NAT_IT_SCK_C01_NMAT_S03

Interactive Textbook 13 The Properties of Matter

SECTION

Chemical Properties

The Properties of Matter

Name Class Date

CHAPTER 1

After you read this section, you should be able to answer

these questions:

•

What are chemical properties of matter?

•

What is a chemical change?

•

What is the effect of a chemical change?

What Are the Chemical Properties of Matter?

Physical properties are not the only properties that

describe matter. Chemical properties describe matter

based on its ability to change into new matter. One chem-

ical property of matter is reactivity. Reactivity is the abil-

ity of a substance to change into a new substance.

One kind of reactivity is flammability. Flammability

is the ability of a substance to burn. For example, wood

burns easily. It has the chemical property of flammability.

You may have seen wood burning in a fireplace, or in a

campfire.

When wood is burned, it becomes several different

substances, such as ash and smoke. See the figure below.

The properties of these new substances are different than

the original properties of the wood. Ash and smoke can-

not burn. This is because they have the chemical property

of non-flammability.

Wood burning in a ﬁre Ashes after the

wood has burned

Rusting is another chemical property. Iron is the only

substance that can rust. When iron combines with oxygen,

it forms a new substance called iron oxide, or rust.

Iron nail with rustIron nail with no rust

BEFORE YOU READ

National Science

Education Standards

PS 1a

STUDY TIP

Compare Make a table

with two columns, Chemical

Property and Physical Prop-

erty. List the chemical and

physical properties that are

discussed in this section.

READING CHECK

1. Identify Chemical

properties of matter describe

matter based on its ability to

do what?

READING CHECK

2. Identify What metal rusts?

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Interactive Textbook 14 The Properties of Matter

SECTION 3

Name Class Date

Chemical Properties continued

COMPARING PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

How can you tell the difference between a physical

property and a chemical property? A physical property

does not change the identity of a substance. Do you

remember the silver and gold charms from the last sec-

tion? The silver was pounded and the gold was melted to

make the charms. After each charm was made, the silver

charm was still silver and the gold charm was still gold.

The chemical properties of a substance can’t be seen

unless you change the identity of the substance. For

example, you may not know a liquid is flammable until

you try to light it. If it burns, it has the chemical property

of flammability. However, the burned liquid has changed

into new substances.

A substance always has chemical properties. A piece

of wood is flammable even when it is not burning. Iron

can form rust even though it has not rusted.

CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES

The properties that are most useful to identify a sub-

stance are called characteristic properties. These prop-

erties are constant. This means that they do not change.

The characteristic properties of a substance can be physi-

cal, chemical, or both.

A piece of iron has characteristic properties that help

identify it as iron. A good example of this would be den-

sity. Iron has a constant density when measured at the

same temperature and pressure. Iron also rusts.

Scientists can identify a substance by studying its

physical and chemical properties. The table below shows

some characteristic properties of several liquids.

Property Rubbing

alcohol

Kerosene

Gasoline

Density (g/cm

) 0.8 0.8 0.8

Dissolves or

mixes with

water

yes no no

Flash Point (°C)

(The higher

the ﬂash point,

the more

ﬂammable the

liquid.)

40 40

Critical Thinking

3. Compare Suppose you

observe a physical property

and a chemical property of

a substance. Describe what

happens to the substance

when each kind of property

is observed.

STANDARDS CHECK

PS 1a A substance has charac-

teristic properties, such as den

sity, a boiling point, and solubil

ity, all of which are independent

of the amount of the sample. A

mixture of substances often can

be separated into the original

substances using one or more of

the characteristic properties.

4. Applying Concepts A

scientist measures three

properties of a liquid. Its

density is 0.8 g/cm

, it does

not mix with water, and its

ﬂash point is 35°C. Based

on the information in the

table, what is the most

likely identity of the liquid?

Explain your answer.

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Interactive Textbook 15 The Properties of Matter

SECTION 3

Name Class Date

Chemical Properties continued

What Is a Chemical Change?

When substances change into new substances that have

different properties, a chemical change has happened.

Chemical changes and chemical properties are not the

same. The chemical properties of a substance describe

which chemical change can happen to the substance. For

example, flammability is a chemical property. Burning is

the chemical change that shows this property.

A chemical change causes a substance to change into a

new substance. You can learn about a substance’s chemi-

cal properties by observing what chemical changes hap-

pen to that substance.

Chemical changes occur more often than you might

think. For example, a chemical change happens every

time you use a battery. Chemical changes also take place

within your body when the food you eat is digested. The

figure below describes other chemical changes.

Soured milk smells bad

because bacteria have

formed smelly new

substances in it.

