective design allows the assessment of exposures before the onset of disease

thereby avoiding biases common to retrospective studies.

Recruitment and Enrollment

After a four-city vanguard phase in 2003, nationwide enrollment took place October 2004 through

March 2009. Eligible women were 35 to 74 years of age, lived in the United States, including

Puerto Rico, and had a sister diagnosed with breast cancer but did not have breast cancer

themselves. Efforts were made to maximize the inclusion of women who are often under-

represented in research, such as minoritized racial and ethnic groups, those with low education,

and those aged 65 years and older, and to target women with possible relevant exposures

because of their place of residence or occupation. Recruitment activities included outreach to

volunteers and breast cancer organizations, networking with communities, direct mailings to

specific lists, national media campaigns and the endorsement of the Sister Study by high profile

celebrity supporters. Study materials were made available in Spanish in 2005. Additional details

can be found in Sandler, et al. 2017 (PMID: 29373861)

Study Population

A total of 50,884 women completed required baseline activities and were fully enrolled in the

study, including 8,311 women (16%) who self-identified as Hispanic/Latina or non-White, 8,874

women aged 65 years and older (17%), and 7,805 women with a high school education or less

(15%). A smaller group of women who completed some but not all study requirements (n=3,066)

is being followed passively through record linkage (vital statistics and possibly cancer registries)

to assess differences in outcomes for those who did and did not fully enroll. This latter group

includes a larger percentage of minority women (36%) and women with fewer years of schooling

(18%), women who were the focus of intense recruitment efforts towards the end of the

recruitment period. Reflecting the volunteer nature of the cohort and the recruitment of sisters of

women with breast cancer, Sister Study participants have higher education levels and have higher

prevalence of known breast cancer risk factors, including enhanced family history (Table 1).

Additional information about the cohort can be found on the study’s website –

www.SisterStudy.niehs.nih.gov.

Baseline characteristics of women in the Sister Study

Characteristic

Number

Percent

Total

50,884

Race/ethnicity

Non-Hispanic White

42,558

83.6

Non-Hispanic Black/African American

4,600

9.0

Hispanic/Latina

2,377

4.7

Other

a

1,334

2.6

Age

35-44

6,578

12.9

45-54

17,520

34.4

55-64

17,912

35.2

65+

8,874

17.4

Education

High school or less

7,805

15.3

Some college

9,957

19.6

Associates or technical degree

7,224

14.2

Bachelor’s degree

13,714

27.0

Master’s or doctoral degree

12,172

23.9

Smoking

Nonsmoker

28,552

56.1

Past

18,141

35.7

Current

4,175

8.2

Alcohol consumption

Never

1,949

3.8

Former

7,730

15.2

Current, < 1 drink/day

34,256

67.4

Current, ≥ 1 drink/day

6,862

13.5

Body Mass Index

Normal/underweight

19,438

38.2

Overweight

16,151

31.7

Obese

15,278

30.0

Number of sisters (full or half) with breast

cancer

1

45,706

89.8

2

4,548

8.9

3+

629

1.2

Mother diagnosed with breast cancer

9,135

18.0

a

Includes non-Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islanders, non-Hispanic American Indians, and non-Hispanic Other;

women who self-identified as Black/African American and another race were included as Black/African

American

Data Collection

Baseline

Computer-assisted telephone interviews (CATI): Telephone interviews were scheduled in two

one-hour sessions to collect information on a broad range of exposures and lifestyle

characteristics. Supporting materials, including a list of relevant medications and a chronological

life calendar, were provided to help women prepare for the interviews. Topics included

demographic and socioeconomic factors, lifestyle and environmental exposures, residential

history, medical and medication-use history, reproductive history and hormone use, breast

conditions and surgeries, occupational history, and physical activity. Questionnaires focused

specifically on early life (before puberty) and reproductive years as well as the time of enrollment.

Self-administered questionnaires: Participants filled out three self-administered questionnaires:

use of personal care products; prenatal (in utero) exposures and family medical history; and

current diet (Block 98 food frequency questionnaire), with supplementary questions on

complementary and alternative medicines, childhood diet, special diets, and eating patterns.

Home Visit: Trained female examiners from a national in-home phlebotomy service (EMSI) visited

participants’ homes (or a mutually agreed upon alternate site such as a doctor’s office) to draw

blood, measure blood pressure, height, weight, hips, and waist and to retrieve consent forms,

self-administered questionnaires and self-collected toenails, dust, and urine. Participants filled out

a brief questionnaire on the day of the visit to report information on their diet, medication use, and

activities over the past 24 hours. Examiners packed and shipped study samples and forms to the

Sister Study Laboratory by FedEx Priority Overnight on the same day as the visit.

Biological Specimen Collection: Nearly all participants provided biological samples. Details of

collection and processing can be found on the Sister Study website

(https://sisterstudy.niehs.nih.gov/english/images/SIS_SpecimenSummary_20120323_webversion.pdf)

Toenails: Participants collected toenail clippings from each toe unless they had a medical or

physical condition (e.g. diabetes) that would prohibit collection. Samples are stored at room

temperature.

Dust: Participants collected dust samples from three rooms of their home using pre-packaged

alcohol wipes. Wipes are stored in -20° C freezers.

Urine: Participants collected clean-catch midstream first morning urine specimens on the day of

the home visit and kept them refrigerated until pick up by the examiner.

Blood: Participants were instructed to fast for at least eight hours prior to their blood draw.

Examiners collected approximately 45 ml of blood using six BD Vacutainer® (Becton, Dickinson

and Company) tubes, including two EDTA tubes (BD#s 367855 and 366643), two serum tubes

(BD# 367820) and two ACD-B tubes (BD# 364816). In the rare event that a blood sample could

not be collected due to an unsuccessful phlebotomy, participants were asked to provide a saliva

sample using an Oragene™ DNA self-collection saliva kit (DNA Genotek, Ottawa Canada).

DNA: DNA was extracted from whole blood (90%), clot, or saliva. We initially extracted DNA for

~2,400 breast cancer cases, 140 ovarian cancer cases, a random sample of the cohort (n=2,350),

and additional premenopausal women to maximize studies related to breast cancer in

premenopausal women. These cases and non-cases have been included in large scale GWAS

and methylation studies. Since then we have added more recently diagnosed breast and ovarian

cancer cases, women diagnosed with other cancers, additional premenopausal women, and

another random sample of the cohort. The other cancers selected were those likely to be

hormonally related, to have reasonable sample size to support candidate-SNP analyses or

pooling efforts, and to either have high rates of medical record confirmation or be those for which

self-reports are likely to be valid. DNA is also available for cases and non-cases included in early

pilot efforts. In all, DNA is available for 19,000 women in the cohort.

Follow-up

The Sister Study cohort is followed prospectively to identify incident breast cancer and other

health outcomes. Participants can report a diagnosis of breast cancer or other conditions at

annual updates (selected outcomes) or follow-up questionnaires, or they can contact a study

helpdesk by telephone, mail, or email. Annual update forms and biennial/triennial follow-up

questionnaires are available in English and Spanish. Starting in 2010, all study materials have

been available on the web and women have the option of completing follow-up questionnaires

on-line, by mail, or over the phone. Annual updates and questionnaires are administered in

“waves” representing groupings by enrollment date. Over time, waves have been combined to

condense the time it takes to complete a single follow-up activity from 5 years to just over 2 years

(see schematic below).

