SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 [Public Law 107

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 largely amended other Acts and the amendatory provisions

are not shown, however certain provisions, as amended, do appear elsewhere in this compilation.

SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

[Public Law 107–204, Approved July 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 745]

[As Amended Through P.L. 117–328, Enacted December 29, 2022]

øCurrency: This publication is a compilation of the text of Public Law 107–204. It

was last amended by the public law listed in the As Amended Through note above

and below at the bottom of each page of the pdf version and reflects current law

through the date of the enactment of the public law listed at https://

www.govinfo.gov/app/collection/comps/¿

øNote: While this publication does not represent an official version of any Federal

statute, substantial efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of its contents.

The official version of Federal law is found in the United States Statutes at Large

and in the United States Code. The legal effect to be given to the Statutes at

Large and the United States Code is established by statute (1 U.S.C. 112, 204).¿

AN ACT To protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate

disclosures made pursuant to the securities laws, and for other purposes.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the

United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. ø15 U.S.C. 7201 note¿ SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.

(a) S

HORT

ITLE

.—This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Sarbanes-

Oxley Act of 2002’’.

(b) T

ABLE OF

ONTENTS

.—The table of contents for this Act is

as follows:

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.

Sec. 2. Definitions.

Sec. 3. Commission rules and enforcement.

TITLE I—PUBLIC COMPANY ACCOUNTING OVERSIGHT BOARD

Sec. 101. Establishment; administrative provisions.

Sec. 102. Registration with the Board.

Sec. 103. Auditing, quality control, and independence standards and rules.

Sec. 104. Inspections of registered public accounting firms.

Sec. 105. Investigations and disciplinary proceedings.

Sec. 106. Foreign public accounting firms.

Sec. 107. Commission oversight of the Board.

Sec. 108. Accounting standards.

Sec. 109. Funding.

TITLE II—AUDITOR INDEPENDENCE

Sec. 201. Services outside the scope of practice of auditors.

Sec. 202. Preapproval requirements.

Sec. 203. Audit partner rotation.

Sec. 204. Auditor reports to audit committees.

Sec. 205. Conforming amendments.

Sec. 206. Conflicts of interest.

Sec. 207. Study of mandatory rotation of registered public accounting firms.

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2 Sec. 1 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

Sec. 208. Commission authority.

Sec. 209. Considerations by appropriate State regulatory authorities.

TITLE III—CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY

Sec. 301. Public company audit committees.

Sec. 302. Corporate responsibility for financial reports.

Sec. 303. Improper influence on conduct of audits.

Sec. 304. Forfeiture of certain bonuses and profits.

Sec. 305. Officer and director bars and penalties.

Sec. 306. Insider trades during pension fund blackout periods.

Sec. 307. Rules of professional responsibility for attorneys.

Sec. 308. Fair funds for investors.

TITLE IV—ENHANCED FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES

Sec. 401. Disclosures in periodic reports.

Sec. 402. Enhanced conflict of interest provisions.

Sec. 403. Disclosures of transactions involving management and principal stock-

holders.

Sec. 404. Management assessment of internal controls.

Sec. 405. Exemption.

Sec. 406. Code of ethics for senior financial officers.

Sec. 407. Disclosure of audit committee financial expert.

Sec. 408. Enhanced review of periodic disclosures by issuers.

Sec. 409. Real time issuer disclosures.

TITLE V—ANALYST CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

Sec. 501. Treatment of securities analysts by registered securities associations and

national securities exchanges.

TITLE VI—COMMISSION RESOURCES AND AUTHORITY

Sec. 601. Authorization of appropriations.

Sec. 602. Appearance and practice before the Commission.

Sec. 603. Federal court authority to impose penny stock bars.

Sec. 604. Qualifications of associated persons of brokers and dealers.

TITLE VII—STUDIES AND REPORTS

Sec. 701. GAO study and report regarding consolidation of public accounting firms.

Sec. 702. Commission study and report regarding credit rating agencies.

Sec. 703. Study and report on violators and violations

Sec. 704. Study of enforcement actions.

Sec. 705. Study of investment banks.

TITLE VIII—CORPORATE AND CRIMINAL FRAUD ACCOUNTABILITY

Sec. 801. Short title.

Sec. 802. Criminal penalties for altering documents.

Sec. 803. Debts nondischargeable if incurred in violation of securities fraud laws.

Sec. 804. Statute of limitations for securities fraud.

Sec. 805. Review of Federal Sentencing Guidelines for obstruction of justice and ex-

tensive criminal fraud.

Sec. 806. Protection for employees of publicly traded companies who provide evi-

dence of fraud.

Sec. 807. Criminal penalties for defrauding shareholders of publicly traded compa-

nies.

TITLE IX—WHITE-COLLAR CRIME PENALTY ENHANCEMENTS

Sec. 901. Short title.

Sec. 902. Attempts and conspiracies to commit criminal fraud offenses.

Sec. 903. Criminal penalties for mail and wire fraud.

Sec. 904. Criminal penalties for violations of the Employee Retirement Income Se-

curity Act of 1974.

Sec. 905. Amendment to sentencing guidelines relating to certain white-collar of-

fenses.

Sec. 906. Corporate responsibility for financial reports.

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3 Sec. 2 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

TITLE X—CORPORATE TAX RETURNS

Sec. 1001. Sense of the Senate regarding the signing of corporate tax returns by

chief executive officers.

TITLE XI—CORPORATE FRAUD AND ACCOUNTABILITY

Sec. 1101. Short title.

Sec. 1102. Tampering with a record or otherwise impeding an official proceeding.

Sec. 1103. Temporary freeze authority for the Securities and Exchange Commis-

sion.

Sec. 1104. Amendment to the Federal Sentencing Guidelines.

Sec. 1105. Authority of the Commission to prohibit persons from serving as officers

or directors.

Sec. 1106. Increased criminal penalties under Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Sec. 1107. Retaliation against informants.

SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS.

(a) ø15 U.S.C. 7201¿ I

ENERAL

.—Except as otherwise spe-

cifically provided in this Act, in this Act, the following definitions

shall apply:

(1) A

PPROPRIATE STATE REGULATORY AUTHORITY

.—The

term ‘‘appropriate State regulatory authority’’ means the State

agency or other authority responsible for the licensure or other

regulation of the practice of accounting in the State or States

having jurisdiction over a registered public accounting firm or

associated person thereof, with respect to the matter in ques-

tion.

(2) A

UDIT

.—The term ‘‘audit’’ means an examination of the

financial statements of any issuer by an independent public ac-

counting firm in accordance with the rules of the Board or the

Commission (or, for the period preceding the adoption of appli-

cable rules of the Board under section 103, in accordance with

then-applicable generally accepted auditing and related stand-

ards for such purposes), for the purpose of expressing an opin-

ion on such statements.

(3) A

UDIT COMMITTEE

.—The term ‘‘audit committee’’

means—

(A) a committee (or equivalent body) established by

and amongst the board of directors of an issuer for the

purpose of overseeing the accounting and financial report-

ing processes of the issuer and audits of the financial

statements of the issuer; and

(B) if no such committee exists with respect to an

issuer, the entire board of directors of the issuer.

(4) A

UDIT REPORT

.—The term ‘‘audit report’’ means a docu-

ment or other record—

(A) prepared following an audit performed for pur-

poses of compliance by an issuer with the requirements of

the securities laws; and

(B) in which a public accounting firm either—

(i) sets forth the opinion of that firm regarding a

financial statement, report, or other document; or

(ii) asserts that no such opinion can be expressed.

(5) B

OARD

.—The term ‘‘Board’’ means the Public Company

Accounting Oversight Board established under section 101.

(6) C

OMMISSION

.—The term ‘‘Commission’’ means the Secu-

rities and Exchange Commission.

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4 Sec. 2 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

(7) I

SSUER

.—The term ‘‘issuer’’ means an issuer (as defined

in section 3 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C.

78c)), the securities of which are registered under section 12 of

that Act (15 U.S.C. 78l), or that is required to file reports

under section 15(d) (15 U.S.C. 78o(d)), or that files or has filed

a registration statement that has not yet become effective

under the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77a et seq.), and

that it has not withdrawn.

(8) N

AUDIT SERVICES

.—The term ‘‘non-audit services’’

means any professional services provided to an issuer by a reg-

istered public accounting firm, other than those provided to an

issuer in connection with an audit or a review of the financial

statements of an issuer.

(9) P

ERSON ASSOCIATED WITH A PUBLIC ACCOUNTING

FIRM

.—

(A) I

N GENERAL

.—The terms ‘‘person associated with a

public accounting firm’’ (or with a ‘‘registered public ac-

counting firm’’) and ‘‘associated person of a public account-

ing firm’’ (or of a ‘‘registered public accounting firm’’) mean

any individual proprietor, partner, shareholder, principal,

accountant, or other professional employee of a public ac-

counting firm, or any other independent contractor or enti-

ty that, in connection with the preparation or issuance of

any audit report—

(i) shares in the profits of, or receives compensa-

tion in any other form from, that firm; or

(ii) participates as agent or otherwise on behalf of

such accounting firm in any activity of that firm.

(B) E

XEMPTION AUTHORITY

.—The Board may, by rule,

exempt persons engaged only in ministerial tasks from the

definition in subparagraph (A), to the extent that the

Board determines that any such exemption is consistent

with the purposes of this Act, the public interest, or the

protection of investors.

NVESTIGATIVE AND ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITY

.—

For purposes of sections 3(c), 101(c), 105, and 107(c) and

the rules of the Board and Commission issued thereunder,

except to the extent specifically excepted by such rules, the

terms defined in subparagraph (A) shall include any per-

son associated, seeking to become associated, or formerly

associated with a public accounting firm, except that—

(i) the authority to conduct an investigation of

such person under section 105(b) shall apply only with

respect to any act or practice, or omission to act, by

the person while such person was associated or seek-

ing to become associated with a registered public ac-

counting firm; and

(ii) the authority to commence a disciplinary pro-

ceeding under section 105(c)(1), or impose sanctions

under section 105(c)(4), against such person shall

apply only with respect to—

(I) conduct occurring while such person was

associated or seeking to become associated with a

registered public accounting firm; or

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5 Sec. 2 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

(II) non-cooperation, as described in section

105(b)(3), with respect to a demand in a Board in-

vestigation for testimony, documents, or other in-

formation relating to a period when such person

was associated or seeking to become associated

with a registered public accounting firm.

(10) P

ROFESSIONAL STANDARDS

.—The term ‘‘professional

standards’’ means—

(A) accounting principles that are—

(i) established by the standard setting body de-

scribed in section 19(b) of the Securities Act of 1933,

as amended by this Act, or prescribed by the Commis-

sion under section 19(a) of that Act (15 U.S.C. 17a(s))

or section 13(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

(15 U.S.C. 78a(m)); and

(ii) relevant to audit reports for particular issuers,

or dealt with in the quality control system of a par-

ticular registered public accounting firm; and

(B) auditing standards, standards for attestation en-

gagements, quality control policies and procedures, ethical

and competency standards, and independence standards

(including rules implementing title II) that the Board or

the Commission determines—

(i) relate to the preparation or issuance of audit

reports for issuers; and

(ii) are established or adopted by the Board under

section 103(a), or are promulgated as rules of the

Commission.

(11) P

UBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

.—The term ‘‘public account-

ing firm’’ means—

(A) a proprietorship, partnership, incorporated associa-

tion, corporation, limited liability company, limited liabil-

ity partnership, or other legal entity that is engaged in the

practice of public accounting or preparing or issuing audit

reports; and

(B) to the extent so designated by the rules of the

Board, any associated person of any entity described in

subparagraph (A).

(12) R

EGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

.—The term

‘‘registered public accounting firm’’ means a public accounting

firm registered with the Board in accordance with this Act.

(13) R

ULES OF THE BOARD

.—The term ‘‘rules of the Board’’

means the bylaws and rules of the Board (as submitted to, and

approved, modified, or amended by the Commission, in accord-

ance with section 107), and those stated policies, practices, and

interpretations of the Board that the Commission, by rule, may

deem to be rules of the Board, as necessary or appropriate in

the public interest or for the protection of investors.

(14) S

ECURITY

.—The term ‘‘security’’ has the same mean-

ing as in section 3(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

(15 U.S.C. 78c(a)).

(15) S

ECURITIES LAWS

.—The term ‘‘securities laws’’ means

the provisions of law referred to in section 3(a)(47) of the Secu-

rities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(47)), as amended

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6 Sec. 3 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

by this Act, and includes the rules, regulations, and orders

issued by the Commission thereunder.

(16) S

TATE

.—The term ‘‘State’’ means any State of the

United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin

Islands, or any other territory or possession of the United

States.

(17) F

OREIGN AUDITOR OVERSIGHT AUTHORITY

.—The term

‘‘foreign auditor oversight authority’’ means any governmental

body or other entity empowered by a foreign government to

conduct inspections of public accounting firms or otherwise to

administer or enforce laws related to the regulation of public

accounting firms.

(b) C

ONFORMING

MENDMENT

.—

SEC. 3. ø15 U.S.C. 7202¿ COMMISSION RULES AND ENFORCEMENT.

(a) R

EGULATORY

CTION

.—The Commission shall promulgate

such rules and regulations, as may be necessary or appropriate in

the public interest or for the protection of investors, and in further-

ance of this Act.

(b) E

NFORCEMENT

.—

(1) I

N GENERAL

.—A violation by any person of this Act, any

rule or regulation of the Commission issued under this Act, or

any rule of the Board shall be treated for all purposes in the

same manner as a violation of the Securities Exchange Act of

1934 (15 U.S.C. 78a et seq.) or the rules and regulations issued

thereunder, consistent with the provisions of this Act, and any

such person shall be subject to the same penalties, and to the

same extent, as for a violation of that Act or such rules or reg-

ulations.

* * * * * * *

FFECT ON

OMMISSION

UTHORITY

.—Nothing in this Act or

the rules of the Board shall be construed to impair or limit—

(1) the authority of the Commission to regulate the ac-

counting profession, accounting firms, or persons associated

with such firms for purposes of enforcement of the securities

laws;

(2) the authority of the Commission to set standards for

accounting or auditing practices or auditor independence, de-

rived from other provisions of the securities laws or the rules

or regulations thereunder, for purposes of the preparation and

issuance of any audit report, or otherwise under applicable

law; or

(3) the ability of the Commission to take, on the initiative

of the Commission, legal, administrative, or disciplinary action

against any registered public accounting firm or any associated

person thereof.

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7 Sec. 101 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

TITLE I—PUBLIC COMPANY

ACCOUNTING OVERSIGHT BOARD

SEC. 101. ø15 U.S.C. 7211¿ ESTABLISHMENT; ADMINISTRATIVE PROVI-

SIONS.

