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testimony of one witness worthy of belief is sufficient to prove any fact. This does not
mean that you are free to disregard the testimony of any witness merely from caprice or
prejudice, or from a desire to favor either side. It does mean that you must not decide
anything by simply counting the number of witnesses who have testified on the opposing
sides. The final test is not the relative number of witnesses, but the convincing force of
the evidence.
DISCREPANCIES IN TESTIMONY. Discrepancies in the testimony of a witness or
between the testimony of one witness and that of other witnesses, if there were any, do
not necessarily mean that any witness should be discredited. Failure of recollection is
common. Innocent mis-recollection is not uncommon. Two persons witnessing an
incident, or a transaction, often will see or hear it differently. You should consider whether
a discrepancy pertains to an important matter or only to something trivial.
EVIDENTIARY EVALUATION. The evidence in this case consists of the sworn testimony
of the witnesses, all exhibits received into evidence, and all facts that may be admitted or
agreed to by the parties. In determining the facts, you may draw reasonable inferences
from the evidence. You may make deductions and reach conclusions which reason and
common sense lead you to draw from the facts shown by the evidence in this case, but
you should not speculate on any matters outside the evidence. There are two types of
evidence from which you may properly find the truth as to the facts of a case. One is direct
evidence and the other is circumstantial evidence. The law makes no distinction between
direct and circumstantial evidence in terms of its weight or importance. Either type may
be enough to establish guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, depending on the facts as you
find them to be.
DIRECT AND CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE. Direct evidence is evidence of a fact
based upon a witness’ personal knowledge, observation or perception of that fact. A
defendant’s guilt of a charged crime may be proven by direct evidence if, standing alone,
such evidence satisfies you beyond a reasonable doubt of the defendant’s guilt.
Circumstantial evidence is evidence of a fact from which a person may reasonably infer
the existence or non-existence of another fact. A person’s guilt of a charged crime may
be proven by circumstantial evidence if that evidence, while not directly establishing guilt,
gives rise to an inference of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Because circumstantial
evidence requires the drawing of inferences, you must first decide, from all the evidence
presented, what facts have been proven beyond a reasonable doubt. After doing so, you
must then determine what facts, if any, can be drawn from those facts. Before you may
draw an inference of guilt, however, that inference must be the only one that can fairly
and reasonably be drawn from those facts. Such inference must also be consistent with
the proven facts and, as noted above, must flow reasonably, naturally, and logically from
them. On the other hand, if there is a reasonable hypothesis from the proven facts that is
consistent with the defendant’s innocence, then you must find the defendant not guilty.
Conversely, if the only reasonable inference you find is that the defendant is guilty of a
charged crime, and that inference is established beyond a reasonable doubt, then you
must find the defendant guilty of that crime.