Women reporting a diagnosis of LCIS, DCIS, invasive breast cancer or ovarian cancer are asked

to provide information on their diagnosis and treatment and provide authorization for medical

record and tumor tissue sample retrieval. Women with other cancers are asked for pathology

reports or permission to retrieve them from medical providers. Protocols for validating other

incident conditions reported during follow up are developed as needed.

Annual updates: Women are contacted annually for a brief update or a scheduled detailed follow-

up questionnaire. The annual update form collects changes in contact information and allows

participants to report major changes in health, including breast cancer. Response rates for the

annual updates have been 91% or higher throughout follow-up (range 91%-96%). Through the

end of July 2021, 2,967 (5.8%) of Sister Study participants were known to be deceased.

Detailed questionnaires: More in-depth questionnaires collect information on medical diagnoses

and symptoms, changes in environmental exposures and lifestyle, and special topics of interest.

The first detailed (biennial) follow-up, completed in July 2012, consisted of three questionnaires:

Health and Medical History, Lifestyle, and the special topic, Stress and Coping. Responses were

obtained from 48,090 women for an overall response rate of 95%. For the next round of detailed

follow-up, the study shifted to triennial administration to reduce participant burden and simplify

workflow. The special topic for the 2

nd

detailed follow-up (completed April 2014) was Quality of

Life and other related topics. The 3

rd

detailed follow-up introduced a streamlined reproductive

section for participants >60 years of age; this follow-up was completed in August 2016. With this

questionnaire, we introducted an advocacy program, which provides more personal attention to

those at higher risk for dropping out of the study. The result was a preservation of high response

rates (91%), with an approximately 2% increase in response rate among minority women. A 4th

follow-up was completed in 2019 (response rate 85%) and a 5th is currently in the field (starting

fall 2020, response rate of 67% through July 2021, on track with prior surveys). Additionally, a

detailed family history questionnaire was distributed in 2017-2018 to collect data on the history of

cancer in first and second degree relatives (response rate of 83%), and a special COVID-19

survey was distributed in the fall of 2020 (response rate of 74% through July 2021).

Breast and Ovarian Cancer Follow-up

The breast cancer follow-up protocol has been streamlined over time to reduce participant burden

and maximize response rates. We are now also getting more detailed follow-up information from

ovarian cancer cases. Women are now contacted 6 months after diagnosis, closer to the end of

their treatment. They are mailed a packet that includes instructions, breast cancer definitions, a

self-administered questionnaire and authorization forms for requesting medical records and tumor

tissue samples. The questionnaire was streamlined to focus on information only the woman can

provide herself, such as how the tumor was detected, her health insurance status, and quality of

life after diagnosis. It also covers basic information on tumor pathology and treatment in case the

medical record is not obtained. We ask women to send us a copy of their pathology report if they

have one. Medical providers are asked to complete a form about the breast cancer diagnosis and

treatment and/or provide relevant pages from the medical record. They are also asked to send

pathology reports, blocks of breast (ovarian) carcinoma and normal breast tissue, and diagnostic

H & E slides.

As of the most recent Sister Study Data Release (9.0), 3,999 women had reported a diagnosis of

incident DCIS, or invasive breast cancer. Out of the total incident breast cancer events at that

time, medical records or pathology reports were obtained to confirm 3,269 (81.7%) incident breast

cancer events, and 2,487 tissue samples have been retrieved. Among women for whom we

obtain pathology reports or medical records, the positive predictive value (PPV) of a self-reported

breast cancer is 99.4%.

Breast Tissue Microarrays (TMAs) and Tissue Cores: Tumor and normal tissue blocs are being

used to create TMAs for immunohistochemical staining and to obtain tissue core biopsies. TMAs

are prepared at the UNC Translational Pathology Laboratory. Mark Sherman, formerly at NCI and

now at Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville Florida, serves as study pathologist. He oversees the review of

slides, documentation of tumor features, and selection of tissue for sampling for TMAs and cores,

which are extracted and placed into individual tubes. When available, TMAs and cores include

invasive cancer tissue, co-occurring DCIS, and adjacent normal tissue. Initial

immunohistochemical staining will include ER, PR, HER2, Ki67, EGFR, and CK6/6 to allow for

comprehensive classification of breast cancer subtypes.

Other incident conditions

In 2010 we began validating other (non-breast) cancers, with prioritization of types based on

relevance to hormonal-related hypotheses, frequency of diagnosis, and opportunities for

consortia collaboration. Women are asked to mail a copy of the pathology report to us if available

and to sign an authorization form allowing us to request it from their medical provider.

Second Specimen Collection

In 2014/2015 we carried out the Sisters Changing Lives initiative in which we invited 3,800 women

to complete a second home visit for sample collection. Procedures were identical to those at the

enrollment visit except an RNA Tempest tube was substituted for one of the baseline whole blood

tubes. Women diagnosed with breast cancer by the time of the initiative and a random sample of

the cohort were targeted. Samples were obtained for 61% of invited breast cancer cases and 65%

of non-cases. A total of 2,434 women participated, of whom 1,227 were cases. This resource

allows for studies of changes in biomarkers over time and of changes in biomarkers due to a

breast cancer diagnosis.

Special COVID Survey

In response to the 2020-2021 COVID-19 pandemic, we designed a special questionnaire to

collect data on coronavirus infections, testing, and COVID-related health behaviors. We also

included questions about screening or treatment delays, mental health (including stress, anxiety,

and sleep health), and many other factors. The survey was sent to all active participants in

November 2020, with a 74% response rate through July 2021. Several COVID-related questions

(e.g. ever infected, vaccine status) were also added to the annual follow-up questionnaire and 5th

detailed follow-up questionnaire. Additionally, we joined a large collaborative group collecting

COVID data from large cohorts in the US or UK via the Zoe app (https://covid.joinzoe.com/).

Data Management and Processing

Over the course of the study, data files were released for analysis for the first 10,000 (2006),

20,000 (2007), 30,000 (2008) and the final baseline cohort of 50,884 (2011) participants. To

create continuity across analyses and papers, we are now using data releases. The first data

release was created in January 2013. Data releases are issued approximately once per year to

incorporate new follow-up data, including updated mortality data from the National Death Index,

and any changes due to data cleaning. The most recent data release (DR 9.1) was in June 2021.

Data Release 10.0 is expected in early 2022.

Data Sharing and Collaboration

In the interest of promoting scientific research on the environmental and genetic risk factors for

breast cancer and other diseases, the Sister Study welcomes proposals for collaborative studies

from within NIEHS and the wider scientific community. Proposals are reviewed to ensure scientific

merit and to protect the integrity of the study and the confidentiality of participants. Acceptable

study topics will take advantage of the unique characteristics of the Sister Study cohort and may

involve the analysis of routinely collected data or specimens or involve new data collection.