(a) E

STABLISHMENT OF

OARD

.—There is established the Public

Company Accounting Oversight Board, to oversee the audit of com-

panies that are subject to the securities laws, and related matters,

in order to protect the interests of investors and further the public

interest in the preparation of informative, accurate, and inde-

pendent audit reports. The Board shall be a body corporate, operate

as a nonprofit corporation, and have succession until dissolved by

an Act of Congress.

(b) S

TATUS

.—The Board shall not be an agency or establish-

ment of the United States Government, and, except as otherwise

provided in this Act, shall be subject to, and have all the powers

conferred upon a nonprofit corporation by, the District of Columbia

Nonprofit Corporation Act. No member or person employed by, or

agent for, the Board shall be deemed to be an officer or employee

of or agent for the Federal Government by reason of such service.

UTIES OF THE

OARD

.—The Board shall, subject to action

by the Commission under section 107, and once a determination is

made by the Commission under subsection (d) of this section—

(1) register public accounting firms that prepare audit re-

ports for issuers, brokers, and dealers, in accordance with sec-

tion 102;

(2) establish or adopt, or both, by rule, auditing, quality

control, ethics, independence, and other standards relating to

the preparation of audit reports for issuers, brokers, and deal-

ers, in accordance with section 103;

(3) conduct inspections of registered public accounting

firms, in accordance with section 104 and the rules of the

Board;

(4) conduct investigations and disciplinary proceedings

concerning, and impose appropriate sanctions where justified

upon, registered public accounting firms and associated per-

sons of such firms, in accordance with section 105;

(5) perform such other duties or functions as the Board (or

the Commission, by rule or order) determines are necessary or

appropriate to promote high professional standards among,

and improve the quality of audit services offered by, registered

public accounting firms and associated persons thereof, or oth-

erwise to carry out this Act, in order to protect investors, or

to further the public interest;

(6) enforce compliance with this Act, the rules of the

Board, professional standards, and the securities laws relating

to the preparation and issuance of audit reports and the obliga-

tions and liabilities of accountants with respect thereto, by reg-

istered public accounting firms and associated persons thereof;

and

(7) set the budget and manage the operations of the Board

and the staff of the Board.

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8 Sec. 101 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

(d) C

OMMISSION

ETERMINATION

.—The members of the Board

shall take such action (including hiring of staff, proposal of rules,

and adoption of initial and transitional auditing and other profes-

sional standards) as may be necessary or appropriate to enable the

Commission to determine, not later than 270 days after the date

of enactment of this Act, that the Board is so organized and has

the capacity to carry out the requirements of this title, and to en-

force compliance with this title by registered public accounting

firms and associated persons thereof. The Commission shall be re-

sponsible, prior to the appointment of the Board, for the planning

for the establishment and administrative transition to the Board’s

operation.

(e) B

OARD

EMBERSHIP

.—

(1) C

OMPOSITION

.—The Board shall have 5 members, ap-

pointed from among prominent individuals of integrity and

reputation who have a demonstrated commitment to the inter-

ests of investors and the public, and an understanding of the

responsibilities for and nature of the financial disclosures re-

quired of issuers, brokers, and dealers under the securities

laws and the obligations of accountants with respect to the

preparation and issuance of audit reports with respect to such

disclosures.

(2) L

IMITATION

.—Two members, and only 2 members, of

the Board shall be or have been certified public accountants

pursuant to the laws of 1 or more States, provided that, if 1

of those 2 members is the chairperson, he or she may not have

been a practicing certified public accountant for at least 5

years prior to his or her appointment to the Board.

(3) F

ULL

TIME INDEPENDENT SERVICE

.—Each member of

the Board shall serve on a full-time basis, and may not, con-

current with service on the Board, be employed by any other

person or engage in any other professional or business activity.

No member of the Board may share in any of the profits of, or

receive payments from, a public accounting firm (or any other

person, as determined by rule of the Commission), other than

fixed continuing payments, subject to such conditions as the

Commission may impose, under standard arrangements for the

retirement of members of public accounting firms.

(4) A

PPOINTMENT OF BOARD MEMBERS

.—

(A) I

NITIAL BOARD

.—Not later than 90 days after the

date of enactment of this Act, the Commission, after con-

sultation with the Chairman of the Board of Governors of

the Federal Reserve System and the Secretary of the

Treasury, shall appoint the chairperson and other initial

members of the Board, and shall designate a term of serv-

ice for each.

(B) V

ACANCIES

.—A vacancy on the Board shall not af-

fect the powers of the Board, but shall be filled in the

same manner as provided for appointments under this sec-

tion.

(5) T

ERM OF SERVICE

.—

(A) I

N GENERAL

.—The term of service of each Board

member shall be 5 years, and until a successor is ap-

pointed, except that—

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9 Sec. 101 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

The Supreme Court held this paragraph to be unconstitutional in the case Free Enterprise

Fund v. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (2010).

(i) the terms of office of the initial Board members

(other than the chairperson) shall expire in annual in-

crements, 1 on each of the first 4 anniversaries of the

initial date of appointment; and

(ii) any Board member appointed to fill a vacancy

occurring before the expiration of the term for which

the predecessor was appointed shall be appointed only

for the remainder of that term.

(B) T

ERM LIMITATION

.—No person may serve as a

member of the Board, or as chairperson of the Board, for

more than 2 terms, whether or not such terms of service

are consecutive.

(6)

EMOVAL FROM OFFICE

.—A member of the Board may

be removed by the Commission from office, in accordance with

section 107(d)(3), for good cause shown before the expiration of

the term of that member.

(f) P

OWERS OF THE

OARD

.—In addition to any authority grant-

ed to the Board otherwise in this Act, the Board shall have the

power, subject to section 107—

(1) to sue and be sued, complain and defend, in its cor-

porate name and through its own counsel, with the approval

of the Commission, in any Federal, State, or other court;

(2) to conduct its operations and maintain offices, and to

exercise all other rights and powers authorized by this Act, in

any State, without regard to any qualification, licensing, or

other provision of law in effect in such State (or a political sub-

division thereof);

(3) to lease, purchase, accept gifts or donations of or other-

wise acquire, improve, use, sell, exchange, or convey, all of or

an interest in any property, wherever situated;

(4) to appoint such employees, accountants, attorneys, and

other agents as may be necessary or appropriate, and to deter-

mine their qualifications, define their duties, and fix their sala-

ries or other compensation (at a level that is comparable to pri-

vate sector self-regulatory, accounting, technical, supervisory,

or other staff or management positions);

(5) to allocate, assess, and collect accounting support fees

established pursuant to section 109, for the Board, and other

fees and charges imposed under this title; and

(6) to enter into contracts, execute instruments, incur li-

abilities, and do any and all other acts and things necessary,

appropriate, or incidental to the conduct of its operations and

the exercise of its obligations, rights, and powers imposed or

granted by this title.

(g) R

ULES OF THE

OARD

.—The rules of the Board shall, sub-

ject to the approval of the Commission—

(1) provide for the operation and administration of the

Board, the exercise of its authority, and the performance of its

responsibilities under this Act;

(2) permit, as the Board determines necessary or appro-

priate, delegation by the Board of any of its functions to an in-

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10 Sec. 102 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

dividual member or employee of the Board, or to a division of

the Board, including functions with respect to hearing, deter-

mining, ordering, certifying, reporting, or otherwise acting as

to any matter, except that—

(A) the Board shall retain a discretionary right to re-

view any action pursuant to any such delegated function,

upon its own motion;

(B) a person shall be entitled to a review by the Board

with respect to any matter so delegated, and the decision

of the Board upon such review shall be deemed to be the

action of the Board for all purposes (including appeal or re-

view thereof); and

paragraph (A) is declined, or if no such review is sought

within the time stated in the rules of the Board, then the

action taken by the holder of such delegation shall for all

purposes, including appeal or review thereof, be deemed to

be the action of the Board;

(3) establish ethics rules and standards of conduct for

Board members and staff, including a bar on practice before

the Board (and the Commission, with respect to Board-related

matters) of 1 year for former members of the Board, and appro-

priate periods (not to exceed 1 year) for former staff of the

Board; and

(4) provide as otherwise required by this Act.

(h) A

NNUAL

EPORT TO THE

OMMISSION

.—The Board shall

submit an annual report (including its audited financial state-

ments) to the Commission, and the Commission shall transmit a

copy of that report to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and

Urban Affairs of the Senate, and the Committee on Financial Serv-

ices of the House of Representatives, not later than 30 days after

the date of receipt of that report by the Commission.

SEC. 102. ø15 U.S.C. 7212¿ REGISTRATION WITH THE BOARD.

(a) M

ANDATORY

EGISTRATION

.—It shall be unlawful for any

person that is not a registered public accounting firm to prepare or

issue, or to participate in the preparation or issuance of, any audit

report with respect to any issuer, broker, or dealer.

(b) A

PPLICATIONS FOR

EGISTRATION

.—

(1) F

ORM OF APPLICATION

.—A public accounting firm shall

use such form as the Board may prescribe, by rule, to apply

for registration under this section.

(2) C

ONTENTS OF APPLICATIONS

.—Each public accounting

firm shall submit, as part of its application for registration, in

such detail as the Board shall specify—

(A) the names of all issuers, brokers, and dealers for

which the firm prepared or issued audit reports during the

immediately preceding calendar year, and for which the

firm expects to prepare or issue audit reports during the

current calendar year;

(B) the annual fees received by the firm from each

such issuer, broker, or dealer for audit services, other ac-

counting services, and non-audit services, respectively;

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most recently completed fiscal year of the firm as the

Board may reasonably request;

(D) a statement of the quality control policies of the

firm for its accounting and auditing practices;

(E) a list of all accountants associated with the firm

who participate in or contribute to the preparation of audit

reports, stating the license or certification number of each

such person, as well as the State license numbers of the

firm itself;

(F) information relating to criminal, civil, or adminis-

trative actions or disciplinary proceedings pending against

the firm or any associated person of the firm in connection

with any audit report;

(G) copies of any periodic or annual disclosure filed by

an issuer, broker, or dealer with the Commission during

the immediately preceding calendar year which discloses

accounting disagreements between such issuer, broker, or

dealer and the firm in connection with an audit report fur-

nished or prepared by the firm for such issuer, broker, or

dealer; and

(H) such other information as the rules of the Board

or the Commission shall specify as necessary or appro-

priate in the public interest or for the protection of inves-

tors.

(3) C

ONSENTS

.—Each application for registration under

this subsection shall include—

(A) a consent executed by the public accounting firm

to cooperation in and compliance with any request for tes-

timony or the production of documents made by the Board

in the furtherance of its authority and responsibilities

under this title (and an agreement to secure and enforce

similar consents from each of the associated persons of the

public accounting firm as a condition of their continued

employment by or other association with such firm); and

(B) a statement that such firm understands and

agrees that cooperation and compliance, as described in

the consent required by subparagraph (A), and the secur-

ing and enforcement of such consents from its associated

persons, in accordance with the rules of the Board, shall

be a condition to the continuing effectiveness of the reg-

istration of the firm with the Board.

CTION ON

PPLICATIONS

.—

(1) T

IMING

.—The Board shall approve a completed applica-

tion for registration not later than 45 days after the date of re-

ceipt of the application, in accordance with the rules of the

Board, unless the Board, prior to such date, issues a written

notice of disapproval to, or requests more information from, the

prospective registrant.

(2) T

REATMENT

.—A written notice of disapproval of a com-

pleted application under paragraph (1) for registration shall be

treated as a disciplinary sanction for purposes of sections

105(d) and 107(c).

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(d) P

ERIODIC

EPORTS

.—Each registered public accounting firm

shall submit an annual report to the Board, and may be required

to report more frequently, as necessary to update the information

contained in its application for registration under this section, and

to provide to the Board such additional information as the Board

or the Commission may specify, in accordance with subsection

(b)(2).

(e) P

UBLIC

VAILABILITY

.—Registration applications and an-

nual reports required by this subsection, or such portions of such

applications or reports as may be designated under rules of the

Board, shall be made available for public inspection, subject to

rules of the Board or the Commission, and to applicable laws relat-

ing to the confidentiality of proprietary, personal, or other informa-

tion contained in such applications or reports, provided that, in all

events, the Board shall protect from public disclosure information

reasonably identified by the subject accounting firm as proprietary

information.

(f) R

EGISTRATION AND

NNUAL

EES

.—The Board shall assess

and collect a registration fee and an annual fee from each reg-

istered public accounting firm, in amounts that are sufficient to re-

cover the costs of processing and reviewing applications and annual

reports.

SEC. 103. ø15 U.S.C. 7213¿ AUDITING, QUALITY CONTROL, AND INDE-

PENDENCE STANDARDS AND RULES.

(a) A

UDITING

, Q

UALITY

ONTROL

AND

THICS

TANDARDS

.—

(1) I

N GENERAL

.—The Board shall, by rule, establish, in-

cluding, to the extent it determines appropriate, through adop-

tion of standards proposed by 1 or more professional groups of

accountants designated pursuant to paragraph (3)(A) or advi-

sory groups convened pursuant to paragraph (4), and amend or

otherwise modify or alter, such auditing and related attesta-

tion standards, such quality control standards, such ethics

standards, and such independence standards to be used by reg-

istered public accounting firms in the preparation and issuance

of audit reports, as required by this Act or the rules of the

Commission, or as may be necessary or appropriate in the pub-

lic interest or for the protection of investors.

(2) R

ULE REQUIREMENTS

.—In carrying out paragraph (1),

the Board—

(A) shall include in the auditing standards that it

adopts, requirements that each registered public account-

ing firm shall—

(i) prepare, and maintain for a period of not less

than 7 years, audit work papers, and other informa-

tion related to any audit report, in sufficient detail to

support the conclusions reached in such report;

(ii) provide a concurring or second partner review

and approval of such audit report (and other related

information), and concurring approval in its issuance,

by a qualified person (as prescribed by the Board) as-

sociated with the public accounting firm, other than

the person in charge of the audit, or by an inde-

pendent reviewer (as prescribed by the Board); and

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(iii) in each audit report for an issuer, describe the

scope of the auditor’s testing of the internal control

structure and procedures of the issuer, required by

section 404(b), and present (in such report or in a sep-

arate report)—

(I) the findings of the auditor from such test-

ing;

(II) an evaluation of whether such internal

control structure and procedures—

(aa) include maintenance of records that

in reasonable detail accurately and fairly re-

flect the transactions and dispositions of the

assets of the issuer;

(bb) provide reasonable assurance that

transactions are recorded as necessary to per-

mit preparation of financial statements in ac-

cordance with generally accepted accounting

principles, and that receipts and expenditures

of the issuer are being made only in accord-

ance with authorizations of management and

directors of the issuer; and

(III) a description, at a minimum, of material

weaknesses in such internal controls, and of any

material noncompliance found on the basis of such

testing.