The Statue of Liberty is made of copper,

which is orange-brown. But this copper is

green because of its interactions with moist

air. These interactions are chemical changes

that form copper compounds. Over time,

the compounds turn the statue green.

READING CHECK

5. Describe What is a

chemical change?

TAKE A LOOK

6. Identify What property of

the milk told the girl that it

had soured?

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Interactive Textbook 16 The Properties of Matter

SECTION 3

Name Class Date

Chemical Properties continued

WHAT HAPPENS DURING A CHEMICAL CHANGE?

A fun way to see what happens during a chemical

change is to bake a cake. A cake recipe combines different

substances. Eggs, cake mix, oil, and water are mixed to

form a batter. When the batter is baked, you end up with a

substance that is very different from the original batter.

The heat of the oven and the mixture of ingredients

cause a chemical change. The result is a cake. The cake

has properties that are different than the properties of

the raw ingredients alone.

Cake mix batter becomes a cake.

SIGNS OF CHEMICAL CHANGES

A change in color, odor, or texture may show that a

chemical change has happened. A chemical change often

will produce or absorb heat.

An increase in temperature happens when a chemical

change liberates or releases heat. Wood burning is a good

example of a chemical change that gives off heat.

Some chemical changes cause a substance to absorb

or gain heat. Sugar is broken down into carbon and water

by heating.

MATTER AND CHEMICAL CHANGES

When matter has a chemical change, the identity of the

matter changes. Chemical changes can only be reversed

by other chemical changes. For example, water can be

made by heating a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen.

Water can also be broken up into hydrogen and oxygen

when an electric current is passed through it. The electric

current supplies the energy needed to pull the hydrogen

away from the oxygen.

Critical Thinking

7. Applying Concepts How

do you know that baking a

cake is a chemical change?

READING CHECK

8. Identify What are four

changes that indicate that

a chemical change has

occurred?

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Interactive Textbook 17 The Properties of Matter

SECTION 3

Name Class Date

Chemical Properties continued

Physical Versus Chemical Changes

Sometimes it is hard to decide whether a physical change

or a chemical change has happened to an object. Consider

when something new formed as a result of the change.

Physical changes do not change the composition of an

object. The composition of an object is the type of matter

that makes up the object. For example, water is made of

two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Whether water

is a solid, liquid, or gas, its composition is the same.

Chemical changes change the composition of matter.

For example, through a process called electrolysis, water

is broken down into hydrogen and oxygen gases. The

products of the electrolysis of water are very different

from water.

In the figure below, baking soda is ground into a pow-

der. This is a physical change. When vinegar is poured

into the baking powder, gas bubbles are produced. This is

a chemical change.

Change in Texture

Grinding baking

soda into a fine,

powdery substance

is a physical change.

Reactivity with

Vinegar Gas bubbles

are produced when

vinegar is poured

into baking soda.

Physical and Chemical Changes

REVERSING CHANGES

Most physical changes can be easily reversed, like

freezing, melting, and boiling. Remember that the type or

composition of matter does not change.

This is very different from a chemical change. During

a chemical change the type or composition of matter

does change. Many chemical changes cannot be easily

reversed. Ash cannot be turned back into wood. The

explosion of a firework cannot be reversed.

READING CHECK

9. Describe How can you

tell that a physical rather

than a chemical change has

occurred?

READING CHECK

10. Identify Which kind of

changes cannot be easily

reversed?

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Interactive Textbook 18 The Properties of Matter

Name Class Date

Section 3 Review NSES PS 1a

SECTION VOCABULARY

chemical change a change that occurs when

one or more substances change into entirely

new substances with new chemical properties

chemical property a property of matter that

describes a substance’s ability to participate in

chemical reactions

1. Describe How is a chemical property different than a chemical change?

2. Explain Why is reactivity not a physical property?

3. Identify What can be absorbed or released as the result of a chemical reaction?

4. Complete Fill in the type of change in the table below.

Type of Change Description of Change

rusting

boiling

freezing

burning

5. Identify

What are four things that indicate that a chemical change may have taken place?

6. Identify and Explain Originally, the Statue of Liberty was copper-colored. After

many years, it turned green. What kind of change happened? Explain.

7. Identify You see a burning candle. You feel heat above the flame, you see black

smoke rising from the wick, and wax melts. List each of the changes that

occurred and tell the type of change that caused it.

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Chapter 1 The Properties

of Matter

SECTION 1 WHAT IS MATTER?

1. Volume: liter

Mass: kilogram

Weight: newton

2. The amount of space that an object takes up

is volume.

3. 1,900 mL

4. A meniscus is the curved surface of a liquid

in a container.

5. The student should draw a line that curves

downward from 7 mL to the 6 mL line, then

back to the 7 mL line.