Information on available data, instructions on how to submit a research topic and proposal, and

guidelines regarding the use of study data and specimens can be found on the Sister Study data

portal at www.sisterstudystars.org. This portal tracks study proposals, data requests, specimen

use and manuscripts.

Consortia and data pooling

The Sister Study participates in the National Cancer Institute’s Cohort Consortium, a group that

facilitates the pooling of data from individual cohort studies to create high-quality databases

large enough to investigate risk factors for rare cancers or to study low-penetrance genetic

variants and other factors with small effects in relation to breast and other common cancers.

More than 20 international cohorts are included.

Sister Study investigators (Dr. Sandler and former fellow Hazel Nichols, now at the University of

North Carolina) are leading a Cohort Consortium project on premenopausal breast cancer in

collaboration with investigators from the Institute of Cancer Research, London. Initial efforts aim

to understand pregnancy-related breast cancer risk factors and other exposures that may

differentially affect premenopausal versus postmenopausal breast cancer, such as obesity,

physical activity, and hormone therapy use. Drs. O’Brien and Sandler have also led projects in

the Ovarian Cancer Cohort Consortium (OC3), including studies of genital powder use and an

upcoming project on hormone therapy.

The Sister Study also has contributed data to Cohort Consortium studies on head and neck,

gallbladder, and thyroid cancers as well as large GWAS and sequencing-based studies of

breast and ovarian cancer. This allows us to contribute to research on cancers for which we lack

sufficient power on our own or to contribute to the large efforts needed for gene identification

and risk prediction. These include:

• The Confluence Project, NCI

• Biomarkers and Breast Cancer Risk Prediction in Younger Women, NCI

• Diet and Cancer Consortium, NCI

• Breast Cancer Association Consortium (BCAC)

• Cancer Risk Estimates Related to Susceptibility Genes (CARRIERS) Consortium, Mayo

Clinic

• Breast CAncer STratification (B-CAST) Consortium, Netherlands Cancer Institute

• Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium (OCAC)

• Biliary Tract Cancers Pooling Project, Epidemiology and Genomics Research, NCI

• Reproductive and Hormonal Factors and Thyroid Cancers Risk Pooling Project, NCI

• AMH and Breast Cancer Pooling Project (NYU and the NCI Cohort Consortium)

• Collaborative Study to Find Genetic Variants Associated with Variation in Anti-Müllerian

Hormone Levels, Exeter University (UK)

The Sister Study also contributes to other meta-analyses and data pooling efforts outside the

Cohort Consortium:

• Trauma and ovarian cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center

• Circulating hormones in premenopausal women and subsequent breast cancer risk, NCI

• Breast and Ovarian Analysis of Disease Incidence and Carrier Estimation Algorithm

(BODICEA), Cambridge UK

Through an agreement with the PIs, we will be receiving a near complete copy of their study

data (enrollment and follow-up questionnaires and selected cancer outcomes) for the

Breakthrough Generations Cohort that will allow for pooling data from the two studies to

evaluate new hypotheses that require a larger sample or to validate findings published from

either cohort alone. https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/breast-cancer/research-

clinical-trials/generations-study

Finally, The Sister study participates in research led by extramural collaborators, funded by NIH

or other grants. For example, the Sister Study is one of several prospective cohorts included in

a study (NIH RO1, Joel Kaufman, PI) of ambient air pollution and incident cardiovascular. As

part of that effort, self-reported cases of cardiovascular disease in the Sister study were

validated with medical records and probability-based algorithms were created to classify those

with no available records. A spin-off study will include some of the same cohorts in a pooled

study of air pollution and breast cancer.

Geocoding studies

Sister Study enrollment, longest-lived and childhood residences have been geocoded allowing

linkage to air pollution, census, and other data. Follow-up addresses were recently geocoded as

part of the cardiovascular disease collaboration with Dr. Kaufman. A new effort will attempt to

identify Sister Study participant’s interim addresses (post-1980) using the LexisNexis database.

Ancillary Studies

Two Sister Study

The Two Sister Study, which completed enrollment in December 2010, is a family-based study of

genetic and environmental risk factors for young onset (before age 50) breast cancer. The study

recruited the affected sister of Sister Study participants (the sister with breast cancer who was

not in the Sister Study) if her diagnosis was before age 50 and within four years of screening for

eligibility. Case-sisters completed the same computer-assisted telephone interviews as their

sisters did when joining the Sister Study, provided saliva, dust, and toenail samples, provided

detailed information about their breast cancer diagnosis and treatment, and were asked to

authorize retrieval of medical records and tumor samples. In addition, participants invited their

parents to provide a saliva sample as a source of DNA for genetic analyses. Over 1,400 young-

onset sisters enrolled in the study by completing questionnaires and/or providing saliva samples

for DNA. These index cases are the sisters of ~1,700 women in the Sister Study (who also

provided questionnaires and samples for DNA). Of their parents, 1,438 provided a saliva sample.

About 1,300 of the sisters with young-onset breast cancer completed all study requirements (all

questionnaires and saliva sample) and are now being followed prospectively along with Sister

Study participants who developed breast cancer after joining the study.

CDC Special Survey and Survivorship Survey

In response to a CDC mandate under the Young Women's Breast Health Awareness and Support

of Young Women Diagnosed with Breast Cancer bill (the 2010 EARLY Act), the Sister Study

teamed with researchers from the Epidemiology and Applied Research Branch in the Division of

Cancer Prevention and Control at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to 1)

survey breast cancer free Sister Study participants about breast cancer screening practices,

family communication about cancer, and the effect of having a sister with breast cancer on

participants and their families. About 18,000 women participated in 2012; 2) survey women

diagnosed with breast cancer about topics of interest to younger women such as body image,

work-life balance, relationships and intimacy, and fertility, as well as impact of cancer on the lives

of breast cancer survivors and their families, survivors’ quality of life, physical and emotional

health, changes in lifestyle and environment, and coordination of cancer treatment and follow-up

care. This survey was completed (2012-2013) by 2,537 women with breast cancer in the Sister

Study and the Two Sister Study.

Validation of Early Life Factors

Data collection for a validation study of self-reported early life factors was completed in 2012. The

aim was to evaluate how accurately women reported the information on early life collected at

baseline, including information on their mother's pregnancy. A total of 1,802 of the participants’

mothers completed a questionnaire after receiving an invitation from their daughters.

Mammography Initiative

In collaboration with investigators from Columbia University, the Sister study attempted to retrieve

digital and film mammography images from a case-control sample of participants age <55, with a

goal of studying factors related to breast density changes over time. Approximately 60% of women

contacted for the study provided medical release forms, allowing for the collection of 10,000+

mammograms from more than 1,500 women.

Olfactory Impairment

Dr. Honglei Chen of Michigan State University received grant funding (Department of Defense

and Parkinson’s Foundation) to study airborne pollutants, the olfactory system, and Parkinson’s

disease. To support this research, a sample of 3,406 participants aged 50-79 completed a special

survey about olfaction status and a Brief Smell Identification Test.