(B) shall include, in the quality control standards that

it adopts with respect to the issuance of audit reports, re-

quirements for every registered public accounting firm re-

lating to—

(i) monitoring of professional ethics and independ-

ence from issuers, brokers, and dealers on behalf of

which the firm issues audit reports;

(ii) consultation within such firm on accounting

and auditing questions;

(iii) supervision of audit work;

(iv) hiring, professional development, and ad-

vancement of personnel;

(v) the acceptance and continuation of engage-

ments;

(vi) internal inspection; and

(vii) such other requirements as the Board may

prescribe, subject to subsection (a)(1).

(3) A

UTHORITY TO ADOPT OTHER STANDARDS

.—

(A) I

N GENERAL

.—In carrying out this subsection, the

Board—

(i) may adopt as its rules, subject to the terms of

section 107, any portion of any statement of auditing

standards or other professional standards that the

Board determines satisfy the requirements of para-

graph (1), and that were proposed by 1 or more profes-

sional groups of accountants that shall be designated

or recognized by the Board, by rule, for such purpose,

pursuant to this paragraph or 1 or more advisory

groups convened pursuant to paragraph (4); and

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(ii) notwithstanding clause (i), shall retain full au-

thority to modify, supplement, revise, or subsequently

amend, modify, or repeal, in whole or in part, any por-

tion of any statement described in clause (i).

(B) I

NITIAL AND TRANSITIONAL STANDARDS

.—The Board

shall adopt standards described in subparagraph (A)(i) as

initial or transitional standards, to the extent the Board

determines necessary, prior to a determination of the Com-

mission under section 101(d), and such standards shall be

separately approved by the Commission at the time of that

determination, without regard to the procedures required

by section 107 that otherwise would apply to the approval

of rules of the Board.

RANSITION PERIOD FOR EMERGING GROWTH COMPA

NIES

.—Any rules of the Board requiring mandatory audit

firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report in

which the auditor would be required to provide additional

information about the audit and the financial statements

of the issuer (auditor discussion and analysis) shall not

apply to an audit of an emerging growth company, as de-

fined in section 3 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Any additional rules adopted by the Board after the date

of enactment of this subparagraph shall not apply to an

audit of any emerging growth company, unless the Com-

mission determines that the application of such additional

requirements is necessary or appropriate in the public in-

terest, after considering the protection of investors and

whether the action will promote efficiency, competition,

and capital formation.

(4) A

DVISORY GROUPS

.—The Board shall convene, or au-

thorize its staff to convene, such expert advisory groups as may

be appropriate, which may include practicing accountants and

other experts, as well as representatives of other interested

groups, subject to such rules as the Board may prescribe to

prevent conflicts of interest, to make recommendations con-

cerning the content (including proposed drafts) of auditing,

quality control, ethics, independence, or other standards re-

quired to be established under this section.

(b) I

NDEPENDENCE

TANDARDS AND

ULES

.—The Board shall

establish such rules as may be necessary or appropriate in the pub-

lic interest or for the protection of investors, to implement, or as

authorized under, title II of this Act.

OOPERATION

ITH

ESIGNATED

ROFESSIONAL

ROUPS OF

CCOUNTANTS AND

DVISORY

ROUPS

.—

(1) I

N GENERAL

.—The Board shall cooperate on an ongoing

basis with professional groups of accountants designated under

subsection (a)(3)(A) and advisory groups convened under sub-

section (a)(4) in the examination of the need for changes in any

standards subject to its authority under subsection (a), rec-

ommend issues for inclusion on the agendas of such designated

professional groups of accountants or advisory groups, and

take such other steps as it deems appropriate to increase the

effectiveness of the standard setting process.

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15 Sec. 104 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

(2) B

OARD RESPONSES

.—The Board shall respond in a time-

ly fashion to requests from designated professional groups of

accountants and advisory groups referred to in paragraph (1)

for any changes in standards over which the Board has author-

ity.

(d) E

VALUATION OF

TANDARD

ETTING

ROCESS

.—The Board

shall include in the annual report required by section 101(h) the

results of its standard setting responsibilities during the period to

which the report relates, including a discussion of the work of the

Board with any designated professional groups of accountants and

advisory groups described in paragraphs (3)(A) and (4) of sub-

section (a), and its pending issues agenda for future standard set-

ting projects.

SEC. 104. ø15 U.S.C. 7214¿ INSPECTIONS OF REGISTERED PUBLIC AC-

COUNTING FIRMS.

(a) I

ENERAL

.—

(1) I

NSPECTIONS GENERALLY

.—The Board shall conduct a

continuing program of inspections to assess the degree of com-

pliance of each registered public accounting firm and associ-

ated persons of that firm with this Act, the rules of the Board,

the rules of the Commission, or professional standards, in con-

nection with its performance of audits, issuance of audit re-

ports, and related matters involving issuers.

(2) I

NSPECTIONS OF AUDIT REPORTS FOR BROKERS AND

DEALERS

.—

(A) The Board may, by rule, conduct and require a

program of inspection in accordance with paragraph (1), on

a basis to be determined by the Board, of registered public

accounting firms that provide one or more audit reports for

a broker or dealer. The Board, in establishing such a pro-

gram, may allow for differentiation among classes of bro-

kers and dealers, as appropriate.

(B) If the Board determines to establish a program of

inspection pursuant to subparagraph (A), the Board shall

consider in establishing any inspection schedules whether

differing schedules would be appropriate with respect to

registered public accounting firms that issue audit reports

only for one or more brokers or dealers that do not receive,

handle, or hold customer securities or cash or are not a

member of the Securities Investor Protection Corporation.

shall be subject to prior approval by the Commission pur-

suant to section 107(b) before the rules become effective,

including an opportunity for public notice and comment.

(D) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in sec-

tion 102 of this Act, a public accounting firm shall not be

required to register with the Board if the public accounting

firm is exempt from the inspection program which may be

established by the Board under subparagraph (A).

(b) I

NSPECTION

REQUENCY

.—

(1) I

N GENERAL

.—Subject to paragraph (2), inspections re-

quired by this section shall be conducted—

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16 Sec. 104 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

(A) annually with respect to each registered public ac-

counting firm that regularly provides audit reports for

more than 100 issuers; and

(B) not less frequently than once every 3 years with

respect to each registered public accounting firm that regu-

larly provides audit reports for 100 or fewer issuers.

(2) A

DJUSTMENTS TO SCHEDULES

.—The Board may, by rule,

adjust the inspection schedules set under paragraph (1) if the

Board finds that different inspection schedules are consistent

with the purposes of this Act, the public interest, and the pro-

tection of investors. The Board may conduct special inspections

at the request of the Commission or upon its own motion.

ROCEDURES

.—The Board shall, in each inspection under

this section, and in accordance with its rules for such inspections—

(1) identify any act or practice or omission to act by the

registered public accounting firm, or by any associated person

thereof, revealed by such inspection that may be in violation

of this Act, the rules of the Board, the rules of the Commission,

the firm’s own quality control policies, or professional stand-

ards;

(2) report any such act, practice, or omission, if appro-

priate, to the Commission and each appropriate State regu-

latory authority; and

(3) begin a formal investigation or take disciplinary action,

if appropriate, with respect to any such violation, in accordance

with this Act and the rules of the Board.

(d) C

ONDUCT OF

NSPECTIONS

.—In conducting an inspection of

a registered public accounting firm under this section, the Board

shall—

(1) inspect and review selected audit and review engage-

ments of the firm (which may include audit engagements that

are the subject of ongoing litigation or other controversy be-

tween the firm and 1 or more third parties), performed at var-

ious offices and by various associated persons of the firm, as

selected by the Board;

(2) evaluate the sufficiency of the quality control system of

the firm, and the manner of the documentation and commu-

nication of that system by the firm; and

(3) perform such other testing of the audit, supervisory,

and quality control procedures of the firm as are necessary or

appropriate in light of the purpose of the inspection and the re-

sponsibilities of the Board.

(e) R

ECORD

ETENTION

.—The rules of the Board may require

the retention by registered public accounting firms for inspection

purposes of records whose retention is not otherwise required by

section 103 or the rules issued thereunder.

(f) P

ROCEDURES FOR

EVIEW

.—The rules of the Board shall

provide a procedure for the review of and response to a draft in-

spection report by the registered public accounting firm under in-

spection. The Board shall take such action with respect to such re-

sponse as it considers appropriate (including revising the draft re-

port or continuing or supplementing its inspection activities before

issuing a final report), but the text of any such response, appro-

priately redacted to protect information reasonably identified by

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17 Sec. 104 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

the accounting firm as confidential, shall be attached to and made

part of the inspection report.

(g) R

EPORT

.—A written report of the findings of the Board for

each inspection under this section, subject to subsection (h), shall

be—

(1) transmitted, in appropriate detail, to the Commission

and each appropriate State regulatory authority, accompanied

by any letter or comments by the Board or the inspector, and

any letter of response from the registered public accounting

firm; and

(2) made available in appropriate detail to the public (sub-

ject to section 105(b)(5)(A), and to the protection of such con-

fidential and proprietary information as the Board may deter-

mine to be appropriate, or as may be required by law), except

that no portions of the inspection report that deal with criti-

cisms of or potential defects in the quality control systems of

the firm under inspection shall be made public if those criti-

cisms or defects are addressed by the firm, to the satisfaction

of the Board, not later than 12 months after the date of the

inspection report.

(h) I

NTERIM

OMMISSION

EVIEW

.—

(1) R

EVIEWABLE MATTERS

.—A registered public accounting

firm may seek review by the Commission, pursuant to such

rules as the Commission shall promulgate, if the firm—

(A) has provided the Board with a response, pursuant

to rules issued by the Board under subsection (f), to the

substance of particular items in a draft inspection report,

and disagrees with the assessments contained in any final

report prepared by the Board following such response; or

(B) disagrees with the determination of the Board that

criticisms or defects identified in an inspection report have

not been addressed to the satisfaction of the Board within

12 months of the date of the inspection report, for pur-

poses of subsection (g)(2).

(2) T

REATMENT OF REVIEW

.—Any decision of the Commis-

sion with respect to a review under paragraph (1) shall not be

reviewable under section 25 of the Securities Exchange Act of

1934 (15 U.S.C. 78y), or deemed to be ‘‘final agency action’’ for

purposes of section 704 of title 5, United States Code.

(3) T

IMING

.—Review under paragraph (1) may be sought

during the 30-day period following the date of the event giving

rise to the review under subparagraph (A) or (B) of paragraph

(1).

(i) D

ISCLOSURE

EGARDING

OREIGN

URISDICTIONS

HAT

VENT

NSPECTIONS

.—

(1) D

EFINITIONS

.—In this subsection—

(A) the term ‘‘covered issuer’’ means an issuer that is

required to file reports under section 13 or 15(d) of the Se-

curities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m, 78o(d)); and

(B) the term ‘‘non-inspection year’’ means, with respect

to a covered issuer, a year—

(i) during which the Commission identifies the

covered issuer under paragraph (2)(A) with respect to

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every report described in subparagraph (A) filed by

the covered issuer during that year; and

(ii) that begins after the date of enactment of this

subsection.

(2) D

ISCLOSURE TO COMMISSION

.—The Commission shall—

(A) identify each covered issuer that, with respect to

the preparation of the audit report on the financial state-

ment of the covered issuer that is included in a report de-

scribed in paragraph (1)(A) filed by the covered issuer, re-

tains a registered public accounting firm that has a branch

or office that—

(i) is located in a foreign jurisdiction; and

(ii) the Board is unable to inspect or investigate

completely because of a position taken by an authority

in a foreign jurisdiction, as determined by the Board;

and

(B) require each covered issuer identified under sub-

paragraph (A) to, in accordance with the rules issued by

the Commission under paragraph (4), submit to the Com-

mission documentation that establishes that the covered

issuer is not owned or controlled by a governmental entity

in the foreign jurisdiction described in subparagraph (A)(i).

(3) T

RADING PROHIBITION AFTER 2 YEARS OF NON

INSPEC

TIONS

.—

(A) I

N GENERAL

.—If the Commission determines that

a covered issuer has 2 consecutive non-inspection years,

the Commission shall prohibit the securities of the covered

issuer from being traded—

(i) on a national securities exchange; or

(ii) through any other method that is within the

jurisdiction of the Commission to regulate, including

through the method of trading that is commonly re-

ferred to as the ‘‘over-the-counter’’ trading of securi-

ties.

(B) R

EMOVAL OF INITIAL PROHIBITION

.—If, after the

Commission imposes a prohibition on a covered issuer

under subparagraph (A), the covered issuer certifies to the

Commission that the covered issuer has retained a reg-

istered public accounting firm that the Board has in-

spected under this section to the satisfaction of the Com-

mission, the Commission shall end that prohibition.

ECURRENCE OF NON

INSPECTION YEARS

.—If, after

the Commission ends a prohibition under subparagraph

(B) or (D) with respect to a covered issuer, the Commission

determines that the covered issuer has a non-inspection

year, the Commission shall prohibit the securities of the

covered issuer from being traded—

(i) on a national securities exchange; or

(ii) through any other method that is within the

jurisdiction of the Commission to regulate, including

through the method of trading that is commonly re-

ferred to as the ‘‘over-the-counter’’ trading of securi-

ties.

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19 Sec. 105 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

(D) R

EMOVAL OF SUBSEQUENT PROHIBITION

.—If, after

the end of the 5-year period beginning on the date on

which the Commission imposes a prohibition on a covered

issuer under subparagraph (C), the covered issuer certifies

to the Commission that the covered issuer will retain a

registered public accounting firm that the Board is able to

inspect under this section, the Commission shall end that

prohibition.

(4) R

ULES

.—Not later than 90 days after the date of enact-

ment of this subsection, the Commission shall issue rules that

establish the manner and form in which a covered issuer shall

make a submission required under paragraph (2)(B).

SEC. 105. ø15 U.S.C. 7215¿ INVESTIGATIONS AND DISCIPLINARY PRO-

CEEDINGS.

(a) I

ENERAL

.—The Board shall establish, by rule, subject to

the requirements of this section, fair procedures for the investiga-

tion and disciplining of registered public accounting firms and asso-

ciated persons of such firms.

(b) I

NVESTIGATIONS

.—

(1) A

UTHORITY

.—In accordance with the rules of the Board,

the Board may conduct an investigation of any act or practice,

or omission to act, by a registered public accounting firm, any

associated person of such firm, or both, that may violate any

provision of this Act, the rules of the Board, the provisions of

the securities laws relating to the preparation and issuance of

audit reports and the obligations and liabilities of accountants

with respect thereto, including the rules of the Commission

issued under this Act, or professional standards, regardless of

how the act, practice, or omission is brought to the attention

of the Board.