6. volume

7. area

8. 1 m

9. Put a known volume of water into a gradu-

ated cylinder. Put the car into the cylinder.

Measure how much the volume increases.

10. the amount of matter in an object

11. weight

12.

Mass Weight

How is it

measured?

with a balance

with a scale

What is

measured?

the amount of

matter

the force of

gravity

measurement

units

kilograms newtons

Changes with

the location of

the object?

no yes

13. kilograms, grams, milligrams

14. newton (N)

15. the ability of an object to resist a change in

its motion

16. Objects with higher mass have more inertia.

Review

1. An apple has mass and takes up space.

2. Mass is a measure of how much matter is in

an object. Weight is a measure of the force

due to gravity on an object.

3. 19 mL

4. 40 mL

5. V  A  h

V  1,960 cm

 23 cm  45,080 cm

No, the luggage is too big.

SECTION 2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

1. properties that can be observed and

measured without making a new substance

2. its mass or weight, its density, its

compressibility

3. the amount of matter in a given volume

4. 23 times as much, or 44 g more



D 

28 g

________

1.45 cm

 19.3 g/cm

6. when measured at the same temperature

and pressure

7. zinc

8. If it is denser than water, it will sink.

9. The diet soda—objects less dense than

water float in the water.

10. the liquid with the lowest density

11. a change that affects the physical properties

of a substance

12. melting

13. a change of state

14. A gas can change into a liquid or into a solid.

15. nothing

Review

1. Divide the mass of the substance by its volume.

2. No, because all the substances are more

dense than methanol.

D 

135 g

______

50 cm

 2.7 g/cm

aluminum

4. The ball with the smaller volume has the

larger density.

5. Its volume must get larger.

SECTION 3 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

1. change into new matter

2. iron

3. The identity of the substance does not

change when the physical property is

observed; when the chemical property is

observed, the substance changes identity.

Introduction to Matter Answer Key

Interactive Textbook Answer Key 69 Introduction to Matter

NA_ITB_SC_FM_AK_069 69 8/9/06 12:24:53 PM

4. Gasoline—its properties match the proper-

ties in the table.

5. a change that produces a new substance

6. its bad smell

7. The cake has different properties than its

ingredients do.

8. color change, change in texture, odor given

off, heat absorbed or released

9. A new substance is not made.

10. chemical changes

Review

1. A chemical property of a substance

describes the chemical change that can hap

pen to the substance.

2. When a substance reacts, it changes into

a new substance. For the property to be a

physical property, the substance must be the

same after it has undergone the change.

3. heat

Type of change Description of change

Chemical rusting

Physical boiling

Physical freezing

Chemical burning

5. a color change, a change in texture, an odor

given off, heat absorbed or liberated

6. Chemical change—a color change indicates

that a chemical change has taken place.

7. Heat felt above the flame: chemical change

Smoke: chemical change

Melted wax: physical change

Chapter 2 States of Matter

SECTION 1 THREE STATES OF MATTER

1. the physical forms of a substance

2. They move about the most in the gas state

and the least in the solid state.

3. They vibrate.

4. They move past each other.

5. a force that acts on the particles at the sur-

face of a liquid

6. water, cream, syrup

7. There is more space between particles.

Review

1. Solid: brick, penny, ice cube

Liquid: water, milk, soda, oil

Gas: air, oxygen, water vapor

2. They are always moving.

3. The particles of a liquid can move past one

another, but the particles of a solid stay in

fixed positions.

4. The particles of a gas can move far away

from one another, but the particles of a liq

uid stay close to one another.

5. surface tension

State of matter Deﬁnite shape Deﬁnite

volume

Solid yes yes

Liquid no yes

Gas no no

SECTION 2 BEHAVIOR OF GASES

1. a measure of how fast the particles of an

object are moving

2. when it is heated

Temperature of

gas particles

Energy of gas

particles

Volume of gas

particles

1) 20°C Particles have

the smallest

amount of

energy.

Volume is

smallest.

2) 50°C

Particles have

more energy

than at 20°C,

but not as much

as at 80°C.

Volume is larger

than at 20°C but

smaller than at

80°C.

3) 80°C Particles have the

largest amount of

energy.

Volume is

largest.

4. the amount of force that is put on an area

5. temperature and pressure

6. It is one-third as much.

7. It is one-half as much.

Review

1. temperature, volume, and pressure

2. The balloon goes from a warm temperature

in the house to a cold temperature outside.

The volume of the balloon will decrease

outside because the gas particles move more

slowly and exert less pressure. The air par

ticles in the balloon take up less space.

3. 9 L; according to Charles’s law, at constant

pressure, volume is directly related to tem

perature.

Introduction to Matter Answer Key continued

Interactive Textbook Answer Key 70 Introduction to Matter

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