Sister Study Collaborators

Intramural NIEHS

Donna Baird, PhD Epidemiology Branch

Stephanie London, MD, DrPH Epidemiology Branch

Suril Mehta, PhD National Toxicology Program

Christine Parks, MSPH, PhD Epidemiology Branch

Min Shi, MD, PhD Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch

Zongli Xu, PhD Epidemiology Branch

Shanshan Zhao, PhD Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch

Fellows/Trainees Using Sister Study Data/current position

Chelsea Anderson, PhD Univ of North Carolina / American Cancer Society

Aimee D'Aloisio, PhD Epidemiology Branch / Social & Scientific Systems, Inc.

Mary Diaz-Santana, PhD Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch

Carolyn Eberle, MS Doctoral Student, Univ. of North Carolina

Christine Ekenga, PhD Epidemiology Branch / Washington Univ. St. Louis

Symielle Gaston, PhD Epidemiology Branch

Mandy Goldberg, PhD Epidemiology Branch

Allyson Gregoire Epidemiology Branch

Mark Guinter, PhD PhD Student, Univ. of South Carolina / Amer Cancer Society

Clinton Hall, PhD Doctoral Student, Univ. of California at Los Angeles / Leidos

Lauren Hurwitz, PhD

Sarah Jackson, PhD

Mengmeng Jia, PhD

Yue Jiang, PhD

Sangmi Kim, PhD

Jacob K. Kresovich, PhD

Kaitlyn Gam Lawrence, PhD

Melissa Furlong MacLean, PhD

Christina Markunas, PhD

Emma McGee, PhD

Ketrell McWhorter, PhD

Clare Meernik, MS

Helen Meier, PhD

Aaron Moore, MD

John Murphy, MS

Hazel Nichols, PhD

Nicole Niehoff, BS

Katie O’Brien, PhD

Jihye Park, MS

Yong-Moon Park, MD, MS, PhD

Joshua Petimar, ScD

Shahar Shmuel, ScM

Srishti Shrestha, PhD

Marina Sweeney, MS

Charlotte Talham, BS

Kyla Taylor, PhD

Kristen Upson, PhD

Ann von Holle, PhD

Cuicui Wang, PhD

Emily Werder, PhD

Alexandra White, PhD

Lauren Wilson, PhD

Jennifer Woo, PhD

Zeni Wu

Dongyu Zhang, PhD

Jing Xu, PhD

Intramural NIH

Clara Bodelon, PhD

Gretchen Gierach, PhD

Cari Kitahara, PhD, MPH

Jill Koshiol, PhD

Katherine McGlynn, PhD, MPH

Britton Trabert, PhD

Emily Vogtmann, PhD, MPH

Nicolas Wentzensen, MD PhD

National Cancer Institute

PhD Student, Univ. of North Carolina / Duke Univ.

Epidemiology Branch / Eli Lilly

Epidemiology Branch

PhD Student, Univ. of North Carolina/ Univ of Arizona

Epidemiology Branch/ RTI International

National Cancer Institute

Epidemiology Branch / Univ. of Kentucky

Doctoral Student, Univ. of North Carolina/

Epidemiology Branch / University of Michigan

Epidemiology Branch/ student North Carolina State

University

Doctoral Student, Univ. of North Carolina

Epidemiology Branch / Univ of North Carolina

Epidemiology Branch

Biostat. and Computational Biology / Epidemiology Branch

PhD Student, Univ. of North Carolina/

Epidemiology Branch / Univ Arkansas for Medical Sciences

Doctoral Student, Harvard University / Harvard University

Doctoral Student, Univ. of North Carolina

Epidemiology Branch / Univ. of Mississippi Medical Center

PhD Student, Univ. of North Carolina

Postbacc, Nat’l Inst of Minority Health and Health Disparities

PhD Student, Univ. of North Carolina / DNTP

Epidemiology Branch/ Michigan Statue University

Biostat and Computational Biology Branch

Biostat and Computational Biology Branch / Harvard Univ.

Epidemiology Branch

PhD Student, Univ. WI, Milwaukee / Epid Branch

National Cancer Institute

PhD Student, UNC Chapel Hill

Visiting Student, Peking Union Medical College / Peking

Union Medical College

National Cancer Institute

Faustine Williams, PhD, MPH, MS National Institute of Minority Health and Health Disparities

Extramural

Angeline Andrew, MD

Olga Basso, PhD

Kimberly Bertrand, ScD

Deborah Bookwalter, PhD

Leah Hawkins Bressler, MD

Timothy Buckley, PhD

Andrew Chan, MD MPH

Honglei Chen, MD, PhD

Fergus Couch, PhD

Sandra Deming-Halverson

Lisa DeRoo, PhD, MPH

Renee Fortner, PhD

Holly Harris, ScD

M. Elizabeth Hodgson, PhD

Laura Hooper, MD

Brian Jackson, PhD

Margaret Karagas, PhD

Joel D. Kaufman, MPH, MD

Alexander Keil, PhD

Joshua Keller, PhD

Cynthia Kleeberger, MS

Jenna Lilyquist, PhD

Erin Linnenbringer, PhD

Julie Palmer, ScD

Lucy Peipins, PhD

Juan Rodriguez, MPH

Minouk Schoemaker, PhD

Mark Sherman, MD

Amanda Simanek, PhD

Anthony Swerdlow, MD PhD

Adam A. Szpiro, PhD

Parisa Tehranifar, PhD

Mary Beth Terry, PhD

Melissa Troester, PhD, MPH

Wei-Lun Tsai, PhD

Shelley Tworoger, PhD

Paul Villeneuve, PhD

Mary C. White, ScD

Lauren Wright

Dartmouth College

McGill University

Boston University

Westat, Inc.

Univ. of North Carolina

US Environmental Protection Agency

Harvard University

Michigan State University

Mayo Clinic, Rochester

Social & Scientific Systems, Inc.

University of Bergen, Norway

German Cancer Research Center

Univ. of Washington

Social & Scientific Systems, Inc.

University of Washington, Seattle

Dartmouth, Dept of Earth Sciences

Dartmouth, Geisel School of Medicine

University of Washington, Seattle

University of North Carolina

U Washington/ Johns Hopkins / Colorado State

Social & Scientific Systems, Inc.

Washington University in St. Louis

Boston University

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Institute of Cancer Research, UK

Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL

University of WI at Milwaukee

Institute of Cancer Research, UK

University of Washington, Seattle

Columbia University

University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

US Environmental Protection Agency

Moffitt Cancer Center

Carleton University, Canada

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Institute of Cancer Research, UK

Sister Study Publications 2017- August 2021

More than 220 Sister Study papers (primary papers and as part of large consortia) were published

since 2007. A complete list of papers can be found on the Sister Study Website

(https://sisterstudy.niehs.nih.gov/

).

2017

1. Amos CI, Dennis J, Wang Z, … Taylor JA, … Chanock SJ, Simard J, Easton DF. The

OncoArray Consortium: a network for understanding the genetic architecture of common

cancers. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 2017;26(1):126-35.