(2) T

ESTIMONY AND DOCUMENT PRODUCTION

.—In addition

to such other actions as the Board determines to be necessary

or appropriate, the rules of the Board may—

(A) require the testimony of the firm or of any person

associated with a registered public accounting firm, with

respect to any matter that the Board considers relevant or

material to an investigation;

(B) require the production of audit work papers and

any other document or information in the possession of a

registered public accounting firm or any associated person

thereof, wherever domiciled, that the Board considers rel-

evant or material to the investigation, and may inspect the

books and records of such firm or associated person to

verify the accuracy of any documents or information sup-

plied;

document in the possession of, any other person, including

any client of a registered public accounting firm that the

Board considers relevant or material to an investigation

under this section, with appropriate notice, subject to the

needs of the investigation, as permitted under the rules of

the Board; and

(D) provide for procedures to seek issuance by the

Commission, in a manner established by the Commission,

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of a subpoena to require the testimony of, and production

of any document in the possession of, any person, includ-

ing any client of a registered public accounting firm, that

the Board considers relevant or material to an investiga-

tion under this section.

(3) N

ONCOOPERATION WITH INVESTIGATIONS

.—

(A) I

N GENERAL

.—If a registered public accounting

firm or any associated person thereof refuses to testify,

produce documents, or otherwise cooperate with the Board

in connection with an investigation under this section, the

Board may—

(i) suspend or bar such person from being associ-

ated with a registered public accounting firm, or re-

quire the registered public accounting firm to end such

association;

(ii) suspend or revoke the registration of the pub-

lic accounting firm; and

(iii) invoke such other lesser sanctions as the

Board considers appropriate, and as specified by rule

of the Board.

(B) P

ROCEDURE

.—Any action taken by the Board

under this paragraph shall be subject to the terms of sec-

tion 107(c).

(4) C

OORDINATION AND REFERRAL OF INVESTIGATIONS

.—

(A) C

OORDINATION

.—The Board shall notify the Com-

mission of any pending Board investigation involving a po-

tential violation of the securities laws, and thereafter co-

ordinate its work with the work of the Commission’s Divi-

sion of Enforcement, as necessary to protect an ongoing

Commission investigation.

(B) R

EFERRAL

.—The Board may refer an investigation

under this section—

(i) to the Commission;

(ii) to a self-regulatory organization, in the case of

an investigation that concerns an audit report for a

broker or dealer that is under the jurisdiction of such

self-regulatory organization;

(iii) to any other Federal functional regulator (as

defined in section 509 of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act

(15 U.S.C. 6809)), in the case of an investigation that

concerns an audit report for an institution that is sub-

ject to the jurisdiction of such regulator; and

(iv) at the direction of the Commission, to—

(I) the Attorney General of the United States;

(II) the attorney general of 1 or more States;

and

(III) the appropriate State regulatory author-

ity.

(5) U

SE OF DOCUMENTS

.—

(A) C

ONFIDENTIALITY

.—Except as provided in subpara-

graphs (B) and (C), all documents and information pre-

pared or received by or specifically for the Board, and de-

liberations of the Board and its employees and agents, in

connection with an inspection under section 104 or with an

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21 Sec. 105 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

investigation under this section, shall be confidential and

privileged as an evidentiary matter (and shall not be sub-

ject to civil discovery or other legal process) in any pro-

ceeding in any Federal or State court or administrative

agency, and shall be exempt from disclosure, in the hands

of an agency or establishment of the Federal Government,

under the Freedom of Information Act (5 U.S.C. 552a), or

otherwise, unless and until presented in connection with a

public proceeding or released in accordance with sub-

section (c).

(B) A

VAILABILITY TO GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

.—Without

the loss of its status as confidential and privileged in the

hands of the Board, all information referred to in subpara-

graph (A) may—

(i) be made available to the Commission; and

(ii) in the discretion of the Board, when deter-

mined by the Board to be necessary to accomplish the

purposes of this Act or to protect investors, be made

available to—

(I) the Attorney General of the United States;

(II) the appropriate Federal functional regu-

lator (as defined in section 509 of the Gramm-

Leach-Bliley Act (15 U.S.C. 6809)), other than the

Commission, and the Director of the Federal

Housing Finance Agency, with respect to an audit

report for an institution subject to the jurisdiction

of such regulator;

(III) State attorneys general in connection

with any criminal investigation;

(IV) any appropriate State regulatory author-

ity; and

(V) a self-regulatory organization, with re-

spect to an audit report for a broker or dealer that

is under the jurisdiction of such self-regulatory or-

ganization,

each of which shall maintain such information as confiden-

tial and privileged.

VAILABILITY TO FOREIGN OVERSIGHT AUTHORI

TIES

.—Without the loss of its status as confidential and

privileged in the hands of the Board, all information re-

ferred to in subparagraph (A) that relates to a public ac-

counting firm that a foreign government has empowered a

foreign auditor oversight authority to inspect or otherwise

enforce laws with respect to, may, at the discretion of the

Board, be made available to the foreign auditor oversight

authority, if—

(i) the Board finds that it is necessary to accom-

plish the purposes of this Act or to protect investors;

(ii) the foreign auditor oversight authority pro-

vides—

(I) such assurances of confidentiality as the

Board may request;

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22 Sec. 105 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

(II) a description of the applicable information

systems and controls of the foreign auditor over-

sight authority; and

(III) a description of the laws and regulations

of the foreign government of the foreign auditor

oversight authority that are relevant to informa-

tion access; and

(iii) the Board determines that it is appropriate to

share such information.

(6) I

MMUNITY

.—Any employee of the Board engaged in car-

rying out an investigation under this Act shall be immune

from any civil liability arising out of such investigation in the

same manner and to the same extent as an employee of the

Federal Government in similar circumstances.

ISCIPLINARY

ROCEDURES

.—

(1) N

OTIFICATION

;

RECORDKEEPING

.—The rules of the

Board shall provide that in any proceeding by the Board to de-

termine whether a registered public accounting firm, or an as-

sociated person thereof, should be disciplined, the Board

shall—

(A) bring specific charges with respect to the firm or

associated person;

(B) notify such firm or associated person of, and pro-

vide to the firm or associated person an opportunity to de-

fend against, such charges; and

(2) P

UBLIC HEARINGS

.—Hearings under this section shall

not be public, unless otherwise ordered by the Board for good

cause shown, with the consent of the parties to such hearing.

(3) S

UPPORTING STATEMENT

.—A determination by the

Board to impose a sanction under this subsection shall be sup-

ported by a statement setting forth—

(A) each act or practice in which the registered public

accounting firm, or associated person, has engaged (or

omitted to engage), or that forms a basis for all or a part

of such sanction;

(B) the specific provision of this Act, the securities

laws, the rules of the Board, or professional standards

which the Board determines has been violated; and

that sanction.

(4) S

ANCTIONS

.—If the Board finds, based on all of the

facts and circumstances, that a registered public accounting

firm or associated person thereof has engaged in any act or

practice, or omitted to act, in violation of this Act, the rules of

the Board, the provisions of the securities laws relating to the

preparation and issuance of audit reports and the obligations

and liabilities of accountants with respect thereto, including

the rules of the Commission issued under this Act, or profes-

sional standards, the Board may impose such disciplinary or

remedial sanctions as it determines appropriate, subject to ap-

plicable limitations under paragraph (5), including—

(A) temporary suspension or permanent revocation of

registration under this title;

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23 Sec. 105 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

(B) temporary or permanent suspension or bar of a

person from further association with any registered public

accounting firm;

ties, functions, or operations of such firm or person (other

than in connection with required additional professional

education or training);

(D) a civil money penalty for each such violation, in an

amount equal to—

(i) not more than $100,000 for a natural person or

$2,000,000 for any other person; and

(ii) in any case to which paragraph (5) applies, not

more than $750,000 for a natural person or

$15,000,000 for any other person;

(E) censure;

(F) required additional professional education or train-

ing; or

(G) any other appropriate sanction provided for in the

rules of the Board.

(5) I

NTENTIONAL OR OTHER KNOWING CONDUCT

.—The sanc-

tions and penalties described in subparagraphs (A) through (C)

and (D)(ii) of paragraph (4) shall only apply to—

(A) intentional or knowing conduct, including reckless

conduct, that results in violation of the applicable statu-

tory, regulatory, or professional standard; or

(B) repeated instances of negligent conduct, each re-

sulting in a violation of the applicable statutory, regu-

latory, or professional standard.

(6) F

AILURE TO SUPERVISE

.—

(A) I

N GENERAL

.—The Board may impose sanctions

under this section on a registered accounting firm or upon

any person who is, or at the time of the alleged failure rea-

sonably to supervise was, a supervisory person of such

firm, if the Board finds that—

(i) the firm has failed reasonably to supervise an

associated person, either as required by the rules of

the Board relating to auditing or quality control stand-

ards, or otherwise, with a view to preventing viola-

tions of this Act, the rules of the Board, the provisions

of the securities laws relating to the preparation and

issuance of audit reports and the obligations and li-

abilities of accountants with respect thereto, including

the rules of the Commission under this Act, or profes-

sional standards; and

(ii) such associated person commits a violation of

this Act, or any of such rules, laws, or standards.

(B) R

ULE OF CONSTRUCTION

.—No current or former su-

pervisory person of a registered public accounting firm

shall be deemed to have failed reasonably to supervise any

associated person for purposes of subparagraph (A), if—

(i) there have been established in and for that

firm procedures, and a system for applying such proce-

dures, that comply with applicable rules of the Board

and that would reasonably be expected to prevent and

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24 Sec. 105 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

detect any such violation by such associated person;

and

(ii) such person has reasonably discharged the du-

ties and obligations incumbent upon that person by

reason of such procedures and system, and had no rea-

sonable cause to believe that such procedures and sys-

tem were not being complied with.

(7) E

FFECT OF SUSPENSION

.—

(A) A

SSOCIATION WITH A PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

.—It

shall be unlawful for any person that is suspended or

barred from being associated with a registered public ac-

counting firm under this subsection willfully to become or

remain associated with any registered public accounting

firm, or for any registered public accounting firm that

knew, or, in the exercise of reasonable care should have

known, of the suspension or bar, to permit such an asso-

ciation, without the consent of the Board or the Commis-

sion.

(B) A

SSOCIATION WITH AN ISSUER

BROKER

OR DEAL

.—It shall be unlawful for any person that is suspended

or barred from being associated with a registered public

accounting firm under this subsection willfully to become

or remain associated with any issuer, broker, or dealer in

an accountancy or a financial management capacity, and

for any issuer, broker, or dealer that knew, or in the exer-

cise of reasonable care should have known, of such suspen-

sion or bar, to permit such an association, without the con-

sent of the Board or the Commission.

(d) R

EPORTING OF

ANCTIONS

.—

(1) R

ECIPIENTS

.—If the Board imposes a disciplinary sanc-

tion, in accordance with this section, the Board shall report the

sanction to—

(A) the Commission;

(B) any appropriate State regulatory authority or any

foreign accountancy licensing board with which such firm

or person is licensed or certified; and

sanction has been lifted).

(2) C

ONTENTS

.—The information reported under paragraph

(1) shall include—

(A) the name of the sanctioned person;

(B) a description of the sanction and the basis for its

imposition; and

priate.

(e) S

TAY OF

ANCTIONS

.—

(1) I

N GENERAL

.—Application to the Commission for re-

view, or the institution by the Commission of review, of any

disciplinary action of the Board shall operate as a stay of any

such disciplinary action, unless and until the Commission or-

ders (summarily or after notice and opportunity for hearing on

the question of a stay, which hearing may consist solely of the

submission of affidavits or presentation of oral arguments) that

no such stay shall continue to operate.

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25 Sec. 106 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

(2) E

XPEDITED PROCEDURES

.—The Commission shall estab-

lish for appropriate cases an expedited procedure for consider-

ation and determination of the question of the duration of a

stay pending review of any disciplinary action of the Board

under this subsection.

SEC. 106. ø15 U.S.C. 7216¿ FOREIGN PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMS.

(a) A

PPLICABILITY TO

ERTAIN

OREIGN

IRMS

.—

(1) I

N GENERAL

.—Any foreign public accounting firm that

prepares or furnishes an audit report with respect to any

issuer, broker, or dealer, shall be subject to this Act and the

rules of the Board and the Commission issued under this Act,

in the same manner and to the same extent as a public ac-

counting firm that is organized and operates under the laws of

the United States or any State, except that registration pursu-

ant to section 102 shall not by itself provide a basis for sub-

jecting such a foreign public accounting firm to the jurisdiction

of the Federal or State courts, other than with respect to con-

troversies between such firms and the Board.

(2) B

OARD AUTHORITY

.—The Board may, by rule, determine

that a foreign public accounting firm (or a class of such firms)

that does not issue audit reports nonetheless plays such a sub-

stantial role in the preparation and furnishing of such reports

for particular issuers, brokers, or dealers, that it is necessary

or appropriate, in light of the purposes of this Act and in the

public interest or for the protection of investors, that such firm

(or class of firms) should be treated as a public accounting firm

(or firms) for purposes of registration under, and oversight by

the Board in accordance with, this title.

(b) P

RODUCTION OF

OCUMENTS

.—

(1) P

RODUCTION BY FOREIGN FIRMS

.—If a foreign public ac-

counting firm performs material services upon which a reg-

istered public accounting firm relies in the conduct of an audit

or interim review, issues an audit report, performs audit work,

or conducts interim reviews, the foreign public accounting firm

shall—

(A) produce the audit work papers of the foreign public

accounting firm and all other documents of the firm re-

lated to any such audit work or interim review to the Com-

mission or the Board, upon request of the Commission or

the Board; and

(B) be subject to the jurisdiction of the courts of the

United States for purposes of enforcement of any request

for such documents.

(2) O

THER PRODUCTION

.—Any registered public accounting

firm that relies, in whole or in part, on the work of a foreign

public accounting firm in issuing an audit report, performing

audit work, or conducting an interim review, shall—

(A) produce the audit work papers of the foreign public

accounting firm and all other documents related to any

such work in response to a request for production by the

Commission or the Board; and

(B) secure the agreement of any foreign public ac-

counting firm to such production, as a condition of the reli-

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26 Sec. 107 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

ance by the registered public accounting firm on the work

of that foreign public accounting firm.

XEMPTION

UTHORITY

.—The Commission, and the Board,

subject to the approval of the Commission, may, by rule, regula-

tion, or order, and as the Commission (or Board) determines nec-

essary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of

investors, either unconditionally or upon specified terms and condi-

tions exempt any foreign public accounting firm, or any class of

such firms, from any provision of this Act or the rules of the Board

or the Commission issued under this Act.

(d) S

ERVICE OF

EQUESTS OR

ROCESS

.—

(1) I

N GENERAL

.—Any foreign public accounting firm that

performs work for a domestic registered public accounting firm

shall furnish to the domestic registered public accounting firm

a written irrevocable consent and power of attorney that des-

ignates the domestic registered public accounting firm as an

agent upon whom may be served any request by the Commis-

sion or the Board under this section or upon whom may be

served any process, pleadings, or other papers in any action

brought to enforce this section.

(2) S

PECIFIC AUDIT WORK

.—Any foreign public accounting

firm that performs material services upon which a registered

public accounting firm relies in the conduct of an audit or in-

terim review, issues an audit report, performs audit work, or,

performs interim reviews, shall designate to the Commission or

the Board an agent in the United States upon whom may be

served any request by the Commission or the Board under this

section or upon whom may be served any process, pleading, or

other papers in any action brought to enforce this section.

