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Before WILKINSON, THACKER, and RICHARDSON, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Richardson wrote the opinion, in which Judge
Thacker joined. Judge Wilkinson wrote an opinion dissenting.
ARGUED: Jennifer D. Bennett, GUPTA WESSLER PLLC, San Francisco, California,
for Appellant. Stacy Delayne Blank, HOLLAND & KNIGHT LLP, Tampa, Florida, for
Appellee. Anna O’Neil Mohan, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,
Washington, D.C., for Amicus United States of America. ON BRIEF: Janet R. Varnell,
Brian Warwick, VARNELL & WARWICK, P.A., Tampa, Florida; Leonard Anthony
Bennett, CONSUMER LITIGATION ASSOCIATES, P.C., Newport News, Virginia;
Jessica Garland, San Francisco, California, Deepak Gupta, GUPTA WESSLER PLLC,
Washington, D.C.; Kristi Cahoon Kelly, KELLY GUZZO PLC, Fairfax, Virginia; Tina
Wolfson, Christopher Eric Stiner, AHDOOT & WOLFSON P.C., Burbank, California, for
Appellant. Travis A. Sabalewski, Tysons, Virginia, Raymond Y. Kim, HOLLAND &
KNIGHT LLP, Los Angeles, California, for Appellee. Brian M. Boynton, Acting Assistant
Attorney General, H. Thomas Byron, III, Dennis Fan, Civil Division, UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C.; Carolina D. Krass, General Counsel,
Paul S. Koffsky, Acting Principal Deputy General Counsel, Rita P. Davis, Deputy General
Counsel, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, Washington, D.C.; Jessica
D. Aber, United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY,
Richmond, Virginia; Seth Frotman, Acting General Counsel, Steven Y. Bressler, Acting
Deputy General Counsel, Laura Hussain, Assistant General Counsel, Ryan Cooper,
CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION BUREAU, Washington, D.C., for Amicus
United States. Marci B. Kawski, Madison, Wisconsin, Lisa M. Lawless, HUSCH
BLACKWELL LLP, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, for Amici The American Financial Services
Association, Consumer Bankers Association, Guaranteed Asset Protection Alliance,
National Automobile Dealers Association, Consumer Credit Industry Association, and
Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America. John C. Redding, Charlotte, North
Carolina, Sam Bragg, Dallas, Texas, Lane Zuraw, ALSTON & BIRD LLP, San Francisco,
California, for Amici Seven Current or Former Members of Congress.