2. Anderson C, Islam JY, Hodgson ME, Sabatino SA, Rodriguez JL, Lee CN, Sandler DP,

Nichols HB. Long-term satisfaction and body image after contralateral prophylactic

mastectomy. Annals of Surgical Oncology. 2017;24(6):1499-506.

3. Anderson C, Sandler DP, Weinberg CR, Houck K, Chunduri M, Hodgson ME, Sabatino SA,

White MC, Rodriguez JL, Nichols HB. Age- and treatment-related associations with health

behavior change among breast cancer survivors. The Breast. 2017;33:1-7.

4. Campbell PT, Newton CC, Kitahara CM, … Sandler DP, …Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Zheng W,

Gapstur SM. Body size indicators and risk of gallbladder cancer: pooled analysis of

individual-level data from 19 prospective cohort studies. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers

& Prevention. 2017;26(4):597-606.

5. D'Aloisio AA, Nichols HB, Hodgson ME, Deming-Halverson SL, Sandler DP. Validity of self-

reported breast cancer characteristics in a nationwide cohort of women with a family history

of breast cancer. BMC Cancer. 2017;17:692.

6. Keller JP, Drton M, Larson T, Kaufman JD, Sandler DP, Szpiro AA. Covariate-adaptive

clustering of exposures for air pollution epidemiology cohorts. Annals of Applied Statistics.

2017;11(1):93-113.

7. Kim S, Campbell J, Yoo W, Taylor JA, Sandler DP. Systemic levels of estrogens and PGE2

synthesis in relation to postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiology,

Biomarkers & Prevention. 2017;26(3):383-8.

8. Michailidou K, Lindström S, Dennis J,…, Sandler DP, …, Taylor JA, …, Weinberg CR, …,

Simard J, Kraft P, Easton DF. Association analysis identifies 65 new breast cancer risk

loci. Nature. 2017 Nov 2;551(7678):92-4.

9. Milne RL, Kuchenbaecker KB, Michailidou K,…, Sandler DP, …, Taylor JA, …, Weinberg

CR, …, Schmidt MK, Antoniou AC, Simard J. Identification of ten variants associated with

risk of estrogen-receptor-negative breast cancer. Nature Genetics. 2017;49(12):1767-78.

10. Nichols HB, Anderson C, White AJ, Milne GL, Sandler DP. Oxidative stress and breast

cancer risk in premenopausal women. Epidemiology. 2017;28(5):667-74.

11. Nichols HB, Schoemaker MJ, Wright LB, …, Zheng W, Sandler DP, Swerdlow AJ. The

Premenopausal Breast Cancer Collaboration: A pooling project of studies participating in the

National Cancer Institute Cohort Consortium. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers &

Prevention. 2017;26(9):1360-9.

12. Niehoff NM, White AJ, Sandler DP. Childhood and teenage physical activity and breast

cancer risk. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 2017;164(3):697-705.

13. O'Brien KM, Sandler DP, Kinyamu HK, Taylor JA, Weinberg CR. Single-nucleotide

polymorphisms in vitamin D-related genes may modify vitamin D-breast cancer

associations. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention. 2017;26(12):1761-71.

14. O'Brien KM, Sandler DP, Taylor JA, Weinberg CR. Serum vitamin D and risk of breast

cancer within five years. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2017;125(7):077004.

15. O'Brien KM, Whelan DR, Sandler DP, Hall JE, Weinberg CR. Predictors and long-term

health outcomes of eating disorders. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0181104.

16. O'Brien KM, Whelan DR, Sandler DP, Weinberg CR. Eating disorders and breast

cancer. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 2017;26(2):206-11.

17. Park YM, O'Brien KM, Zhao S, Weinberg CR, Baird DD, Sandler DP. Gestational diabetes

mellitus may be associated with increased risk of breast cancer. British Journal of Cancer.

2017;116(7):960-3.

18. Park YM, White AJ, Nichols HB, O'Brien KM, Weinberg CR, Sandler DP. The association

between metabolic health, obesity phenotype and the risk of breast cancer. International

Journal of Cancer. 2017;140(12):2657-66.

19. Phelan CM, Kuchenbaecker KB, Tyrer JP,…, D'Aloisio AA, …, Sandler DP, …, Taylor JA,

…, Weinberg CR, …, Gayther SA, Antoniou AC, Pharoah PD. Identification of 12 new

susceptibility loci for different histotypes of epithelial ovarian cancer. Nature Genetics.

2017;49(5):680-91.

20. Sandler DP, Hodgson ME, Deming-Halverson SL, Juras PS, D'Aloisio AA, Suarez LM,

Kleeberger CA, Shore DL, DeRoo LA, Taylor JA, Weinberg CR; Sister Study Research

Team. The Sister Study cohort: baseline methods and participant

characteristics. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2017;125(12):127003.

21. Shi M, O'Brien KM, Sandler DP, Taylor JA, Zaykin DV, Weinberg CR. Previous GWAS hits

in relation to young-onset breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment.

2017;161(2):333-44.

22. Shmuel S, White AJ, Sandler DP. Residential exposure to vehicular traffic-related air

pollution during childhood and breast cancer risk. Environ Research. 2017;159:257-63.

23. Taylor KW, Baird DD, Herring AH, Engel LS, Nichols HB, Sandler DP, Troester

MA. Associations among personal care product use patterns and exogenous hormone use

in the NIEHS Sister Study. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology.

2017;27(5):458-64.

24. White AJ, D'Aloisio AA, Nichols HB, DeRoo LA, Sandler DP. Breast cancer and exposure to

tobacco smoke during potential windows of susceptibility. Cancer Causes & Control.

2017;28(7):667-75.

25. White AJ, DeRoo LA, Weinberg CR, Sandler DP. Lifetime alcohol intake, binge drinking

behaviors, and breast cancer risk. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2017;186(5):541-9.

26. White AJ, Sandler DP. Indoor wood-burning stove and fireplace use and breast cancer in a

prospective cohort study. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2017;125(7):077011.

27. White AJ, Weinberg CR, Park YM, D'Aloisio AA, Vogtmann E, Nichols HB, Sandler

DP. Sleep characteristics, light at night and breast cancer risk in a prospective

cohort. International Journal of Cancer. 2017;141(11):2204-14.

28. Wilson LE, Harlid S, Xu Z, Sandler DP, Taylor JA. An epigenome-wide study of body mass

index and DNA methylation in blood using participants from the Sister Study

cohort. International Journal of Obesity. 2017;41(1):194-99.

2018

29. Anderson C, Milne GL, Park YM, Sandler DP, Nichols HB. Cardiovascular disease risk

factors and oxidative stress among premenopausal women. Free Radical Biology &

Medicine. 2018;115:246-51.

30. Anderson C, Milne GL, Park YM, Sandler DP, Nichols HB. Dietary glycemic index and

glycemic load are positively associated with oxidative stress among premenopausal

women. The Journal of Nutrition. 2018; 148(1):125-30.

31. Anderson C, Nichols HB, Deal AM, Park YM, Sandler DP. Changes in cardiovascular

disease risk and risk factors among women with and without breast cancer. Cancer.