(e) S

ANCTIONS

.—A willful refusal to comply, in whole in or in

part, with any request by the Commission or the Board under this

section, shall be deemed a violation of this Act.

(f) O

THER

EANS OF

ATISFYING

RODUCTION

BLIGATIONS

.—

Notwithstanding any other provisions of this section, the staff of

the Commission or the Board may allow a foreign public accounting

firm that is subject to this section to meet production obligations

under this section through alternate means, such as through for-

eign counterparts of the Commission or the Board.

(g) D

EFINITION

.—In this section, the term ‘‘foreign public ac-

counting firm’’ means a public accounting firm that is organized

and operates under the laws of a foreign government or political

subdivision thereof.

SEC. 107. ø15 U.S.C. 7217¿ COMMISSION OVERSIGHT OF THE BOARD.

(a) G

ENERAL

VERSIGHT

ESPONSIBILITY

.—The Commission

shall have oversight and enforcement authority over the Board, as

provided in this Act. The provisions of section 17(a)(1) of the Secu-

rities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78q(a)(1)), and of section

17(b)(1) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C.

78q(b)(1)) shall apply to the Board as fully as if the Board were a

‘‘registered securities association’’ for purposes of those sections

17(a)(1) and 17(b)(1).

(b) R

ULES OF THE

OARD

.—

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27 Sec. 107 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

(1) D

EFINITION

.—In this section, the term ‘‘proposed rule’’

means any proposed rule of the Board, and any modification of

any such rule.

(2) P

RIOR APPROVAL REQUIRED

.—No rule of the Board shall

become effective without prior approval of the Commission in

accordance with this section, other than as provided in section

103(a)(3)(B) with respect to initial or transitional standards.

(3) A

PPROVAL CRITERIA

.—The Commission shall approve a

proposed rule, if it finds that the rule is consistent with the re-

quirements of this Act and the securities laws, or is necessary

or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of in-

vestors.

(4) P

ROPOSED RULE PROCEDURES

.—The provisions of para-

graphs (1) through (3) of section 19(b) of the Securities Ex-

change Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78s(b)) shall govern the proposed

rules of the Board, as fully as if the Board were a ‘‘registered

securities association’’ for purposes of that section 19(b), except

that, for purposes of this paragraph—

(A) the phrase ‘‘consistent with the requirements of

this title and the rules and regulations thereunder applica-

ble to such organization’’ in section 19(b)(2) of that Act

shall be deemed to read ‘‘consistent with the requirements

of title I of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, and the rules

and regulations issued thereunder applicable to such orga-

nization, or as necessary or appropriate in the public inter-

est or for the protection of investors’’; and

(B) the phrase ‘‘otherwise in furtherance of the pur-

poses of this title’’ in section 19(b)(3)(C) of that Act shall

be deemed to read ‘‘otherwise in furtherance of the pur-

poses of title I of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002’’.

(5) C

OMMISSION AUTHORITY TO AMEND RULES OF THE

BOARD

.—The provisions of section 19(c) of the Securities Ex-

change Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78s(c)) shall govern the abroga-

tion, deletion, or addition to portions of the rules of the Board

by the Commission as fully as if the Board were a ‘‘registered

securities association’’ for purposes of that section 19(c), except

that the phrase ‘‘to conform its rules to the requirements of

this title and the rules and regulations thereunder applicable

to such organization, or otherwise in furtherance of the pur-

poses of this title’’ in section 19(c) of that Act shall, for pur-

poses of this paragraph, be deemed to read ‘‘to assure the fair

administration of the Public Company Accounting Oversight

Board, conform the rules promulgated by that Board to the re-

quirements of title I of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or oth-

erwise further the purposes of that Act, the securities laws,

and the rules and regulations thereunder applicable to that

Board’’.

OMMISSION

EVIEW OF

ISCIPLINARY

CTION

AKEN BY

THE

OARD

.—

(1) N

OTICE OF SANCTION

.—The Board shall promptly file

notice with the Commission of any final sanction on any reg-

istered public accounting firm or on any associated person

thereof, in such form and containing such information as the

Commission, by rule, may prescribe.

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28 Sec. 107 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

(2) R

EVIEW OF SANCTIONS

.—The provisions of sections

19(d)(2) and 19(e)(1) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15

U.S.C. 78s (d)(2) and (e)(1)) shall govern the review by the

Commission of final disciplinary sanctions imposed by the

Board (including sanctions imposed under section 105(b)(3) of

this Act for noncooperation in an investigation of the Board),

as fully as if the Board were a self-regulatory organization and

the Commission were the appropriate regulatory agency for

such organization for purposes of those sections 19(d)(2) and

19(e)(1), except that, for purposes of this paragraph—

(A) section 105(e) of this Act (rather than that section

19(d)(2)) shall govern the extent to which application for,

or institution by the Commission on its own motion of, re-

view of any disciplinary action of the Board operates as a

stay of such action;

(B) references in that section 19(e)(1) to ‘‘members’’ of

such an organization shall be deemed to be references to

registered public accounting firms;

title’’ in that section 19(e)(1) shall be deemed to read ‘‘con-

sistent with the purposes of this title and title I of the Sar-

banes-Oxley Act of 2002’’;

(D) references to rules of the Municipal Securities

Rulemaking Board in that section 19(e)(1) shall not apply;

and

(E) the reference to section 19(e)(2) of the Securities

Exchange Act of 1934 shall refer instead to section

107(c)(3) of this Act.

(3) C

OMMISSION MODIFICATION AUTHORITY

.—The Commis-

sion may enhance, modify, cancel, reduce, or require the remis-

sion of a sanction imposed by the Board upon a registered pub-

lic accounting firm or associated person thereof, if the Commis-

sion, having due regard for the public interest and the protec-

tion of investors, finds, after a proceeding in accordance with

this subsection, that the sanction—

(A) is not necessary or appropriate in furtherance of

this Act or the securities laws; or

(B) is excessive, oppressive, inadequate, or otherwise

not appropriate to the finding or the basis on which the

sanction was imposed.

(d) C

ENSURE OF THE

OARD

; O

THER

ANCTIONS

.—

(1) R

ESCISSION OF BOARD AUTHORITY

.—The Commission, by

rule, consistent with the public interest, the protection of in-

vestors, and the other purposes of this Act and the securities

laws, may relieve the Board of any responsibility to enforce

compliance with any provision of this Act, the securities laws,

the rules of the Board, or professional standards.

(2) C

ENSURE OF THE BOARD

;

LIMITATIONS

.—The Commis-

sion may, by order, as it determines necessary or appropriate

in the public interest, for the protection of investors, or other-

wise in furtherance of the purposes of this Act or the securities

laws, censure or impose limitations upon the activities, func-

tions, and operations of the Board, if the Commission finds, on

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29 Sec. 108 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

The Supreme Court held this paragraph to be unconstitutional in the case Free Enterprise

Fund v. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (2010).

the record, after notice and opportunity for a hearing, that the

Board—

(A) has violated or is unable to comply with any provi-

sion of this Act, the rules of the Board, or the securities

laws; or

(B) without reasonable justification or excuse, has

failed to enforce compliance with any such provision or

rule, or any professional standard by a registered public

accounting firm or an associated person thereof.

(3)

ENSURE OF BOARD MEMBERS

;

REMOVAL FROM OF

FICE

.—The Commission may, as necessary or appropriate in

the public interest, for the protection of investors, or otherwise

in furtherance of the purposes of this Act or the securities

laws, remove from office or censure any person who is, or at

the time of the alleged misconduct was, a member of the

Board, if the Commission finds, on the record, after notice and

opportunity for a hearing, that such member—

(A) has willfully violated any provision of this Act, the

rules of the Board, or the securities laws;

(B) has willfully abused the authority of that member;

failed to enforce compliance with any such provision or

rule, or any professional standard by any registered public

accounting firm or any associated person thereof.

SEC. 108. ø15 U.S.C. 7218¿ ACCOUNTING STANDARDS.

(a)

(b) C

OMMISSION

UTHORITY

.—The Commission shall promul-

gate such rules and regulations to carry out section 19(b) of the Se-

curities Act of 1933, as added by this section, as it deems necessary

or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of inves-

tors.

FFECT ON

OMMISSION

OWERS

.—Nothing in this Act,

including this section and the amendment made by this section,

shall be construed to impair or limit the authority of the Commis-

sion to establish accounting principles or standards for purposes of

enforcement of the securities laws.

(d) S

TUDY AND

EPORT ON

DOPTING

RINCIPLES

-B

ASED

COUNTING

.—

(1) S

TUDY

.—

(A) I

N GENERAL

.—The Commission shall conduct a

study on the adoption by the United States financial re-

porting system of a principles-based accounting system.

(B) S

TUDY TOPICS

.—The study required by subpara-

graph (A) shall include an examination of—

(i) the extent to which principles-based accounting

and financial reporting exists in the United States;

(ii) the length of time required for change from a

rules-based to a principles-based financial reporting

system;

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30 Sec. 109 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

So in law. Should refer to section 102(f).

(iii) the feasibility of and proposed methods by

which a principles-based system may be implemented;

and

(iv) a thorough economic analysis of the imple-

mentation of a principles-based system.

(2) R

EPORT

.—Not later than 1 year after the date of enact-

ment of this Act, the Commission shall submit a report on the

results of the study required by paragraph (1) to the Com-

mittee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate

and the Committee on Financial Services of the House of Rep-

resentatives.

SEC. 109. ø15 U.S.C. 7219¿ FUNDING.

(a) I

ENERAL

.—The Board, and the standard setting body

designated pursuant to section 19(b) of the Securities Act of 1933,

as amended by section 108, shall be funded as provided in this sec-

tion.

(b) A

NNUAL

UDGETS

.—The Board and the standard setting

body referred to in subsection (a) shall each establish a budget for

each fiscal year, which shall be reviewed and approved according

to their respective internal procedures not less than 1 month prior

to the commencement of the fiscal year to which the budget per-

tains (or at the beginning of the Board’s first fiscal year, which

may be a short fiscal year). The budget of the Board shall be sub-

ject to approval by the Commission. The budget for the first fiscal

year of the Board shall be prepared and approved promptly fol-

lowing the appointment of the initial five Board members, to per-

mit action by the Board of the organizational tasks contemplated

by section 101(d).

OURCES AND

SES OF

UNDS

.—

(1) R

ECOVERABLE BUDGET EXPENSES

.—The budget of the

Board (reduced by any registration or annual fees received

under section 102(e)

for the year preceding the year for which

the budget is being computed), and all of the budget of the

standard setting body referred to in subsection (a), for each fis-

cal year of each of those 2 entities, shall be payable from an-

nual accounting support fees, in accordance with subsections

(d) and (e). Accounting support fees and other receipts of the

Board and of such standard-setting body shall not be consid-

ered public monies of the United States.

(2) F

UNDS GENERATED FROM THE COLLECTION OF MONETARY

PENALTIES

.—Subject to the availability in advance in an appro-

priations Act, and notwithstanding subsection (j), all funds col-

lected by the Board as a result of the assessment of monetary

penalties shall be used to fund a merit scholarship program for

undergraduate and graduate students enrolled in accredited

accounting degree programs, which program is to be adminis-

tered by the Board or by an entity or agent identified by the

Board.

(d) A

NNUAL

CCOUNTING

UPPORT

EE FOR THE

OARD

.—

(1) E

STABLISHMENT OF FEE

.—The Board shall establish,

with the approval of the Commission, a reasonable annual ac-

counting support fee (or a formula for the computation thereof),

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31 Sec. 109 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

as may be necessary or appropriate to establish and maintain

the Board. Such fee may also cover costs incurred in the

Board’s first fiscal year (which may be a short fiscal year), or

may be levied separately with respect to such short fiscal year.

(2) A

SSESSMENTS

.—The rules of the Board under para-

graph (1) shall provide for the equitable allocation, assessment,

and collection by the Board (or an agent appointed by the

Board) of the fee established under paragraph (1), among

issuers, in accordance with subsection (g), and among brokers

and dealers, in accordance with subsection (h), and allowing for

differentiation among classes of issuers, brokers and dealers,

as appropriate.

(3) B

ROKERS AND DEALERS

.—The Board shall begin the al-

location, assessment, and collection of fees under paragraph (2)

with respect to brokers and dealers with the payment of sup-

port fees to fund the first full fiscal year beginning after the

date of enactment of the Investor Protection and Securities Re-

form Act of 2010.

(e) A

NNUAL

CCOUNTING

UPPORT

EE FOR

TANDARD

ETTING

ODY

.—The annual accounting support fee for the standard setting

body referred to in subsection (a)—

(1) shall be allocated in accordance with subsection (g),

and assessed and collected against each issuer, on behalf of the

standard setting body, by 1 or more appropriate designated col-

lection agents, as may be necessary or appropriate to pay for

the budget and provide for the expenses of that standard set-

ting body, and to provide for an independent, stable source of

funding for such body, subject to review by the Commission;

and

(2) may differentiate among different classes of issuers.

(f) L

IMITATION ON

.—The amount of fees collected under

this section for a fiscal year on behalf of the Board or the standards

setting body, as the case may be, shall not exceed the recoverable

budget expenses of the Board or body, respectively (which may in-

clude operating, capital, and accrued items), referred to in sub-

section (c)(1).

(g) A

LLOCATION OF

CCOUNTING

UPPORT

EES

MONG

SSUERS

.—Any amount due from issuers (or a particular class of

issuers) under this section to fund the budget of the Board or the

standard setting body referred to in subsection (a) shall be allo-

cated among and payable by each issuer (or each issuer in a par-

ticular class, as applicable) in an amount equal to the total of such

amount, multiplied by a fraction—

(1) the numerator of which is the average monthly equity

market capitalization of the issuer for the 12-month period im-

mediately preceding the beginning of the fiscal year to which

such budget relates; and

(2) the denominator of which is the average monthly eq-

uity market capitalization of all such issuers for such 12-month

period.

(h) A

LLOCATION OF

CCOUNTING

UPPORT

EES

MONG

KERS AND

EALERS

.—

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32 Sec. 110 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

(1) O

BLIGATION TO PAY

.—Each broker or dealer shall pay

to the Board the annual accounting support fee allocated to

such broker or dealer under this section.

(2) A

LLOCATION

.—Any amount due from a broker or dealer

(or from a particular class of brokers and dealers) under this

section shall be allocated among brokers and dealers and pay-

able by the broker or dealer (or the brokers and dealers in the

particular class, as applicable).

(3) P

ROPORTIONALITY

.—The amount due from a broker or

dealer shall be in proportion to the net capital of the broker

or dealer (before or after any adjustments), compared to the

total net capital of all brokers and dealers (before or after any

adjustments), in accordance with rules issued by the Board.