2018;124(23):4512-9.

32. Anderson C, Park YM, Stanczyk FZ, Sandler DP, Nichols HB. Dietary factors and serum

anti-Müllerian hormone concentrations in late premenopausal women. Fertility and Sterility.

2018;110(6):1145-53.

33. Basso O, Weinberg CR, D'Aloisio AA, Sandler DP. Maternal age at birth and daughters'

subsequent childlessness. Human Reproduction. 2018 Feb 1;33(2):311-9.

34. Ge W, Clendenen TV, Afanasyeva Y, …, Nichols HB, Sandler DP, …, Visvanathan K, Liu M,

Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A. Circulating anti-Müllerian hormone and breast cancer risk: A study in

ten prospective cohorts. International Journal of Cancer. 2018; 142(11): 2215-26.

35. Guinter MA, Sandler DP, McLain AC, Merchant AT, Steck SE. An estrogen-related dietary

pattern and postmenopausal breast cancer risk in a cohort of women with a family history of

breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 2018;27(10):1223-6.

36. Hooper LG, Young MT, Keller JP, Szpiro AA, O'Brien KM, Sandler DP, Vedal S, Kaufman

JD, London SJ. Ambient air pollution and chronic bronchitis in a cohort of U.S.

women. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2018 Feb 6;126(2):027005.

37. Kleeberger C, Shore D, Gunter E, Sandler DP, Weinberg CR. The effects of long-term

storage on commonly measured serum analyte levels. Epidemiology. 2018;29(3):448-52.

38. Kresovich JK, Parks CG, Sandler DP, Taylor JA. Reproductive history and blood cell

telomere length. Aging. 2018;10(9):2383-93.

39. Lu Y, Beeghly-Fadiel A, Wu L,…, Sandler DP, …, Pharoah PDP, Zheng W, Long J. A

transcriptome-wide association study among 97,898 women to identify candidate

susceptibility genes for epithelial ovarian cancer risk. Cancer Research. 2018;78(18):5419-

30.

40. O'Brien KM, Sandler DP, Shi M, Harmon QE, Taylor JA, Weinberg CR. Genome-wide

association study of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in US women. Frontiers in Genetics.

2018;9:67.

41. O'Brien KM, Sandler DP, Xu Z, Kinyamu HK, Taylor JA, Weinberg CR. Vitamin D, DNA

methylation, and breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research. 2018;20(1):70.

42. Ong JS, Hwang LD, Cuellar-Partida G, Martin NG, Chenevix-Trench G, Quinn MCJ,

Cornelis MC, Gharahkhani P, Webb PM, MacGregor S. Assessment of moderate coffee

consumption and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer: A Mendelian randomization

study. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2018;47(2):450-9.

43. Pan Y, Cai J, Kim S, Zhou H. Regression analysis for secondary response variable in a

case-cohort study. Biometrics. 2018;74(3):1014-22.

44. Parks CG, D'Aloisio AA, Sandler DP. Childhood residential and agricultural pesticide

exposures in relation to adult-onset rheumatoid arthritis in women. American Journal of

Epidemiology. 2018;187(2):214-23.

45. Peipins LA, Rodriguez JL, Hawkins NA, Soman A, White MC, Hodgson ME, DeRoo LA,

Sandler DP. Communicating with daughters about familial risk of breast cancer: Individual,

family, and provider influences on women's knowledge of cancer risk. Journal of Women's

Health. 2018;27(5):630-9.

46. Premenopausal Breast Cancer Collaborative Group, Schoemaker MJ, Nichols HB, Wright

LB, … O'Brien KM, … Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Sandler DP, Swerdlow AJ. Association of

body mass index and age with subsequent breast cancer risk in premenopausal

women. JAMA Oncology. 2018;4(11):e181771.

47. Taylor KW, Troester MA, Herring AH, Engel LS, Nichols HB, Sandler DP, Baird

DD. Associations between personal care product use patterns and breast cancer risk among

White and Black women in the Sister Study. Environmental Health Perspectives.

2018;126(2):027011.

48. Villeneuve PJ, Jerrett M, Su JG, Weichenthal S, Sandler DP. Association of residential

greenness with obesity and physical activity in a US cohort of women. Environmental

Research. 2018 Jan;160:372-84. Epub 2017 Oct 20.

49. White MC, Soman A, Weinberg CR, Rodriguez JL, Sabatino SA, Peipins LA, DeRoo L,

Nichols HB, Hodgson ME, Sandler DP. Factors associated with breast MRI use among

women with a family history of breast cancer. The Breast Journal. 2018 Sep;24(5):764-71.

Epub 2018 May 20.

50. Wu L, Shi W, Long J,…, Sandler DP, …, Taylor JA, …, Weinberg CR, …, Easton DF,

Chenevix-Trench G, Zheng W. A transcriptome-wide association study of 229,000 women

identifies new candidate susceptibility genes for breast cancer. Nature Genetics.

2018;50(7):968-78.

51. Zhang D, Ferguson K, Troester M, Bensen JT, Cai J, Milne GL, Sandler DP, Nichols

HB. Tea consumption and oxidative stress: A cross-sectional analysis of 889

premenopausal women from the Sister Study. The British Journal of Nutrition.

2018;121(5):582-90.

2019

52. Anderson C, Nichols HB, House M, Sandler DP. Risk versus benefit of chemoprevention

among raloxifene and tamoxifen users with a family history of breast cancer. Cancer

Prevention Research. 2019;12(11):801-8.

53. Basso O, Weinberg CR, D'Aloisio AA, Sandler DP. Mother's age at delivery and daughters'

risk of preeclampsia. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 2019;33(2):129-36.

54. Clendenen TV, Ge W, Koenig KL, …, Sandler DP ,…,Visvanathan K, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte

A, Liu M. Breast cancer risk prediction in women aged 35-50 years: Impact of including sex

hormone concentrations in the gail model. Breast Cancer Research. 2019;21(1):42.

55. Furlong M, Deming-Halverson S, Sandler DP. Chronic antibiotic use during adulthood and

weight change in the Sister Study. PloS ONE. 2019;14(5):e0216959.

56. Gaston SA, Park YM, McWhorter KL, Sandler DP, Jackson CL. Multiple poor sleep

characteristics and metabolic abnormalities consistent with metabolic syndrome among

White, Black, and Hispanic/Latina women: Modification by menopausal status. Diabetology

& Metabolic Syndrome. 2019;11:17.

57. Grant DJ, Manichaikul A, Alberg AJ, …, Sandler DP, Taylor JA, O'Brien KM, Velez

Edwards DR, Edwards TL, Beeghly-Fadiel A, Wentzensen N, Pearce CL, …, DeFazio A,

Kennedy CJ, Schildkraut JM. Evaluation of vitamin D biosynthesis and pathway target

genes reveals ugt2a1/2 and egfr polymorphisms associated with epithelial ovarian cancer

in African American women. Cancer Medicine. 2019;8(5):2503-13.

58. Hall C, Heck JE, Sandler DP, Ritz B, Chen H, Krause N. Occupational and leisure-time

physical activity differentially predict 6-year incidence of stroke and transient ischemic

attack in women. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health. 2019;45(3):267-79.

59. Hawkins Bressler L, Mersereau JE, Anderson C, Rodriguez JL, Hodgson ME, Weinberg

CR, Sandler DP, Nichols HB. Fertility-related experiences after breast cancer diagnosis in

the Sister and Two Sister Studies. Cancer. 2019;125(15):2675-83.

60. Hosgood HD, 3rd, Klugman M, Matsuo K, White AJ, …, Sandler DP, … , Zheng W, Boffetta

P, Lan Q. The establishment of the Household Air Pollution Consortium

(HAPCO). Atmosphere. 2019;10(7).

61. Jackson SS, Van Dyke AL, Zhu B, …, O'Brien KM, …, Sandler DP, … , McGlynn KA,

Campbell PT, Koshiol J. Anthropometric risk factors for cancers of the biliary tract in the

Biliary Tract Cancers Pooling Project. Cancer Research. 2019;79(15):3973-82.

62. Jiang X, Finucane HK, Schumacher FR, …, Sandler DP, …, Taylor JA, …, Weinberg CR,

…, Amos CI, Kraft P, Lindström S. Shared heritability and functional enrichment across six

solid cancers. Nature Communications. 2019;10(1):431.

63. Jiang Y, Weinberg CR, Sandler DP, Zhao S. Use of detailed family history data to improve

risk prediction,with application to breast cancer screening. PloS ONE.

2019;14(12):e0226407.

64. Kresovich JK, Harmon QE, Xu Z, Nichols HB, Sandler DP, Taylor JA. Reproduction, DNA

methylation and biological age. Human Reproduction. 2019;34(10):1965-73.

65. Kresovich JK, Xu Z, O'Brien KM, Weinberg CR, Sandler DP, Taylor JA. Epigenetic mortality

predictors and incidence of breast cancer. Aging. 2019;11(24):11975-87.

66. Kresovich JK, Xu Z, O'Brien KM, Weinberg CR, Sandler DP, Taylor JA. Methylation-based

biological age and breast cancer risk. Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

2019;111(10):1051-8.

67. Mavaddat N, Michailidou K, Dennis J, …, Sandler DP, …, Taylor JA, …, Weinberg CR,

…,García-Closas M, Simard J, Easton DF. Polygenic risk scores for prediction of breast

cancer and breast cancer subtypes. Amer Journal of Human Genetics. 2019;104(1):21-34.

68. McGee EE, Jackson SS, Petrick JL, …, O'Brien KM, …, Sandler DP, …, McGlynn KA,

Campbell PT, Koshiol J. Smoking, alcohol, and biliary tract cancer risk: A pooling project of

26 prospective studies. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2019;111(12):1263-78.

69. McWhorter KL, Park YM, Gaston SA, Fang KB, Sandler DP, Jackson CL. Multiple sleep

dimensions and type 2 diabetes risk among women in the Sister Study: Differences by

race/ethnicity. BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care. 2019;7(1):e000652.

70. McWhorter KL, Parks CG, D'Aloisio AA, Rojo-Wissar DM, Sandler DP, Jackson

CL. Traumatic childhood experiences and multiple dimensions of poor sleep among adult

women. Sleep. 2019;42(8).

71. Moore AM, Xu Z, Kolli RT, White AJ, Sandler DP, Taylor JA. Persistent epigenetic changes

in adult daughters of older mothers. Epigenetics. 2019;14(5):467-76.

72. Murphy JD, Sandler D, White AJ, O'Brien KM. Severe acne and risk of breast

cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 2019;177(2):487-95.

73. Nichols HB, Schoemaker MJ, Cai J, …, Weinberg CR, Swerdlow AJ, Sandler DP. Breast

cancer risk after recent childbirth: A pooled analysis of 15 prospective studies. Annals of

Internal Medicine. 2019;170(1):22-30.

74. Niehoff NM, Gammon MD, Keil AP, Nichols HB, Engel LS, Sandler DP, White AJ. Airborne

mammary carcinogens and breast cancer risk in the Sister Study. Environment

International. 2019;130:104897.

75. Niehoff NM, Gammon MD, Keil AP, Nichols HB, Engel LS, Taylor JA, White AJ, Sandler

DP. Hazardous air pollutants and telomere length in the Sister Study. Environmental

Epidemiology. 2019;3(4):e053.

76. Niehoff NM, Nichols HB, Zhao S, White AJ, Sandler DP. Adult physical activity and breast

cancer risk in women with a family history of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiology,

Biomarkers & Prevention. 2019;28(1):51-8.

77. O'Brien KM, D'Aloisio AA, Shi M, Murphy JD, Sandler DP, Weinberg CR. Perineal talc use,

douching, and the risk of uterine cancer. Epidemiology. 2019;30(6):845-52.

78. O'Brien KM, Sandler DP, House M, Taylor JA, Weinberg CR. The association of a breast

cancer diagnosis with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration over time. American

Journal of Epidemiology. 2019;188(4):637-45.

79. O'Brien KM, White AJ, Jackson BP, Karagas MR, Sandler DP, Weinberg CR. Toenail-

based metal concentrations and young-onset breast cancer. American Journal of

Epidemiology. 2019;188(4):34-43.

80. O'Brien KM, White AJ, Sandler DP, Jackson BP, Karagas MR, Weinberg CR. Do post-

breast cancer diagnosis toenail trace element concentrations reflect prediagnostic

concentrations? Epidemiology. 2019;30(1):112-9.

81. Park YM, Steck SE, Fung TT, Merchant AT, Hodgson ME, Keller JA, Sandler DP. Higher

diet-dependent acid load is associated with risk of breast cancer: Findings from the Sister

Study. International Journal of Cancer. 2019;144(8):1834-43.

82. Park Y-MM, White AJ, Jackson CL, Weinberg CR, Sandler DP. Association of exposure to

artificial light at night while sleeping with risk of obesity in women. JAMA Internal Medicine.

2019;179(8):1061-71.

83. Petimar J, Park YM, Smith-Warner SA, Fung TT, Sandler DP. Dietary index scores and

invasive breast cancer risk among women with a family history of breast cancer. The

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2019;109(5):1393-401.

84. Ruth KS, Soares ALG, Borges MC, … , Sandler DP, …, Taylor JA, … , Lawlor DA,

Swerdlow AJ, Murray A. Genome-wide association study of anti-Müllerian hormone levels

in pre-menopausal women of late reproductive age and relationship with genetic

determinants of reproductive lifespan. Human Molecular Genetics. 2019;28(8):1392-401.

85. Shu X, Wu L, Khankari NK, …, Simard J, Easton DF, Zheng W. Associations of obesity and

circulating insulin and glucose with breast cancer risk: A Mendelian randomization

analysis. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2019;48(3):795-806.

86. Trabert B, Poole EM, White E, …, Sandler DP, O'Brien K, … , Wolk A, Wentzensen N,

Tworoger SS. Analgesic use and ovarian cancer risk: An analysis in the Ovarian Cancer

Cohort Consortium. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2019;111(2):137-45.