(i) C

ONFORMING

MENDMENTS

.—Section 13(b)(2) of the Securi-

ties Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m(b)(2)) is amended—

(1) in subparagraph (A), by striking ‘‘and’’ at the end; and

(2) in subparagraph (B), by striking the period at the end

and inserting the following: ‘‘; and

‘‘(C) notwithstanding any other provision of law, pay the

allocable share of such issuer of a reasonable annual account-

ing support fee or fees, determined in accordance with section

109 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.’’.

(j) R

ULE OF

ONSTRUCTION

.—Nothing in this section shall be

construed to render either the Board, the standard setting body re-

ferred to in subsection (a), or both, subject to procedures in Con-

gress to authorize or appropriate public funds, or to prevent such

organization from utilizing additional sources of revenue for its ac-

tivities, such as earnings from publication sales, provided that each

additional source of revenue shall not jeopardize, in the judgment

of the Commission, the actual and perceived independence of such

organization.

(k) S

TART

-U

XPENSES OF THE

OARD

.—From the unexpended

balances of the appropriations to the Commission for fiscal year

2003, the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to advance to the

Board not to exceed the amount necessary to cover the expenses of

the Board during its first fiscal year (which may be a short fiscal

year).

SEC. 110. ø15 U.S.C. 7220¿ DEFINITIONS.

For the purposes of this title, the following definitions shall

apply:

(1) A

UDIT

.—The term ‘‘audit’’ means an examination of the

financial statements, reports, documents, procedures, controls,

or notices of any issuer, broker, or dealer by an independent

public accounting firm in accordance with the rules of the

Board or the Commission, for the purpose of expressing an

opinion on the financial statements or providing an audit re-

port.

(2) A

UDIT REPORT

.—The term ‘‘audit report’’ means a docu-

ment, report, notice, or other record—

(A) prepared following an audit performed for pur-

poses of compliance by an issuer, broker, or dealer with

the requirements of the securities laws; and

(B) in which a public accounting firm either—

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33 Sec. 201 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

(i) sets forth the opinion of that firm regarding a

financial statement, report, notice, or other document,

procedures, or controls; or

(ii) asserts that no such opinion can be expressed.

(3) B

ROKER

.—The term ‘‘broker’’ means a broker (as such

term is defined in section 3(a)(4) of the Securities Exchange

Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(4))) that is required to file a bal-

ance sheet, income statement, or other financial statement

under section 17(e)(1)(A) of such Act (15 U.S.C. 78q(e)(1)(A)),

where such balance sheet, income statement, or financial state-

ment is required to be certified by a registered public account-

ing firm.

(4) D

EALER

.—The term ‘‘dealer’’ means a dealer (as such

term is defined in section 3(a)(5) of the Securities Exchange

Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(5))) that is required to file a bal-

ance sheet, income statement, or other financial statement

under section 17(e)(1)(A) of such Act (15 U.S.C. 78q(e)(1)(A)),

where such balance sheet, income statement, or financial state-

ment is required to be certified by a registered public account-

ing firm.

(5) P

ROFESSIONAL STANDARDS

.—The term ‘‘professional

standards’’ means—

(A) accounting principles that are—

(i) established by the standard setting body de-

scribed in section 19(b) of the Securities Act of 1933,

as amended by this Act, or prescribed by the Commis-

sion under section 19(a) of that Act (15 U.S.C. 17a(s))

or section 13(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

(15 U.S.C. 78a(m)); and

(ii) relevant to audit reports for particular issuers,

brokers, or dealers, or dealt with in the quality control

system of a particular registered public accounting

firm; and

(B) auditing standards, standards for attestation en-

gagements, quality control policies and procedures, ethical

and competency standards, and independence standards

(including rules implementing title II) that the Board or

the Commission determines—

(i) relate to the preparation or issuance of audit

reports for issuers, brokers, or dealers; and

(ii) are established or adopted by the Board under

section 103(a), or are promulgated as rules of the

Commission.

(6) S

ELF

REGULATORY ORGANIZATION

.—The term ‘‘self-regu-

latory organization’’ has the same meaning as in section 3(a)

of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78c(a)).

TITLE II—AUDITOR INDEPENDENCE

SEC. 201. SERVICES OUTSIDE THE SCOPE OF PRACTICE OF AUDITORS.

(a)

(b) ø15 U.S.C. 7231¿ E

XEMPTION

UTHORITY

.—The Board may,

on a case by case basis, exempt any person, issuer, public account-

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As Amended Through P.L. 117-328, Enacted December 29, 2022

34 Sec. 207 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

ing firm, or transaction from the prohibition on the provision of

services under section 10A(g) of the Securities Exchange Act of

1934 (as added by this section), to the extent that such exemption

is necessary or appropriate in the public interest and is consistent

with the protection of investors, and subject to review by the Com-

mission in the same manner as for rules of the Board under section

107.

* * * * * * *

SEC. 207. ø15 U.S.C. 7232¿ STUDY OF MANDATORY ROTATION OF REG-

ISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMS.

(a) S

TUDY AND

EVIEW

EQUIRED

.—The Comptroller General

of the United States shall conduct a study and review of the poten-

tial effects of requiring the mandatory rotation of registered public

accounting firms.

(b) R

EPORT

EQUIRED

.—Not later than 1 year after the date of

enactment of this Act, the Comptroller General shall submit a re-

port to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of

the Senate and the Committee on Financial Services of the House

of Representatives on the results of the study and review required

by this section.

EFINITION

.—For purposes of this section, the term ‘‘man-

datory rotation’’ refers to the imposition of a limit on the period of

years in which a particular registered public accounting firm may

be the auditor of record for a particular issuer.

SEC. 208. ø15 U.S.C. 7233¿ COMMISSION AUTHORITY.

(a) C

OMMISSION

EGULATIONS

.—Not later than 180 days after

the date of enactment of this Act, the Commission shall issue final

regulations to carry out each of subsections (g) through (l) of sec-

tion 10A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as added by this

title.

(b) A

UDITOR

NDEPENDENCE

.—It shall be unlawful for any reg-

istered public accounting firm (or an associated person thereof, as

applicable) to prepare or issue any audit report with respect to any

issuer, if the firm or associated person engages in any activity with

respect to that issuer prohibited by any of subsections (g) through

(l) of section 10A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as added

by this title, or any rule or regulation of the Commission or of the

Board issued thereunder.

SEC. 209. ø15 U.S.C. 7234¿ CONSIDERATIONS BY APPROPRIATE STATE

REGULATORY AUTHORITIES.

In supervising nonregistered public accounting firms and their

associated persons, appropriate State regulatory authorities should

make an independent determination of the proper standards appli-

cable, particularly taking into consideration the size and nature of

the business of the accounting firms they supervise and the size

and nature of the business of the clients of those firms. The stand-

ards applied by the Board under this Act should not be presumed

to be applicable for purposes of this section for small and medium

sized nonregistered public accounting firms.

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35 Sec. 302 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

TITLE III—CORPORATE

RESPONSIBILITY

* * * * * * *

SEC. 302. ø15 U.S.C. 7241¿ CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY FOR FINAN-

CIAL REPORTS.

(a) R

EGULATIONS

EQUIRED

.—The Commission shall, by rule,

require, for each company filing periodic reports under section

13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C.

78m, 78o(d)), that the principal executive officer or officers and the

principal financial officer or officers, or persons performing similar

functions, certify in each annual or quarterly report filed or sub-

mitted under either such section of such Act that—

(1) the signing officer has reviewed the report;

(2) based on the officer’s knowledge, the report does not

contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to

state a material fact necessary in order to make the state-

ments made, in light of the circumstances under which such

statements were made, not misleading;

(3) based on such officer’s knowledge, the financial state-

ments, and other financial information included in the report,

fairly present in all material respects the financial condition

and results of operations of the issuer as of, and for, the peri-

ods presented in the report;

(4) the signing officers—

(A) are responsible for establishing and maintaining

internal controls;

(B) have designed such internal controls to ensure that

material information relating to the issuer and its consoli-

dated subsidiaries is made known to such officers by oth-

ers within those entities, particularly during the period in

which the periodic reports are being prepared;

ternal controls as of a date within 90 days prior to the re-

port; and

(D) have presented in the report their conclusions

about the effectiveness of their internal controls based on

their evaluation as of that date;

(5) the signing officers have disclosed to the issuer’s audi-

tors and the audit committee of the board of directors (or per-

sons fulfilling the equivalent function)—

(A) all significant deficiencies in the design or oper-

ation of internal controls which could adversely affect the

issuer’s ability to record, process, summarize, and report

financial data and have identified for the issuer’s auditors

any material weaknesses in internal controls; and

(B) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves

management or other employees who have a significant

role in the issuer’s internal controls; and

(6) the signing officers have indicated in the report wheth-

er or not there were significant changes in internal controls or

in other factors that could significantly affect internal controls

subsequent to the date of their evaluation, including any cor-

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36 Sec. 303 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

rective actions with regard to significant deficiencies and mate-

rial weaknesses.

(b) F

OREIGN

EINCORPORATIONS

AVE

FFECT

.—Nothing in

this section 302 shall be interpreted or applied in any way to allow

any issuer to lessen the legal force of the statement required under

this section 302, by an issuer having reincorporated or having en-

gaged in any other transaction that resulted in the transfer of the

corporate domicile or offices of the issuer from inside the United

States to outside of the United States.

EADLINE

.—The rules required by subsection (a) shall be ef-

fective not later than 30 days after the date of enactment of this

Act.

SEC. 303. ø15 U.S.C. 7242¿ IMPROPER INFLUENCE ON CONDUCT OF AU-

DITS.

(a) R

ULES

ROHIBIT

.—It shall be unlawful, in contravention

of such rules or regulations as the Commission shall prescribe as

necessary and appropriate in the public interest or for the protec-

tion of investors, for any officer or director of an issuer, or any

other person acting under the direction thereof, to take any action

to fraudulently influence, coerce, manipulate, or mislead any inde-

pendent public or certified accountant engaged in the performance

of an audit of the financial statements of that issuer for the pur-

pose of rendering such financial statements materially misleading.

(b) E

NFORCEMENT

.—In any civil proceeding, the Commission

shall have exclusive authority to enforce this section and any rule

or regulation issued under this section.

REEMPTION OF

THER

.—The provisions of sub-

section (a) shall be in addition to, and shall not supersede or pre-

empt, any other provision of law or any rule or regulation issued

thereunder.

(d) D

EADLINE FOR

ULEMAKING

.—The Commission shall—

(1) propose the rules or regulations required by this sec-

tion, not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this

Act; and

(2) issue final rules or regulations required by this section,

not later than 270 days after that date of enactment.

SEC. 304. ø15 U.S.C. 7243¿ FORFEITURE OF CERTAIN BONUSES AND

PROFITS.

(a) A

DDITIONAL

OMPENSATION

RIOR TO

ONCOMPLIANCE

ITH

OMMISSION

INANCIAL

EPORTING

EQUIREMENTS

.—If an

issuer is required to prepare an accounting restatement due to the

material noncompliance of the issuer, as a result of misconduct,

with any financial reporting requirement under the securities laws,

the chief executive officer and chief financial officer of the issuer

shall reimburse the issuer for—

(1) any bonus or other incentive-based or equity-based

compensation received by that person from the issuer during

the 12-month period following the first public issuance or filing

with the Commission (whichever first occurs) of the financial

document embodying such financial reporting requirement; and

(2) any profits realized from the sale of securities of the

issuer during that 12-month period.

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37 Sec. 306 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

(b) C

OMMISSION

XEMPTION

UTHORITY

.—The Commission

may exempt any person from the application of subsection (a), as

it deems necessary and appropriate.

* * * * * * *

SEC. 306. ø15 U.S.C. 7244¿ INSIDER TRADES DURING PENSION FUND

BLACKOUT PERIODS.

(a) P

ROHIBITION OF

NSIDER

RADING

URING

ENSION

UND

LACKOUT

ERIODS

.—

(1) I

N GENERAL

.—Except to the extent otherwise provided

by rule of the Commission pursuant to paragraph (3), it shall

be unlawful for any director or executive officer of an issuer of

any equity security (other than an exempted security), directly

or indirectly, to purchase, sell, or otherwise acquire or transfer

any equity security of the issuer (other than an exempted secu-

rity) during any blackout period with respect to such equity se-

curity if such director or officer acquires such equity security

in connection with his or her service or employment as a direc-

tor or executive officer.

(2) R

EMEDY

.—

(A) I

N GENERAL

.—Any profit realized by a director or

executive officer referred to in paragraph (1) from any pur-

chase, sale, or other acquisition or transfer in violation of

this subsection shall inure to and be recoverable by the

issuer, irrespective of any intention on the part of such di-

rector or executive officer in entering into the transaction.

(B) A

CTIONS TO RECOVER PROFITS

.—An action to re-

cover profits in accordance with this subsection may be in-

stituted at law or in equity in any court of competent juris-

diction by the issuer, or by the owner of any security of the

issuer in the name and in behalf of the issuer if the issuer

fails or refuses to bring such action within 60 days after

the date of request, or fails diligently to prosecute the ac-

tion thereafter, except that no such suit shall be brought

more than 2 years after the date on which such profit was

realized.

(3) R

ULEMAKING

UTHORIZED

.—The Commission shall, in

consultation with the Secretary of Labor, issue rules to clarify

the application of this subsection and to prevent evasion there-

of. Such rules shall provide for the application of the require-

ments of paragraph (1) with respect to entities treated as a

single employer with respect to an issuer under section 414(b),

(c), (m), or (o) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to the ex-

tent necessary to clarify the application of such requirements

and to prevent evasion thereof. Such rules may also provide for

appropriate exceptions from the requirements of this sub-

section, including exceptions for purchases pursuant to an

automatic dividend reinvestment program or purchases or

sales made pursuant to an advance election.

(4) B

LACKOUT PERIOD

.—For purposes of this subsection,

the term ‘‘blackout period’’, with respect to the equity securi-

ties of any issuer—

(A) means any period of more than 3 consecutive busi-

ness days during which the ability of not fewer than 50

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38 Sec. 306 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

percent of the participants or beneficiaries under all indi-

vidual account plans maintained by the issuer to purchase,

sell, or otherwise acquire or transfer an interest in any eq-

uity of such issuer held in such an individual account plan

is temporarily suspended by the issuer or by a fiduciary of

the plan; and

(B) does not include, under regulations which shall be

prescribed by the Commission—

(i) a regularly scheduled period in which the par-

ticipants and beneficiaries may not purchase, sell, or

otherwise acquire or transfer an interest in any equity

of such issuer, if such period is—

(I) incorporated into the individual account

plan; and

(II) timely disclosed to employees before be-

coming participants under the individual account

plan or as a subsequent amendment to the plan;

(ii) any suspension described in subparagraph (A)

that is imposed solely in connection with persons be-

coming participants or beneficiaries, or ceasing to be

participants or beneficiaries, in an individual account

plan by reason of a corporate merger, acquisition, di-

vestiture, or similar transaction involving the plan or

plan sponsor.

(5) I

NDIVIDUAL ACCOUNT PLAN

.—For purposes of this sub-

section, the term ‘‘individual account plan’’ has the meaning

provided in section 3(34) of the Employee Retirement Income

Security Act of 1974 (29 U.S.C. 1002(34), except that such term

shall not include a one-participant retirement plan (within the

meaning of section 101(i)(8)(B) of such Act (29 U.S.C.

1021(i)(8)(B))).

(6) N

OTICE TO DIRECTORS

EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

AND THE

COMMISSION

.—In any case in which a director or executive offi-

cer is subject to the requirements of this subsection in connec-

tion with a blackout period (as defined in paragraph (4)) with

respect to any equity securities, the issuer of such equity secu-

rities shall timely notify such director or officer and the Securi-

ties and Exchange Commission of such blackout period.

(b) N

OTICE

EQUIREMENTS TO

ARTICIPANTS AND

ENE

FICIARIES UNDER

ERISA.—

(1)

(2) I

SSUANCE OF INITIAL GUIDANCE AND MODEL NOTICE

.—

The Secretary of Labor shall issue initial guidance and a model

notice pursuant to section 101(i)(6) of the Employee Retirement

Income Security Act of 1974 (as added by this subsection) not

later than January 1, 2003. Not later than 75 days after the

date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall promul-

gate interim final rules necessary to carry out the amendments

made by this subsection.

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39 Sec. 308 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

So in law. The first paragraph (3) of subsection (b) provides for an amendment to existing

law. The second paragraph (3) should be (4).

(3) * * *

* * * * * * *

(3)

LAN AMENDMENTS

.—If any amendment made by this

subsection requires an amendment to any plan, such plan

amendment shall not be required to be made before the first

plan year beginning on or after the effective date of this sec-

tion, if—

(A) during the period after such amendment made by

this subsection takes effect and before such first plan year,

the plan is operated in good faith compliance with the re-

quirements of such amendment made by this subsection,

and

(B) such plan amendment applies retroactively to the

period after such amendment made by this subsection

takes effect and before such first plan year.

FFECTIVE

ATE

.—The provisions of this section (including

the amendments made thereby) shall take effect 180 days after the

date of the enactment of this Act. Good faith compliance with the

requirements of such provisions in advance of the issuance of appli-

cable regulations thereunder shall be treated as compliance with

such provisions.

SEC. 307. ø15 U.S.C. 7245¿ RULES OF PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY

FOR ATTORNEYS.

Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act,

the Commission shall issue rules, in the public interest and for the

protection of investors, setting forth minimum standards of profes-

sional conduct for attorneys appearing and practicing before the

Commission in any way in the representation of issuers, including

a rule—

(1) requiring an attorney to report evidence of a material

violation of securities law or breach of fiduciary duty or similar

violation by the company or any agent thereof, to the chief

legal counsel or the chief executive officer of the company (or

the equivalent thereof); and

(2) if the counsel or officer does not appropriately respond

to the evidence (adopting, as necessary, appropriate remedial

measures or sanctions with respect to the violation), requiring

the attorney to report the evidence to the audit committee of

the board of directors of the issuer or to another committee of

the board of directors comprised solely of directors not em-

ployed directly or indirectly by the issuer, or to the board of

directors.

SEC. 308. ø15 U.S.C. 7246¿ FAIR FUNDS FOR INVESTORS.

(a) C

IVIL

ENALTIES TO

SED FOR THE

ELIEF OF

TIMS

.—If, in any judicial or administrative action brought by the

Commission under the securities laws, the Commission obtains a

civil penalty against any person for a violation of such laws, or

such person agrees, in settlement of any such action, to such civil

penalty, the amount of such civil penalty shall, on the motion or

at the direction of the Commission, be added to and become part

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40 Sec. 401 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

of a disgorgement fund or other fund established for the benefit of

the victims of such violation.

(b) A

CCEPTANCE OF

DDITIONAL

ONATIONS

.—The Commission

is authorized to accept, hold, administer, and utilize gifts, bequests

and devises of property, both real and personal, to the United

States for a disgorgement fund or other fund described in sub-

section (a). Such gifts, bequests, and devises of money and proceeds

from sales of other property received as gifts, bequests, or devises

shall be deposited in such fund and shall be available for allocation

in accordance with subsection (a).

TUDY

EQUIRED

.—

(1) S

UBJECT OF STUDY

.—The Commission shall review and

analyze—

(A) enforcement actions by the Commission over the

five years preceding the date of the enactment of this Act

that have included proceedings to obtain civil penalties or

disgorgements to identify areas where such proceedings

may be utilized to efficiently, effectively, and fairly provide

restitution for injured investors; and

(B) other methods to more efficiently, effectively, and

fairly provide restitution to injured investors, including

methods to improve the collection rates for civil penalties

and disgorgements.

(2) R

EPORT

EQUIRED

.—The Commission shall report its

findings to the Committee on Financial Services of the House

of Representatives and the Committee on Banking, Housing,

and Urban Affairs of the Senate within 180 days after of the

date of the enactment of this Act, and shall use such findings

to revise its rules and regulations as necessary. The report

shall include a discussion of regulatory or legislative actions

that are recommended or that may be necessary to address

concerns identified in the study.

* * * * * * *

TITLE IV—ENHANCED FINANCIAL

DISCLOSURES

SEC. 401. ø15 U.S.C. 7261¿ DISCLOSURES IN PERIODIC REPORTS.

(a)

(b) C

OMMISSION

ULES ON

ORMA

IGURES

.—Not later

than 180 days after the date of enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley

Act fo 2002, the Commission shall issue final rules providing that

pro forma financial information included in any periodic or other

report filed with the Commission pursuant to the securities laws,

or in any public disclosure or press or other release, shall be pre-

sented in a manner that—

(1) does not contain an untrue statement of a material fact

or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the

pro forma financial information, in light of the circumstances

under which it is presented, not misleading; and

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41 Sec. 403 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

(2) reconciles it with the financial condition and results of

operations of the issuer under generally accepted accounting

principles.

TUDY AND

EPORT ON

PECIAL

URPOSE

NTITIES

.—

(1) S

TUDY REQUIRED

.—The Commission shall, not later

than 1 year after the effective date of adoption of off-balance

sheet disclosure rules required by section 13(j) of the Securities

Exchange Act of 1934, as added by this section, complete a

study of filings by issuers and their disclosures to determine—

(A) the extent of off-balance sheet transactions, includ-

ing assets, liabilities, leases, losses, and the use of special

purpose entities; and

(B) whether generally accepted accounting rules result

in financial statements of issuers reflecting the economics

of such off-balance sheet transactions to investors in a

transparent fashion.

(2) R

EPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS

.—Not later than 6

months after the date of completion of the study required by

paragraph (1), the Commission shall submit a report to the

President, the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Af-

fairs of the Senate, and the Committee on Financial Services

of the House of Representatives, setting forth—

(A) the amount or an estimate of the amount of off-

balance sheet transactions, including assets, liabilities,

leases, and losses of, and the use of special purpose enti-

ties by, issuers filing periodic reports pursuant to section

13 or 15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934;

(B) the extent to which special purpose entities are

used to facilitate off-balance sheet transactions;

or the rules of the Commission result in financial state-

ments of issuers reflecting the economics of such trans-

actions to investors in a transparent fashion;

(D) whether generally accepted accounting principles

specifically result in the consolidation of special purpose

entities sponsored by an issuer in cases in which the issuer

has the majority of the risks and rewards of the special

purpose entity; and

(E) any recommendations of the Commission for im-

proving the transparency and quality of reporting off-bal-

ance sheet transactions in the financial statements and

disclosures required to be filed by an issuer with the Com-

mission.

* * * * * * *

SEC. 403. DISCLOSURES OF TRANSACTIONS INVOLVING MANAGEMENT

AND PRINCIPAL STOCKHOLDERS.

(a)

(b) ø15 U.S.C. 78p note¿ E

FFECTIVE

ATE

.—The amendment

made by this section shall be effective 30 days after the date of the

enactment of this Act.

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42 Sec. 404 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

SEC. 404. ø15 U.S.C. 7262¿ MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT OF INTERNAL

CONTROLS.

(a) R

ULES

EQUIRED

.—The Commission shall prescribe rules

requiring each annual report required by section 13(a) or 15(d) of

the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m or 78o(d)) to

contain an internal control report, which shall—

(1) state the responsibility of management for establishing

and maintaining an adequate internal control structure and

procedures for financial reporting; and

(2) contain an assessment, as of the end of the most recent

fiscal year of the issuer, of the effectiveness of the internal con-

trol structure and procedures of the issuer for financial report-

ing.

(b) I

NTERNAL

ONTROL

VALUATION AND

EPORTING

.—With re-

spect to the internal control assessment required by subsection (a),

each registered public accounting firm that prepares or issues the

audit report for the issuer, other than an issuer that is an emerg-

ing growth company (as defined in section 3 of the Securities Ex-

change Act of 1934), shall attest to, and report on, the assessment

made by the management of the issuer. An attestation made under

this subsection shall be made in accordance with standards for at-

testation engagements issued or adopted by the Board. Any such

attestation shall not be the subject of a separate engagement.

XEMPTION FOR

MALLER

SSUERS

.—Subsection (b) shall not

apply with respect to any audit report prepared for an issuer that

is neither a ‘‘large accelerated filer’’ nor an ‘‘accelerated filer’’ as

those terms are defined in Rule 12b–2 of the Commission (17

C.F.R. 240.12b–2).

SEC. 405. ø15 U.S.C. 7263¿ EXEMPTION.

Nothing in section 401, 402, or 404, the amendments made by

those sections, or the rules of the Commission under those sections

shall apply to any investment company registered under section 8

of the Investment Company Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. 80a–8).

SEC. 406. ø15 U.S.C. 7264¿ CODE OF ETHICS FOR SENIOR FINANCIAL OF-

FICERS.

(a) C

ODE OF

THICS

ISCLOSURE

.—The Commission shall issue

rules to require each issuer, together with periodic reports required

pursuant to section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act

of 1934, to disclose whether or not, and if not, the reason therefor,

such issuer has adopted a code of ethics for senior financial officers,

applicable to its principal financial officer and comptroller or prin-

cipal accounting officer, or persons performing similar functions.

(b) C

HANGES IN

ODES OF

THICS

.—The Commission shall re-

vise its regulations concerning matters requiring prompt disclosure

on Form 8–K (or any successor thereto) to require the immediate

disclosure, by means of the filing of such form, dissemination by

the Internet or by other electronic means, by any issuer of any

change in or waiver of the code of ethics for senior financial offi-

cers.

EFINITION

.—In this section, the term ‘‘code of ethics’’

means such standards as are reasonably necessary to promote—

(1) honest and ethical conduct, including the ethical han-

dling of actual or apparent conflicts of interest between per-

sonal and professional relationships;

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43 Sec. 408 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

(2) full, fair, accurate, timely, and understandable disclo-

sure in the periodic reports required to be filed by the issuer;

and

(3) compliance with applicable governmental rules and reg-

ulations.

(d) D

EADLINE FOR

ULEMAKING

.—The Commission shall—

(1) propose rules to implement this section, not later than

90 days after the date of enactment of this Act; and

(2) issue final rules to implement this section, not later

than 180 days after that date of enactment.

SEC. 407. ø15 U.S.C. 7265¿ DISCLOSURE OF AUDIT COMMITTEE FINAN-

CIAL EXPERT.

(a) R

ULES

EFINING

‘‘F

INANCIAL

XPERT

’’.—The Commission

shall issue rules, as necessary or appropriate in the public interest

and consistent with the protection of investors, to require each

issuer, together with periodic reports required pursuant to sections

13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, to disclose

whether or not, and if not, the reasons therefor, the audit com-

mittee of that issuer is comprised of at least 1 member who is a

financial expert, as such term is defined by the Commission.

(b) C

ONSIDERATIONS

.—In defining the term ‘‘financial expert’’

for purposes of subsection (a), the Commission shall consider

whether a person has, through education and experience as a pub-

lic accountant or auditor or a principal financial officer, comp-

troller, or principal accounting officer of an issuer, or from a posi-

tion involving the performance of similar functions—

(1) an understanding of generally accepted accounting

principles and financial statements;

(2) experience in—

(A) the preparation or auditing of financial statements

of generally comparable issuers; and

(B) the application of such principles in connection

with the accounting for estimates, accruals, and reserves;

(3) experience with internal accounting controls; and

(4) an understanding of audit committee functions.

EADLINE FOR

ULEMAKING

.—The Commission shall—

(1) propose rules to implement this section, not later than

90 days after the date of enactment of this Act; and

(2) issue final rules to implement this section, not later

than 180 days after that date of enactment.

SEC. 408. ø15 U.S.C. 7266¿ ENHANCED REVIEW OF PERIODIC DISCLO-

SURES BY ISSUERS.

(a) R

EGULAR AND

YSTEMATIC

EVIEW

.—The Commission shall

review disclosures made by issuers reporting under section 13(a) of

the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (including reports filed on

Form 10–K), and which have a class of securities listed on a na-

tional securities exchange or traded on an automated quotation fa-

cility of a national securities association, on a regular and system-

atic basis for the protection of investors. Such review shall include

a review of an issuer’s financial statement.

(b) R

EVIEW

RITERIA

.—For purposes of scheduling the reviews

required by subsection (a), the Commission shall consider, among

other factors—

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44 Sec. 501 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

(1) issuers that have issued material restatements of fi-

nancial results;

(2) issuers that experience significant volatility in their

stock price as compared to other issuers;

(3) issuers with the largest market capitalization;

(4) emerging companies with disparities in price to earning

ratios;

(5) issuers whose operations significantly affect any mate-

rial sector of the economy; and

(6) any other factors that the Commission may consider

relevant.

INIMUM

EVIEW

ERIOD

.—In no event shall an issuer re-

quired to file reports under section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities

Exchange Act of 1934 be reviewed under this section less fre-

quently than once every 3 years.

* * * * * * *

TITLE V—ANALYST CONFLICTS OF

INTEREST

SEC. 501. TREATMENT OF SECURITIES ANALYSTS BY REGISTERED SE-

CURITIES ASSOCIATIONS AND NATIONAL SECURITIES EX-

CHANGES.

(a)

* * * * * * *

OMMISSION

UTHORITY

.—The Com-

mission may promulgate and amend its regulations, or direct a reg-

istered securities association or national securities exchange to pro-

mulgate and amend its rules, to carry out section 15D of the Secu-

rities Exchange Act of 1934, as added by this section, as is nec-

essary for the protection of investors and in the public interest.

* * * * * * *

TITLE VII—STUDIES AND REPORTS

SEC. 701. ø15 U.S.C. 7201 note¿ GAO STUDY AND REPORT REGARDING

CONSOLIDATION OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMS.