87. White AJ, Keller JP, Zhao S, Carroll R, Kaufman JD, Sandler DP. Air pollution, clustering of

particulate matter components, and breast cancer in the Sister Study: A U.S.-wide

cohort. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2019;127(10):107002.

88. White AJ, Kresovich JK, Keller JP, Xu Z, Kaufman JD, Weinberg CR, Taylor JA, Sandler

DP. Air pollution, particulate matter composition and methylation-based biologic

age. Environment International. 2019;132:105071.

89. White AJ, Kresovich JK, Xu Z, Sandler DP, Taylor JA. Shift work, DNA methylation and

epigenetic age. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2019;48(5):1536-44.

90. White AJ, O'Brien KM, Niehoff NM, Carroll R, Sandler DP. Metallic air pollutants and breast

cancer risk in a nationwide cohort study. Epidemiology. 2019;30(1):20-8.

91. Wilson LE, Xu Z, Harlid S, White AJ, Troester MA, Sandler DP, Taylor JA. Alcohol and

DNA methylation: An epigenome-wide association study in blood and normal breast

tissue. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2019;188(6):1055-65.

92. Yang Y, Wu L, Shu X, …, Sandler DP, … , Pharoah PDP, Zheng W, Long J. Genetic data

from nearly 63,000 women of European descent predicts DNA methylation biomarkers and

epithelial ovarian cancer risk. Cancer Research. 2019;79(3):505-17.

2020

93. Andrew AS, O'Brien KM, Jackson BP, Sandler DP, Kaye WE, Wagner L, Stommel EW,

Horton DK, Mehta P, Weinberg CR. Keratinous biomarker of mercury exposure associated

with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis risk in a nationwide U.S. study. Amyotrophic Lateral

Slerosis & Frontotemporal Degeneration. 2020;21(5-6):420-7.

94. Chan AT, Drew DA, Nguyen LH, …, Sandler DP, … , Willett WC, Wolf J, Spector T. The

COronavirus Pandemic Epidemiology (COPE) Consortium: A call to action. Cancer

Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 2020;29(7):1283-9.

95. Diaz-Santana MV, O'Brien KM, D'Aloisio AA, Regalado G, Sandler DP, Weinberg

CR. Perinatal and postnatal exposures and risk of young-onset breast cancer. Breast

Cancer Research. 2020;22(1):88.

96. Drew DA, Nguyen LH, Steves CJ, Menni C, Freydin M, Varsavsky T, Sudre CH, Cardoso

MJ, Ourselin S, Wolf J, Spector TD, Chan AT. Rapid implementation of mobile technology

for real-time epidemiology of COVID-19. Science. 2020;368(6497):1362-7.

97. Eberle CE, Sandler DP, Taylor KW, White AJ. Hair dye and chemical straightener use and

breast cancer risk in a large US population of Black and White women. International

Journal of Cancer. 2020;147(2):383-91.

98. Fachal L, Aschard H, Beesley J, …, Sandler DP, …, Taylor JA, …, Weinberg CR, …,

Easton DF, Kraft P, Dunning AM. Fine-mapping of 150 breast cancer risk regions identifies

191 likely target genes. Nature Genetics. 2020;52(1):56-73.

99. Feng H, Gusev A, Pasaniuc B, Wu L, Long J, …, Sandler DP, …, Taylor JA, …, Weinberg

CR, …, Milne RL, Easton DF, Chenevix-Trench G, Zheng W, Kraft P, Jiang

X. Transcriptome-wide association study of breast cancer risk by estrogen-receptor

status. Genetic Epidemiology. 2020; 44(5):442-68.

100. Fortner RT, Rice MS, Knutsen SF, … , O'Brien KM, Sandler DP, … , Wentzensen N,

Tworoger SS, Schouten LJ. Ovarian cancer risk factor associations by primary anatomic

site: The Ovarian Cancer Cohort Consortium. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &

Prevention. 2020;29(10):2010-8.

101. Gaston SA, Feinstein L, Slopen N, Sandler DP, Williams DR, Jackson CL. Everyday and

major experiences of racial/ethnic discrimination and sleep health in a multiethnic

population of U.S. women: Findings from the Sister Study. Sleep Med. 2020;71:97-105.

102. Goldberg M, D'Aloisio AA, O'Brien KM, Zhao S, Sandler DP. Pubertal timing and breast

cancer risk in the Sister Study cohort. Breast Cancer Research. 2020;22(1):112.

103. Guinter MA, Park YM, Steck SE, Sandler DP. Day-to-day regularity in breakfast

consumption is associated with weight status in a prospective cohort of

women. International Journal of Obesity. 2020;44(1):186-94.

104. Huang T, Townsend MK, Wentzensen N, … , Sandler DP, …, Wolk A, Zeleniuch-

Jacquotte A, Tworoger SS. Reproductive and hormonal factors and risk of ovarian cancer

by tumor dominance: Results from the Ovarian Cancer Cohort Consortium (OC3). Cancer

Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 2020;29(1):200-7.

105. Jackson SS, Adami HO, Andreotti G, … , O'Brien KM, … , Sandler DP, …, McGlynn KA,

Campbell PT, Koshiol J. Associations between reproductive factors and biliary tract

cancers in women from the Biliary Tract Cancers Pooling Project. Journal of Hepatology.

2020;73(4):863-72.

106. Jia M, Wu Z, Vogtmann E, O'Brien KM, Weinberg CR, Sandler DP, Gierach GL. The

association between periodontal disease and breast cancer in a prospective cohort

study. Cancer Prevention Research. 2020;13(12):1007-16.

107. Kapoor PM, Lindström S, Behrens S, …, Easton DF, Milne RL, Chang-Claude

J. Assessment of interactions between 205 breast cancer susceptibility loci and 13

established risk factors in relation to breast cancer risk, in the Breast Cancer Association

Consortium. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2020;49(1):216-32.

108. Keller JP, Szpiro AA. Selecting a scale for spatial confounding adjustment. Journal of the

Royal Statistical Society Series A, Statistics in Society. 2020;183(3):1121-43.

109. Kresovich JK, O'Brien KM, Xu Z, Weinberg CR, Sandler DP, Taylor JA. Prediagnostic

immune cell profiles and breast cancer. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(1):e1919536.

110. Kresovich JK, Parks CG, Sandler DP, Weinberg CR, Taylor JA. The role of blood cell

composition in epidemiologic studies of telomeres. Epidemiology. 2020;31(4):e34-6.

111. Lawrence KG, Kresovich JK, O'Brien KM, Hoang TT, Xu Z, Taylor JA, Sandler

DP. Association of neighborhood deprivation with epigenetic aging using 4 clock

metrics. JAMA Network Open. 2020 Nov 2;3(11):e2024329.

112. Lee S, Chang AM, Buxton OM, Jackson CL. Various types of perceived job discrimination

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142. Gaston SA, Atere-Roberts J, Ward J, Slopen NB, Forde AT, Sandler DP, Williams DR,

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