(a) S

TUDY

EQUIRED

.—The Comptroller General of the United

States shall conduct a study—

(1) to identify—

(A) the factors that have led to the consolidation of

public accounting firms since 1989 and the consequent re-

duction in the number of firms capable of providing audit

services to large national and multi-national business or-

ganizations that are subject to the securities laws;

(B) the present and future impact of the condition de-

scribed in subparagraph (A) on capital formation and secu-

rities markets, both domestic and international; and

paragraph (B), including ways to increase competition and

the number of firms capable of providing audit services to

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45 Sec. 702 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

large national and multinational business organizations

that are subject to the securities laws;

(2) of the problems, if any, faced by business organizations

that have resulted from limited competition among public ac-

counting firms, including—

(A) higher costs;

(B) lower quality of services;

(D) lack of choice; and

(3) whether and to what extent Federal or State regula-

tions impede competition among public accounting firms.

(b) C

ONSULTATION

.—In planning and conducting the study

under this section, the Comptroller General shall consult with—

(1) the Commission;

(2) the regulatory agencies that perform functions similar

to the Commission within the other member countries of the

Group of Seven Industrialized Nations;

(3) the Department of Justice; and

(4) any other public or private sector organization that the

Comptroller General considers appropriate.

EPORT

EQUIRED

.—Not later than 1 year after the date of

enactment of this Act, the Comptroller General shall submit a re-

port on the results of the study required by this section to the Com-

mittee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate and

the Committee on Financial Services of the House of Representa-

tives.

SEC. 702. COMMISSION STUDY AND REPORT REGARDING CREDIT RAT-

ING AGENCIES.

(a) S

TUDY

EQUIRED

.—

(1) I

N GENERAL

.—The Commission shall conduct a study of

the role and function of credit rating agencies in the operation

of the securities market.

(2) A

REAS OF CONSIDERATION

.—The study required by this

subsection shall examine—

(A) the role of credit rating agencies in the evaluation

of issuers of securities;

(B) the importance of that role to investors and the

functioning of the securities markets;

credit rating agencies of the financial resources and risks

of issuers of securities;

(D) any barriers to entry into the business of acting as

a credit rating agency, and any measures needed to re-

move such barriers;

(E) any measures which may be required to improve

the dissemination of information concerning such resources

and risks when credit rating agencies announce credit rat-

ings; and

(F) any conflicts of interest in the operation of credit

rating agencies and measures to prevent such conflicts or

ameliorate the consequences of such conflicts.

(b) R

EPORT

EQUIRED

.—The Commission shall submit a report

on the study required by subsection (a) to the President, the Com-

mittee on Financial Services of the House of Representatives, and

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46 Sec. 703 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Sen-

ate not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act.

SEC. 703. STUDY AND REPORT ON VIOLATORS AND VIOLATIONS.

(a) S

TUDY

.—The Commission shall conduct a study to deter-

mine, based upon information for the period from January 1, 1998,

to December 31, 2001—

(1) the number of securities professionals, defined as public

accountants, public accounting firms, investment bankers, in-

vestment advisers, brokers, dealers, attorneys, and other secu-

rities professionals practicing before the Commission—

(A) who have been found to have aided and abetted a

violation of the Federal securities laws, including rules or

regulations promulgated thereunder (collectively referred

to in this section as ‘‘Federal securities laws’’), but who

have not been sanctioned, disciplined, or otherwise penal-

ized as a primary violator in any administrative action or

civil proceeding, including in any settlement of such an ac-

tion or proceeding (referred to in this section as ‘‘aiders

and abettors’’); and

(B) who have been found to have been primary viola-

tors of the Federal securities laws;

(2) a description of the Federal securities laws violations

committed by aiders and abettors and by primary violators, in-

cluding—

(A) the specific provision of the Federal securities laws

violated;

(B) the specific sanctions and penalties imposed upon

such aiders and abettors and primary violators, including

the amount of any monetary penalties assessed upon and

collected from such persons;

person or persons, either as an aider or abettor or as a pri-

mary violator; and

(D) whether, as to each such violator, disciplinary

sanctions have been imposed, including any censure, sus-

pension, temporary bar, or permanent bar to practice be-

fore the Commission; and

(3) the amount of disgorgement, restitution, or any other

fines or payments that the Commission has assessed upon and

collected from, aiders and abettors and from primary violators.

(b) R

EPORT

.—A report based upon the study conducted pursu-

ant to subsection (a) shall be submitted to the Committee on Bank-

ing, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate, and the Committee

on Financial Services of the House of Representatives not later

than 6 months after the date of enactment of this Act.

SEC. 704. STUDY OF ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS.

(a) S

TUDY

EQUIRED

.—The Commission shall review and ana-

lyze all enforcement actions by the Commission involving violations

of reporting requirements imposed under the securities laws, and

restatements of financial statements, over the 5-year period pre-

ceding the date of enactment of this Act, to identify areas of report-

ing that are most susceptible to fraud, inappropriate manipulation,

or inappropriate earnings management, such as revenue recogni-

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47 Sec. 804 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

tion and the accounting treatment of off-balance sheet special pur-

pose entities.

(b) R

EPORT

EQUIRED

.—The Commission shall report its find-

ings to the Committee on Financial Services of the House of Rep-

resentatives and the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban

Affairs of the Senate, not later than 180 days after the date of en-

actment of this Act, and shall use such findings to revise its rules

and regulations, as necessary. The report shall include a discussion

of regulatory or legislative steps that are recommended or that may

be necessary to address concerns identified in the study.

SEC. 705. STUDY OF INVESTMENT BANKS.

(a) GAO S

TUDY

.—The Comptroller General of the United

States shall conduct a study on whether investment banks and fi-

nancial advisers assisted public companies in manipulating their

earnings and obfuscating their true financial condition. The study

should address the rule of investment banks and financial advis-

ers—

(1) in the collapse of the Enron Corporation, including with

respect to the design and implementation of derivatives trans-

actions, transactions involving special purpose vehicles, and

other financial arrangements that may have had the effect of

altering the company’s reported financial statements in ways

that obscured the true financial picture of the company;

(2) in the failure of Global Crossing, including with respect

to transactions involving swaps of fiberoptic cable capacity, in

the designing transactions that may have had the effect of al-

tering the company’s reported financial statements in ways

that obscured the true financial picture of the company; and

(3) generally, in creating and marketing transactions

which may have been designed solely to enable companies to

manipulate revenue streams, obtain loans, or move liabilities

off balance sheets without altering the economic and business

risks faced by the companies or any other mechanism to ob-

scure a company’s financial picture.

(b) R

EPORT

.—The Comptroller General shall report to Congress

not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act on

the results of the study required by this section. The report shall

include a discussion of regulatory or legislative steps that are rec-

ommended or that may be necessary to address concerns identified

in the study.

TITLE VIII—CORPORATE AND

CRIMINAL FRAUD ACCOUNTABILITY

SEC. 801. ø18 U.S.C. 1501 note¿ SHORT TITLE.

This title may be cited as the ‘‘Corporate and Criminal Fraud

Accountability Act of 2002’’.

* * * * * * *

SEC. 804. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS FOR SECURITIES FRAUD.

(a)

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(b) ø28 U.S.C. 1658 note¿ E

FFECTIVE

ATE

.—The limitations

period provided by section 1658(b) of title 28, United States Code,

as added by this section, shall apply to all proceedings addressed

by this section that are commenced on or after the date of enact-

ment of this Act.

REATION OF

CTIONS

.—Nothing

in this section shall create a new, private right of action.

SEC. 805. ø28 U.S.C. 994 note¿ REVIEW OF FEDERAL SENTENCING

GUIDELINES FOR OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE AND EXTEN-

SIVE CRIMINAL FRAUD.

(a) E

NHANCEMENT OF

RAUD AND

BSTRUCTION OF

USTICE

ENTENCES

.—Pursuant to section 994 of title 28, United States

Code, and in accordance with this section, the United States Sen-

tencing Commission shall review and amend, as appropriate, the

Federal Sentencing Guidelines and related policy statements to en-

sure that—

(1) the base offense level and existing enhancements con-

tained in United States Sentencing Guideline 2J1.2 relating to

obstruction of justice are sufficient to deter and punish that ac-

tivity;

(2) the enhancements and specific offense characteristics

relating to obstruction of justice are adequate in cases where—

(A) the destruction, alteration, or fabrication of evi-

dence involves—

(i) a large amount of evidence, a large number of

participants, or is otherwise extensive;

(ii) the selection of evidence that is particularly

probative or essential to the investigation; or

(iii) more than minimal planning; or

(B) the offense involved abuse of a special skill or a po-

sition of trust;

(3) the guideline offense levels and enhancements for viola-

tions of section 1519 or 1520 of title 18, United States Code,

as added by this title, are sufficient to deter and punish that

activity;

(4) a specific offense characteristic enhancing sentencing is

provided under United States Sentencing Guideline 2B1.1 (as

in effect on the date of enactment of this Act) for a fraud of-

fense that endangers the solvency or financial security of a

substantial number of victims; and

(5) the guidelines that apply to organizations in United

States Sentencing Guidelines, chapter 8, are sufficient to deter

and punish organizational criminal misconduct.

(b) E

MERGENCY

UTHORITY AND

EADLINE FOR

OMMISSION

CTION

.—The United States Sentencing Commission is requested

to promulgate the guidelines or amendments provided for under

this section as soon as practicable, and in any event not later than

180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, in accordance with

the prcedures set forth in section 219(a) of the Sentencing Reform

Act of 1987, as though the authority under that Act had not ex-

pired.

* * * * * * *

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As Amended Through P.L. 117-328, Enacted December 29, 2022

49 Sec. 905 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

TITLE IX—WHITE-COLLAR CRIME

PENALTY ENHANCEMENTS

SEC. 901. ø18 U.S.C. 1341 note¿ SHORT TITLE.

This title may be cited as the ‘‘White-Collar Crime Penalty En-

hancement Act of 2002’’.

* * * * * * *

SEC. 905. ø28 U.S.C. 994 note¿ AMENDMENT TO SENTENCING GUIDE-

LINES RELATING TO CERTAIN WHITE-COLLAR OFFENSES.

(a) D

IRECTIVE TO THE

NITED

TATES

ENTENCING

OMMIS

SION

.—Pursuant to its authority under section 994(p) of title 18,

United States Code, and in accordance with this section, the

United States Sentencing Commission shall review and, as appro-

priate, amend the Federal Sentencing Guidelines and related policy

statements to implement the provisions of this Act.

(b) R

EQUIREMENTS

.—In carrying out this section, the Sen-

tencing Commission shall—

(1) ensure that the sentencing guidelines and policy state-

ments reflect the serious nature of the offenses and the pen-

alties set forth in this Act, the growing incidence of serious

fraud offenses which are identified above, and the need to mod-

ify the sentencing guidelines and policy statements to deter,

prevent, and punish such offenses;

(2) consider the extent to which the guidelines and policy

statements adequately address whether the guideline offense

levels and enhancements for violations of the sections amended

by this Act are sufficient to deter and punish such offenses,

and specifically, are adequate in view of the statutory in-

creases in penalties contained in this Act;

(3) assure reasonable consistency with other relevant di-

rectives and sentencing guidelines;

(4) account for any additional aggravating or mitigating

circumstances that might justify exceptions to the generally

applicable sentencing ranges;

(5) make any necessary conforming changes to the sen-

tencing guidelines; and

(6) assure that the guidelines adequately meet the pur-

poses of sentencing, as set forth in section 3553(a)(2) of title

18, United States Code.

MERGENCY

UTHORITY AND

EADLINE FOR

OMMISSION

CTION

.—The United States Sentencing Commission is requested

to promulgate the guidelines or amendments provided for under

this section as soon as practicable, and in any event not later than

180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, in accordance with

the procedures set forth in section 219(a) of the Sentencing Reform

Act of 1987, as though the authority under that Act had not ex-

pired.

* * * * * * *

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As Amended Through P.L. 117-328, Enacted December 29, 2022

50 Sec. 1001 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

TITLE X—CORPORATE TAX RETURNS

SEC. 1001. SENSE OF THE SENATE REGARDING THE SIGNING OF COR-

PORATE TAX RETURNS BY CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICERS.

It is the sense of the Senate that the Federal income tax re-

turn of a corporation should be signed by the chief executive officer

of such corporation.

TITLE XI—CORPORATE FRAUD

ACCOUNTABILITY

SEC. 1101. ø15 U.S.C. 78a note¿ SHORT TITLE.

This title may be cited as the ‘‘Corporate Fraud Accountability

Act of 2002’’.

* * * * * * *

SEC. 1104. ø28 U.S.C. 994 note¿ AMENDMENT TO THE FEDERAL SEN-

TENCING GUIDELINES.

(a) R

EQUEST FOR

MMEDIATE

ONSIDERATION BY

NITED

TATES

ENTENCING

OMMISSION

.—Pursuant to its authority under

section 994(p) of title 28, United States Code, and in accordance

with this section, the United States Sentencing Commission is re-

quested to—

(1) promptly review the sentencing guidelines applicable to

securities and accounting fraud and related offenses;

(2) expeditiously consider the promulgation of new sen-

tencing guidelines or amendments to existing sentencing guide-

lines to provide an enhancement for officers or directors of pub-

licly traded corporations who commit fraud and related of-

fenses; and

(3) submit to Congress an explanation of actions taken by

the Sentencing Commission pursuant to paragraph (2) and any

additional policy recommendations the Sentencing Commission

may have for combating offenses described in paragraph (1).

(b) C

ONSIDERATIONS IN

EVIEW

.—In carrying out this section,

the Sentencing Commission is requested to—

(1) ensure that the sentencing guidelines and policy state-

ments reflect the serious nature of securities, pension, and ac-

counting fraud and the need for aggressive and appropriate

law enforcement action to prevent such offenses;

(2) assure reasonable consistency with other relevant di-

rectives and with other guidelines;

(3) account for any aggravating or mitigating cir-

cumstances that might justify exceptions, including cir-

cumstances for which the sentencing guidelines currently pro-

vide sentencing enhancements;

(4) ensure that guideline offense levels and enhancements

for an obstruction of justice offense are adequate in cases

where documents or other physical evidence are actually de-

stroyed or fabricated;

(5) ensure that the guideline offense levels and enhance-

ments under United States Sentencing Guideline 2B1.1 (as in

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51 Sec. 1104 SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

effect on the date of enactment of this Act) are sufficient for

a fraud offense when the number of victims adversely involved

is significantly greater than 50;

(6) make any necessary conforming changes to the sen-

tencing guidelines; and

(7) assure that the guidelines adequately meet the pur-

poses of sentencing as set forth in section 3553 (a)(2) of title

18, United States Code.

MERGENCY

UTHORITY AND

EADLINE

OMMISSION

CTION

.—The United States Sentencing Commission is requested

to promulgate the guidelines or amendments provided for under

this section as soon as practicable, and in any event not later than

the 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, in accordance

with the procedures sent forth in section 21(a) of the Sentencing

Reform Act of 1987, as though the authority under that Act had

not expired.

* * * * * * *

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As Amended Through P.L. 117-328, Enacted December 29, 2022